 Information on pump, California. Ethanol fuel is ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It can be used as a fuel, mainly as a biofuel alternative to gasoline, and is widely used in cars in Brazil. Because it is easy to manufacture and process, and can be made from very common crops, such as sugar cane and maize (corn), it is an increasingly common alternative to gasoline in some parts of the world. Renewable energy effectively utilizes natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. ...
Bio-energy redirects here. ...
For the use of the term in ecology, see Biomass (ecology). ...
Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power (from the Greek words geo, meaning earth, and therme, meaning heat) is energy generated by heat stored beneath the Earths surface or the collection of absorbed heat in the atmosphere and oceans. ...
Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by hydropower. ...
The Solar Two 10 MW solar power facility, showing the power tower (left) surrounded by the sun-tracking mirrors. ...
Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that exploits the movement of water caused by tidal currents or the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides. ...
Wave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work - including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs). ...
An example of a wind turbine. ...
Image File history File links EthanolPetrol. ...
Image File history File links EthanolPetrol. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Alcoholic beverages are drinks containing ethanol, popularly called alcohol. ...
Bio-energy redirects here. ...
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...
This article is about the maize plant. ...
Petrol redirects here. ...
Anhydrous ethanol (ethanol with less than 1% water) can be blended with gasoline in varying quantities up to pure ethanol (E100), and most spark-ignited gasoline style engines will operate well with mixtures of 10% ethanol (E10).[1] Most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol,[2] and the use of 10% ethanol gasoline is mandated in some cities where harmful levels of auto emissions are possible.[3] Grain alcohol redirects here. ...
It has been suggested that Gasoline type C be merged into this article or section. ...
Ethanol can be mass-produced by fermentation of sugar or by hydration of ethylene from petroleum and other sources. Current interest in ethanol mainly lies in bio-ethanol, produced from the starch or sugar in a wide variety of crops, but there has been considerable debate about how useful bio-ethanol will be in replacing fossil fuels in vehicles. Concerns relate to the large amount of arable land required for crops,[4] as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production.[5][6] Recent developments with cellulosic ethanol production and commercialization may allay some of these concerns.[7] Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H4. ...
Petro redirects here. ...
Starch (CAS# 9005-25-8, chemical formula (C6H10O5)n,[1]) is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin (usually in 20:80 or 30:70 ratios). ...
This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ...
Three phases of ethanol commercialization are emerging. ...
According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol could allow ethanol fuels to play a much bigger role in the future than previously thought.[8] Cellulosic ethanol offers promise as resistant cellulose fibers, a major component in plant cells walls, can be used to generate ethanol. Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass, are also promising cellulose sources that can be produced in many regions of the United States.[9] However, scientists, such as David Pimentel and Tad Patzek say that more fossil energy is needed to produce ethanol than it produces, due to artificial fertilizers and oil used for heating during the fermentation process [10] IEA Logo Map of members The International Energy Agency (IEA, or AIE in Romance languages) is a Paris-based intergovernmental organization founded by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the oil crisis. ...
Cellulosic ethanol (also called lignocellulosic ethanol/ ceetoh and ceetol) is a type of biofuel produced from lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants. ...
Binomial name L. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a warm season grass and is one of the dominant species of the central North American tallgrass prairie. ...
[edit] Chemistry
 In this 3-d diagram of ethanol, the lines represent single bonds. During ethanol fermentation, glucose is decomposed into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon in a molecule of methane. ...
Beer - A Product of Ethanol Fermentation Ethanol fermentation is the biological process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. ...
Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ...
Grain alcohol redirects here. ...
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ...
- C6H12O6 → 2C2H6O + 2CO2
During combustion ethanol reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat: (other air pollutants are also produced when ethanol is burned in the atmosphere rather than in pure oxygen) This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
Atmospheres redirects here. ...
- C2H6O + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
Together, they add up to: - C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat
This is the reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, which shows that the three reactions completely cancel each other out, only converting light into heat without leaving any byproducts: Photosynthesis splits water to liberate O2 and fixes CO2 into sugar The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ...
- 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
[edit] Sources -
Main article: Energy crop Ethanol is considered "renewable" because it is primarily the result of conversion of the sun's energy into usable energy. Creation of ethanol starts with photosynthesis causing the feedstocks such as switchgrass, sugar cane, or corn to grow. These feedstocks are processed into ethanol. An energy crop is a plant domesticated for use in agriculture and is produced as a low cost and low maintenance harvest (generally, non food crops) to be used to make biofuels or directly exploited for its energy content. ...
Image File history File links Saccharum-officinarum-harvest. ...
Image File history File links Saccharum-officinarum-harvest. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 1492 KB) Photographer: Lotus Head Source: sxc. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 1492 KB) Photographer: Lotus Head Source: sxc. ...
Image File history File links Panicum_virgatum. ...
Image File history File links Panicum_virgatum. ...
Binomial name L. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a warm season grass and is one of the dominant species of the central North American tallgrass prairie. ...
Renewable energy effectively utilizes natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. ...
Sol redirects here. ...
Photosynthesis splits water to liberate O2 and fixes CO2 into sugar The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ...
Binomial name L. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a warm season grass and is one of the dominant species of the central North American tallgrass prairie. ...
Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...
Binomial name L. Corn (Zea mays L. ssp. ...
About 5% of the ethanol produced in the world in 2003 was actually a petroleum product.[11] It is made by the catalytic hydration of ethylene with sulfuric acid as the catalyst. It can also be obtained via ethylene or acetylene, from calcium carbide, coal, oil gas, and other sources. Two million tons of petroleum-derived ethanol are produced annually. The principal suppliers are plants in the United States, Europe, and South Africa.[12] Petroleum derived ethanol (synthetic ethanol) is chemically identical to bio-ethanol and can be differentiated only by radiocarbon dating.[13] Sulfuric acid, (also known as sulphuric acid) H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ...
Ethylene (or IUPAC name ethene) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H4. ...
Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is a hydrocarbon belonging to the group of alkynes. ...
Calcium carbide is the chemical compound with the formula CaC2. ...
Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ...
Bio-ethanol is obtained from the conversion of carbon based feedstock. Agricultural feedstocks are considered renewable because they get energy from the sun using photosynthesis, provided that all minerals required for growth (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are returned to the land. Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstocks such as sugar cane, bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass, as well as many types of cellulose waste and harvestings, whichever has the best well-to-wheel assessment. Sol redirects here. ...
Photosynthesis splits water to liberate O2 and fixes CO2 into sugar The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ...
Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...
Bagasse (sometimes spelled bagass) is the biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. ...
Species See text. ...
Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been cultivated to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil. ...
Species About 30 species, see text Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are utilised as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture. ...
Species About 30 species, see text Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are utilised as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture. ...
Binomial name L. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a warm season grass and is one of the dominant species of the central North American tallgrass prairie. ...
For other uses, see Barley (disambiguation). ...
U.S. Marihuana production permit. ...
Binomial name L. Kenaf [Etymology: Persian [1] ]. (Hibiscus cannabinus) is a species of Hibiscus, probably native to southern Asia, though its exact natural origin is unknown. ...
For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ...
Binomial name (L.) Lam. ...
Yuca redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Sunflower (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...
Molasses or treacle is a thick syrup by-product from the processing of the sugarcane or sugar beet into sugar. ...
Binomial name L. Corn (Zea mays L. ssp. ...
For other uses, see Stover (disambiguation). ...
The word grain has several meanings, most being descriptive of a small piece or particle. ...
Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ...
Bales of straw bundles of rice straw Pile of straw bales, sheltered under a tarpaulin Straw is an agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed. ...
For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ...
For the use of the term in ecology, see Biomass (ecology). ...
Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ...
It has been suggested that NMVOC be merged into this article or section. ...
Current, first generation processes for the production of ethanol from corn use only a small part of the corn plant: the corn kernels are taken from the corn plant and only the starch, which represents about 50% of the dry kernel mass, is transformed into ethanol. Two types of second generation processes are under development. The first type uses enzymes and yeast to convert the plant cellulose into ethanol while the second type uses pyrolysis to convert the whole plant to either a liquid bio-oil or a syngas. Second generation processes can also be used with plants such as grasses, wood or agricultural waste material such as straw. Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...
Typical divisions Ascomycota (sac fungi) Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic micro organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1,500 species described;[1] they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans. ...
Simple sketch of pyrolysis chemistry Pyrolysis usually means the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, except possibly steam. ...
Biofuel is any fuel that derives from biomass — recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts, such as manure from cows. ...
It has been suggested that Town gas be merged into this article or section. ...
[edit] Production process - See also: problems associated with corn-derived ethanol
The basic steps for large scale production of ethanol are: microbial (yeast) fermentation of sugars, distillation, dehydration (requirements vary, see Ethanol fuel mixtures, below), and denaturing (optional). Prior to fermentation, some crops require saccharification or hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as cellulose and starch into sugars. Saccharification of cellulose is called cellulolysis (see cellulosic ethanol). Enzymes are used to convert starch into sugar.[14] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Typical divisions Ascomycota (sac fungi) Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic micro organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1,500 species described;[1] they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans. ...
For other uses, see Fermentation. ...
Laboratory distillation set-up: 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate...
Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ...
Denatured alcohol is ethanol with added adulterants that make it useless for consumption as an intoxicating beverage by rendering it toxic or extremely distasteful to drink, but still useful for industrial processes or as a household chemical. ...
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound reacts with water. ...
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water. ...
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound reacts with water. ...
Cellulosic ethanol (also called lignocellulosic ethanol/ ceetoh and ceetol) is a type of biofuel produced from lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants. ...
[edit] Fermentation -
Ethanol is produced by microbial fermentation of the sugar. Microbial fermentation will currently only work directly with sugars. Two major components of plants, starch and cellulose, are both made up of sugars, and can in principle be converted to sugars for fermentation. Currently, only the sugar (e.g. sugar cane) and starch (e.g. corn) portions can be economically converted. However, there is much activity in the area of cellulosic ethanol, where the cellulose part of a plant is broken down to sugars and subsequently converted to ethanol. Beer - A Product of Ethanol Fermentation Ethanol fermentation is the biological process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ...
Starch (CAS# 9005-25-8, chemical formula (C6H10O5)n,[1]) is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin (usually in 20:80 or 30:70 ratios). ...
Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ...
Cellulosic ethanol (also called lignocellulosic ethanol/ ceetoh and ceetol) is a type of biofuel produced from lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants. ...
[edit] Distillation
 Ethanol plant in Sertãozinho, Brazil. For the ethanol to be usable as a fuel, water must be removed. Most of the water is removed by distillation, but the purity is limited to 95-96% due to the formation of a low-boiling water-ethanol azeotrope. The 95.6% m/m (96.5% v/v) ethanol, 4.4% m/m (3.5% v/v) water mixture may be used as a fuel alone, but unlike anhydrous ethanol, is immiscible in gasoline, so the water fraction is typically removed in further treatment in order to burn with in combination with gasoline in gasoline engines. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 556 pixelsFull resolution (2485 × 1728 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 556 pixelsFull resolution (2485 × 1728 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Burlington is a city in Des Moines County, Iowa, United States. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 497 pixelsFull resolution (1271 × 789 pixel, file size: 254 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 497 pixelsFull resolution (1271 × 789 pixel, file size: 254 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Laboratory distillation set-up: 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate...
This article needs more context around or a better explanation of technical details to make it more accessible to general readers and technical readers outside the specialty, without removing technical details. ...
As a general term, a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no water. ...
[edit] Dehydration Currently, the most widely used purification method is a physical absorption process using a molecular sieve, for example, ZEOCHEM Z3-03 (a special 3A molecular sieve for EtOH dehydration). Another method, azeotropic distillation, is achieved by adding the hydrocarbon benzene which also denatures the ethanol (to render it undrinkable for duty purposes). A third method involves use of calcium oxide as a desiccant. 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
A molecular sieve is a material containing tiny pores of a precise and uniform size that is used as an adsorbent for gases and liquids. ...
In chemistry, azeotropic distillation is any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation. ...
Benzene, or Benzol (see also Benzine), is an organic chemical compound and a known carcinogen with the molecular formula C6H6. ...
In economics, a duty is a kind of tax, often associated with customs, a payment due to the revenue of a state, levied by force of law. ...
Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as lime, quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. ...
A dessicant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness (desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container. ...
[edit] Technology
[edit] Ethanol-based engines Ethanol is most commonly used to power automobiles, though it may be used to power other vehicles, such as farm tractors and airplanes. Ethanol (E100) consumption in an engine is approximately 34% higher than that of gasoline (the energy per volume unit is 34% lower).[15][16] However, higher compression ratios in an ethanol-only engine allow for increased power output and better fuel economy than would be obtained with the lower compression ratio.[17][18] In general, ethanol-only engines are tuned to give slightly better power and torque output to gasoline-powered engines. In flexible fuel vehicles, the lower compression ratio requires tunings that give the same output when using either gasoline or hydrated ethanol. For maximum use of ethanol's benefits, a much higher compression ratio should be used,[19] which would render that engine unsuitable for gasoline use. When ethanol fuel availability allows high-compression ethanol-only vehicles to be practical, the fuel efficiency of such engines should be equal or greater than current gasoline engines. However, since the energy content (by volume) of ethanol fuel is less than gasoline, a larger volume of ethanol fuel (151%) would still be required to produce the same amount of energy.[20] A modern farm tractor. ...
This article refers to the tool of travel. ...
A 2004 MIT study,[21] and an earlier paper published by the Society of Automotive Engineers,[22] describing tests, identify a method to exploit the characteristics of fuel ethanol that is substantially better than mixing it with gasoline. The method presents the possibility of leveraging the use of alcohol to even achieve definite improvement over the cost-effectiveness of hybrid electric. The improvement consists of using dual-fuel direct-injection of pure alcohol (or the azeotrope or E85) and gasoline, in any ratio up to 100% of either, in a turbocharged, high compression-ratio, small-displacement engine having performance similar to an engine having twice the displacement. Each fuel is carried separately, with a much smaller tank for alcohol. The high-compression (which increases efficiency) engine will run on ordinary gasoline under low-power cruise conditions. Alcohol is directly injected into the cylinders (and the gasoline injection simultaneously reduced) only when necessary to suppress ‘knock’ such as when significantly accelerating. Direct cylinder injection raises the already high octane rating of ethanol up to an effective 130. The calculated over-all reduction of gasoline use and CO2 emission is 30%. The consumer cost payback time shows a 4:1 improvement over turbo-diesel and a 5:1 improvement over hybrid. In addition, the problems of water absorption into pre-mixed gasoline (causing phase separation), supply issues of multiple mix ratios and cold-weather starting are avoided.
Ethanol's higher octane rating allows an increase of an engine's compression ratio for increased thermal efficiency.[23] In one study, complex engine controls and increased exhaust gas recirculation allowed a compression ratio of 19.5 with fuels ranging from neat ethanol to E50. Thermal efficiency up to approximately that for a diesel was achieved.[24] This would result in the MPG (miles per gallon) of a dedicated ethanol vehicle to be about the same as one burning gasoline. The thermal efficiency () is a dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as an internal combustion engine, a boiler, or a furnace, for example. ...
Engines using fuel with from 30% to 100% ethanol also need a cold-starting system. For E85 fuel at temperatures below 11 °C (52 °F) a cold-starting system is required for reliable starting and to meet EPA emissions standards.[25] However, the EPA does not require cold start systems on E85 vehicles. No current production E85 vehicles in the USA are equipped with these cold start systems, and they meet EPA emission guidelines.[citation needed]
[edit] Ethanol fuel mixtures -
To avoid engine stall due to "slugs" of water in the fuel lines interrupting fuel flow, the fuel must exist as a single phase. The fraction of water that an ethanol-gasoline fuel can contain without phase separation increases with the percentage of ethanol.[26]. This shows, for example, that E30 can have up to about 2% water. If there is more than about 71% ethanol, the remainder can be any proportion of water or gasoline and phase separation will not occur. However, the fuel mileage declines with increased water content. The increased solubility of water with higher ethanol content permits E30 and hydrated ethanol to be put in the same tank since any combination of them always results in a single phase. Somewhat less water is tolerated at lower temperatures. For E10 it is about 0.5% v/v at 70 F and decreases to about 0.23% v/v at -30 F.[27] It has been suggested that Gasoline type C be merged into this article or section. ...
Image File history File links Gas_x_álcool_-_70%.svg‎ Hydrated ethanol x gasoline type C price table for use in Brazil. ...
Image File history File links Gas_x_álcool_-_70%.svg‎ Hydrated ethanol x gasoline type C price table for use in Brazil. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
In many countries cars are mandated to run on mixtures of ethanol. Brazil requires cars be suitable for a 25% ethanol blend, and has required various mixtures between 22% and 25% ethanol, as of October 2006 23% is required. The United States allows up to 10% blends, and some states require this (or a smaller amount) in all gasoline sold. Other countries have adopted their own requirements. Beginning with the model year 1999, an increasing number of vehicles in the world are manufactured with engines which can run on any fuel from 0% ethanol up to 100% ethanol without modification. Many cars and light trucks (a class containing minivans, SUVs and pickup trucks) are designed to be flexible-fuel vehicles (also called dual-fuel vehicles). In older model years, their engine systems contained alcohol sensors in the fuel and/or oxygen sensors in the exhaust that provide input to the engine control computer to adjust the fuel injection to achieve stochiometric (no residual fuel or free oxygen in the exhaust) air-to-fuel ratio for any fuel mix. In newer models, the alcohol sensors have been removed, with the computer using only oxygen and airflow sensor feedback to estimate alcohol content. The engine control computer can also adjust (advance) the ignition timing to achieve a higher output without pre-ignition when it predicts that higher alcohol percentages are present in the fuel being burned. This method is backed up by advanced knock sensors - used in most high performance gasoline engines regardless if they're designed to use ethanol or not - that detect pre-ignition and detonation. Light truck or light duty truck is a classification for trucks or truck-based vehicles with a payload capacity of less than 4,000 pounds (1,815 kg). ...
It has been suggested that Mini MPV be merged into this article or section. ...
A fourth-generation (2006-) Ford Explorer, the best-selling mid-size SUV in the United States. ...
The best selling North American pickup truck, the Ford F-Series. ...
For other types of Hybrid Transportation, see Hybrid (disambiguation)#Transportation. ...
In chemistry, stoichiometry is the study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations). ...
[edit] Fuel economy In theory, all fuel-driven vehicles have a fuel economy (measured as miles per US gallon, or liters per 100 km) that is directly proportional to the fuel's energy content.[28]In reality, there are many other variables that come in to play that affect the performance of a particular fuel in a particular engine. Ethanol contains approx. 34% less energy per unit volume than gasoline, and therefore in theory, burning pure ethanol in a vehicle will result in a 34% reduction in miles per US gallon, given the same fuel economy, compared to burning pure gasoline. This assumes that the octane ratings of the fuels, and the thus the engine's ability to extract energy from the fuels, are the same.[15][16] For E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline), the effect is small (~3%) when compared to conventional gasoline,[29] and even smaller (1-2%) when compared to oxygenated and reformulated blends.[30] However, for E85 (85% ethanol), the effect becomes significant. E85 will produce lower mileage than gasoline, and will require more frequent refueling. Actual performance may vary depending on the vehicle. The EPA-rated mileage of current USA flex-fuel vehicles[31] should be considered when making price comparisons, but it must be noted that E85 is a high performance fuel, with an octane rating of about 104, and should be compared to premium. In one estimate[32] the US retail price for E85 ethanol is 2.62 US dollar per gallon or 3.71 dollar corrected for energy equivalency compared to a gallon of gasoline priced at 3.03 dollar. Brazilian cane ethanol (100%)is priced at 3.88 dollar against 4.91 dollar for E25 (figures July 2007). Fuel efficiency, sometimes also referred to as fuel economy and commonly gas mileage in the United States, is a numeric measure often used to describe the amount of fuel consumed with regard to the distance travelled in a transportation vehicle, such as an automobile. ...
Logo used in the United States for E85 fuel Not to be confused with European route E85, a motorway in Europe. ...
For people whose family name is Price see Price (disambiguation). ...
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...
The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is a unit of volume. ...
[edit] Experience by country The top five ethanol producers in 2006 were the United States with 4.855 billion U.S. liquid gallons (bg), Brazil (4.49 bg), China (1.02 bg), India (0.50 bg) and France (0.25 bg).[33] Brazil and the United States accounted for 70 percent of all ethanol production, with total world production of 13.5 billion US gallons (40 million tonnes). When accounting just for fuel ethanol production in 2007, the U.S. and Brazil are responsible for 88% of the 13.1 billion gallons total world production. Strong incentives, coupled with other industry development initiatives, are giving rise to fledgling ethanol industries in countries such as Thailand, Colombia, and some Central American countries. Nevertheless, ethanol has yet to make a dent in world oil consumption of approximately 4000 million tonnes/yr (84 million barrels/day).[34] The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is a unit of volume. ...
For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ...
Total Annual Ethanol Production (All Grades)
by Country (2004-2006)[33]
Top 15 countries
(Millions of U.S. liquid gallons) | Annual Fuel Ethanol Production
by Country (2004-2006)[35]
Top 15 countries/blocks
(Millions of U.S. liquid gallons) | World
rank | Country | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | World
rank | Country/Region | 2007 | | 1 |
 United States | 4,855 | 4,264 | 3,535 | 1 |
United States | 6,498.6 | | 2 |
 Brazil | 4,491 | 4,227 | 3,989 | 2 |
Brazil | 5,019.2 | | 3 |
 China | 1,017 | 1,004 | 964 | 3 |
 European Union | 570.3 | | 4 |
 India | 502 | 449 | 462 | 4 |
China | 486.0 | | 5 |
 France | 251 | 240 | 219 | 5 |
 Canada | 211.3 | | 6 |
 Germany | 202 | 114 | 71 | 6 |
 Thailand | 79.2 | | 7 |
 Russia | 171 | 198 | 198 | 7 |
 Colombia | 74.9 | | 8 |
Canada | 153 | 61 | 61 | 8 |
India | 52.8 | | 9 |
 Spain | 122 | 93 | 79 | 9 | Central America | 39.6 | | 10 |
 South Africa | 102 | 103 | 110 | 10 |
 Australia | 26.4 | | 11 |
THA | 93 | 79 | 74 | 11 |
 Turkey | 15.8 | | 12 |
 United Kingdom | 74 | 92 | 106 | 12 |
 Pakistan | 9.2 | | 13 |
 Ukraine | 71 | 65 | 66 | 13 |
 Peru | 7.9 | | 14 |
 Poland | 66 | 58 | 53 | 14 |
 Argentina | 5.2 | | 15 |
 Saudi Arabia | 52 | 32 | 79 | 15 |
 Paraguay | 4.7 | | World Total | 13,489 | 12,150 | 10,770 | | World Total | 13,101.7 | The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is a unit of volume. ...
The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is a unit of volume. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
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[edit] Brazil -
Brazil has the largest and most successful bio-fuel programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and it is considered to have the world's first sustainable biofuels economy.[36][37][38] In 2006 Brazilian ethanol provided around 20% of the country's road transport sector fuel consumption needs, and more than 40% of fuel consumption for the light vehicle fleet.[39][40] [37] As a result of the increasing use of ethanol, together with the exploitation of domestic deep water oil sources, Brazil, which years ago had to import a large share of the petroleum needed for domestic consumption, in 2006 reached complete self-sufficiency in oil supply.[41][42][43] Gasoline on the left, alcohol on the right at a filling station in Brazil Brazil’s 29-year-old ethanol fuel program uses cheap sugar cane, mainly bagasse (cane-waste) for process heat and power, and modern equipment, and provides a ~22% ethanol blend used nationwide, plus 100% hydrous ethanol...
Petrobras, short for Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., is a government-owned Brazilian oil company headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. ...
In the treatment of dental cavities, after drilling out the cavities, dental fillings are inserted. ...
This article is about the city. ...
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For other types of Hybrid Transportation, see Hybrid (disambiguation)#Transportation. ...
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Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...
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Together, Brazil and the United States lead the industrial world in global ethanol production, accounting together for 70% of the world's production[44] and nearly 90% of ethanol used for fuel. [45] In 2006 Brazil produced 16.3 billion liters (4.3 billion U.S. liquid gallons),[33] which represents 33.3% of the world's total ethanol production and 42% of the world's ethanol used as fuel.[45] Sugar cane plantations cover 3.6 million hectares of land for ethanol production, representing just 1% of Brazil's arable land, with a productivity of 7,500 liters of ethanol per hectare, as compared with the U.S. maize ethanol productivity of 3,000 liters per hectare.[46][36] Grain alcohol redirects here. ...
The liter (spelled liter in American English and litre in Commonwealth English) is a unit of volume. ...
The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is a unit of volume. ...
A hectare (symbol ha) is a metric unit of surface area, equal to 100 ares (the name is a contraction of the SI prefix hecto + are). ...
This article is about the maize plant. ...
Production and use of ethanol has been stimulated through:
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- Low-interest loans for the construction of ethanol distilleries
- Guaranteed purchase of ethanol by the state-owned oil company at a reasonable price
- Retail pricing of neat ethanol so it is competitive if not slightly favorable to the gasoline-ethanol blend
- Tax incentives provided during the 1980s to stimulate the purchase of neat ethanol vehicles.[47]
Guaranteed purchase and price regulation were ended some years ago, with relatively positive results. In addition to these other policies, ethanol producers in the state of São Paulo established a research and technology transfer center that has been effective in improving sugar cane and ethanol yields.[47]
There are no longer light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline. Since 1977 the government made mandatory to blend 20% of ethanol (E20) with gasoline (gasohol), requiring just a minor adjustment on regular gasoline motors. Today the mandatory blend is allowed to vary nationwide between 20% to 25% ethanol (E25) and it is used by all regular gasoline vehicles, plus three million cars running on 100% anhydrous ethanol and five million of dual or flexible-fuel vehicles. The Brazilian car manufacturing industry developed full flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on any proportion of gasoline and ethanol.[48] Introduced in the market in 2003, these vehicles became a commercial success.[49] On March 2008, the fleet of "flex" cars and light commercial vehicles had reached 5 million new vehicles sold.[50] which represents around 10% of Brazil's motor vehicle fleet and 15.6% of all light vehicles.[51] The ethanol-powered and "flex" vehicles, as they are popularly known, are manufactured to tolerate hydrated ethanol, an azeotrope comprised of 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water.[52] It has been suggested that this article might be improved by explaining why the subject is significant or notable. ...
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The use of alcohol as a fuel for internal combustion engines, either alone or in combination with other fuels, has been given much attention mostly because of its possible environmental and long-term economical advantages over fossil fuels. ...
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[edit] United States
United States fuel ethanol
production and imports
(2001-2007)[33]
(Millions of U.S. liquid gallons) | | Year | Production | Imports | Demand | | 2001 | 1,770 | n/a | n/a | | 2002 | 2,130 | 46 | 2,085 | | 2003 | 2,800 | 61 | 2,900 | | 2004 | 3,400 | 161 | 3,530 | | 2005 | 3,904 | 135 | 4,049 | | 2006 | 4,855 | 653 | 5,377 | | 2007 | 6,500 | 450 | n/a | Note: Demand figures includes stocks change
and small exports in 2005 | -
The United States produces and consumes more ethanol fuel than any other country in the world. Most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. In 2007, Portland, Oregon, recently became the first city in the United States to require all gasoline sold within city limits to contain at least 10% ethanol.[53][54] As of January 2008, three states — Missouri, Minnesota, and Hawaii — require ethanol to be blended with gasoline motor fuel. Many cities are also required to use an ethanol blend due to non-attainment of federal air quality goals.[55] Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is a unit of volume. ...
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Several motor vehicle manufacturers, including Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM, sell flexible-fuel vehicles that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline all the way up to 85% ethanol (E85). By mid-2006, there were approximately six million E85-compatible veh |
