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The estrogen receptor is a receptor for estradiol (the main endogenous estrogen); it is located intracellularly, in parallel with other steroid hormone receptors. When bound to a hormone, it acts as a transcription factor - it regulates the reading of DNA and production of proteins. In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific factor (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ...
Estradiol (17-beta estradiol) is a sex hormone. ...
Estrogens (also oestrogens) are a group of steroid compounds that function as the primary female sex hormone. ...
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means inside the cell. It is used in contrast to extracellular (outside the cell). ...
Steroid hormone receptors are generally intracellular (specifically cytoplasmatic) receptors that perform signal transduction for steroid hormones. ...
In molecular biology, a transcription factor is a protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or enhancer region or site, where it regulates transcription. ...
Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). ...
A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
Proteomics
The receptors exist in dimers, and there are two possible subunits (α and β). Hence, there are three combinations: ERα (αα), ERβ (ββ) and ERαβ (αβ). Sucrose, or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. ...
Different tissues express the combinations in different proportions, and every combination had a different affinity to estrogen response elements, the sequence on DNA that leads to transcription of particular genes on activation of the estrogen receptor. Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). ...
This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ...
Genetics The two chains are coded by different genes on the sixth and fourteenth chromosome (6q25.1 and 14q), respectively. This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ...
Figure 1: Chromosome. ...
Distribution ERs are widely distributed. The ERα is found in endometrium, breast cancer cells, and ovarian stroma cells. The ERβ has been documented in kidney, brain, bone, lungs, intestinal mucosa, prostate, and endothelial cells. The endometrium is the uterine membrane in mammals which is thickened in preparation for the implantation, of a fertilized egg upon its arrival into the uterus. ...
Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ...
Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
Comparative brain sizes In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the higher, supervisory center of the nervous system. ...
Grays illustration of a human femur, a typically recognized bone. ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ...
The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ...
Male Anatomy The prostate is a gland that is part of male mammalian sex organs. ...
The endothelium is the layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. ...
Binding affinity Different estrogenic compounds have different binding affinities for alpha and beta ERs. While 17-beta-estradiol binds equally well to both receptors, estrone and raloxifene bind preferencially to the alpha receptor, and estriol and genistein to the beta receptor. The concept of selective estrogen receptor modulators is based on the ability to selective activate (or block) one type of ER. Estradiol (17-beta estradiol) is a sex hormone. ...
Structural formula of estrone Estrone is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary. ...
Raloxifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. ...
Estriol is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. ...
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is a class of medication that acts on the estrogen receptor. ...
Diagnostic use ER status is used to determine sensitivity of breast cancer lesions to tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors. Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ...
Tamoxifen:chemical structure Tamoxifen is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in breast cancer treatment, and is currently the worlds largest selling breast cancer treatment. ...
Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer in post- menopausal women. ...
Research history Estrogen receptors were first identified by Elwood V. Jensen at the University of Chicago in the 1950s[1], for which Jenson was awarded the Lasker Award. The gene for a second estrogen receptor (ERβ) was identified in 1996[2]. Elwood V. Jensen is a professor at University of California Medical Centers Vontz Center for Molecular Studies. ...
The University of Chicago is a private co-educational university located in Chicago, Illinois. ...
// Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby boom from returning...
The Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards have been awarded annually since 1946 to living persons who have made major contributions to medical science. ...
References - ^ Reviewed in "The Estrogen Receptor: A Model for Molecular Medicine" by Elwood V. Jensen and V. Craig Jordan in Clinical Cancer Research (20030 volume 9, pages 1980-1989. full text online
- ^ "Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary" by G. G. Kuiper, E. Enmark, M. Pelto-Huikko, S. Nilsson, J. A. Gustafsson in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1996) volume 93 pages 5925-5930. Full text at PMC: 39164
PubMed Central grew from the online Entrez PubMed biomedical literature search system. ...
See also Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is a class of medication that acts on the estrogen receptor. ...
External link - OMIM 133430 and OMIM 601663
- Entrez PubMed 15569929 A molecular pathway by which ERalpha can regulate cell growth and survival.
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