 Dead Georgian civilian with his dog on the streets of Sukhumi, September 27, 1993 The Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia, also known as the Genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia (Georgian: ქართველთა გენოციდი აფხაზეთში, Russian: Геноцид грузинского населения Абхазии) or the Massacre of Georgians in Abkhazia [1][2] — refers to the massacres [3] and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians living in Abkhazia (de jure Autonomous Republic of Georgia) during the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict of 1991-1993 and 1998. Between 10,000 to 30,000 Georgians were killed by the Abkhaz separatists, foreign mercenaries, and, allegedly, by Russian Federation forces. Some ethnic Greeks, Estonians, Russians and moderate Abkhaz were also killed. [4] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
National anthem Aiaaira Official languages Abkhaz, with Russian having co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates President Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab Independence – Declared – Recognition From Georgia 23 July 1992 none Currency Russian ruble Official...
Combatants Abkhaz separatists Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Russian Cossacks Russian Forces1 Georgian Interior and Defense Ministry forces Paramilitary groups and volunteer batallions Commanders Iysuph Soslanbekov, Musa Shanibov, Shamil Basaev, Beslan Barghandjia, Anri Djergenia Geno Adamia, Guram Gubelashvili, Gia Kharkharashvili, Davit Tevzadze, Soso Akhalaia Casualties ~2,500-4...
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...
1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ...
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (UTC) (Russian: Transliteration: Vooruzhénniye sÃly RossÃyskoy Federátsii) is the military of Russia, established after the break-up of the Soviet Union. ...
The Abkhaz or Abkhazians are a caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, and distinct from Georgians. ...
The ethnic cleansing and massacres of Georgians has been officially recognized by the OSCE convention in 1994 and again in 1996 during the Budapest summit and condemned the “perpetrators of war crimes committed during the conflict.” [5] On July 8, 2004 prosecutors at the Hague-based UN International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) made the almost unprecedented decision to launch an investigation about genocide and crimes against humanity in Abkhazia. [6] The ICTY was provided with the documents selected from the 300 volumes of evidence about the genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia. These materials were collected by the Georgian Prosecutors' Office beginning in 1993 and allegedly contain horrific accounts of atrocities committed by the Abkhaz fighters and mercenaries from Russia.[7] The reports included a detailed description of how the separatists played soccer with the heads of dead Georgians on the field after the executions in Gagra.[8] 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ...
1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ...
Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in Latin, ЈугоÑлавија in Cyrillic, English: Land of the South Slavs) describes four political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ...
Look up Genocide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A crime against humanity is a term originating in Western system international law that refers to acts of persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people, as being the criminal offence above all others. ...
Background
Military conflict in Abkhazia - See also Georgian-Abkhaz conflict
| “ | Georgians can't live here any more, in Abkhazia they can only die”.[9] | ” | State Department Country Report on Human Rights Practices 1993: Combatants Abkhaz separatists Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Russian Cossacks Russian Forces1 Georgian Interior and Defense Ministry forces Paramilitary groups and volunteer batallions Commanders Iysuph Soslanbekov, Musa Shanibov, Shamil Basaev, Beslan Barghandjia, Anri Djergenia Geno Adamia, Guram Gubelashvili, Gia Kharkharashvili, Davit Tevzadze, Soso Akhalaia Casualties ~2,500-4...
The [Abkhaz] separatist forces committed widespread atrocities against the Georgian civilian population, killing many women, children, and elderly, capturing some as hostages and torturing others ... they also killed large numbers of Georgian civilians who remained behind in Abkhaz-seized territory.[10]
In 1992, the political situation in Abkhazia changed into the military confrontation between Georgian government and Abkhaz separatists. The fighting escalated as Georgian Interior and Defence Ministry forces along with police units reached the city of Gudauta. Separatists started to retreat from Georgian held territories. Under the alleged aid from Russia, they managed to re-arm and organize “volunteer battalions” from North Caucasus. In early 1991, Abkhaz separatist forces and their allies started their counterattack on Georgian held-positions. Abkhazia was known for its multi-ethnic population, which included Georgians (46% in 1989), Russians, Greeks, Armenians, Ukrainians, Abkhaz, etc. Ethnic Georgians living in Abkhazia started to organize their own battalions and resistance movements which inflicted a significant blow the separatist advance. Confronted with about 240,000 ethnic Georgians who were unwilling to leave their homes, Abkhaz side started the process of ethnic cleansing in order to expel and eliminate the Georgian ethnic population of Abkhazia. [11] // The Georgian armed forces comprise of 28,000 troops, about half are conscripts. ...
Armenian civilians, being cleansed from their homeland during the Armenian Genocide. ...
The total number of killed in the process of ethnic cleansing ranges from 10,000 to 30,000, which does not include the numbers of missing, wounded and tortured people. More than 200,000 ethnic Georgians were expelled from their homes. The ethnic cleansing also included Russians, Abkhaz, Armenians, Greeks and other minor ethnic groups living in Abkhazia. More than 20,000 houses owned by ethnic Georgians were destroyed. Hundreds of Schools, kindergartens, churches, hospitals, historical monuments were pillaged and destroyed. Abkhaz is an agglutinative Georgia (in the autonomous republic of Abkhazia) and Turkey. ...
 Ethnic Georgians flee from Abkhaz attack After the end of the war, the government of Georgia, Hague War Crimes Tribunal, United Nations and OSCE, as well as the refugees themselves, began to investigate and gather facts about the allegations of genocide, ethnic cleansing and deportation which was conducted by the Abkhaz side during the conflict. In 1994 and again in 1996 the OSCE during the Budapest summit gave its official recognition of ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia and condemned the “perpetrators of war crimes committed during the conflict.” [12] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ...
The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ...
Look up Genocide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Armenian civilians, being cleansed from their homeland during the Armenian Genocide. ...
On March 2006, the Hague War Crimes Tribunal announced that it had reviewed all the documents submitted by the Georgian side. After a full-scale investigation, the Tribunal concluded that it would prosecute and start hearings against the campaign of ethnic cleansing, war-crimes and terror inflicted on ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia.
Reports of atrocities and war-crimes are still reaching the international community (especially the United Nations) from the Gali region. According to UN observers, the situation there is alarming.
"A terrible find has been made by the local residents of the mountains of Abkhazia, near the spot where clashes with the sea-born landing troops (attempting to cut the Ochamchire-Sokhumi highway) had taken place..Pieces of a human body were hanging on long wires from tree..Those were remains of two skinned Georgian men..It is not only soldiers that are killed. In the same woods, near one village there I found a corpse of a pregnant Georgian women. She had been raped and disemboweled."[13]
Facts of ethnic cleansing (1992-1993) Following are few examples taken from the Helsinki Human Rights Watch Reports and documentation submitted for the review to United Nations and Hague War Crimes Tribunal.
1992 ethnic cleansing campaign
Fall of Gagra
 Dead Georgians tossed in the ditch, Gagra, 1992 On September 3, 1992, the Russian mediated agreement was signed by the Georgian and Abkhaz sides which obliged Georgia to withdraw its military forces from the city of Gagra. In return, Abkhaz separatists from Gudauta were pressured to hold their attacks on the city. Soon after, Georgian forces (along with their tanks and heavy artillery) left the city. Only small pockets of armed groups (mainly ethnic Georgians of Gagra) remained. However, on October 1, the Abkhaz side violated the agreement and launched a full scale attack on Gagra. With the fall of the city, the Georgian population of Gagra was captured by the separatists and their allies. The first major massacres and ethnic-cleansing were committed during this time. [14] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
After the fall of Gagra, the victors started to pillage, rape, and torture followed by summary executions of everyone who was captured and failed to flee the city in time. At 5:00 pm on October 1, civilians were rounded up and placed under the guard at the soccer stadium in downtown Gagra. On October 6, close to 50 civilians had been found hanging on electricity poles. Soon after, children, elderly, women and men who were detained on the soccer stadium were gunned down and dumped in mass graves not far from the stadium.
Russian military observer Mikhail Demianov (who was accused by the Georgian side of being the military advisor to the separatist leader Ardzinba) told Human Rights Watch:
- When they [Abkhaz] entered Gagra, I saw Shamyl Basaev's battalion. I have never seen such a horror. They were raping and killing everyone who was captured and dragged from their homes. Abkhaz commander Arshba raped 14 years old girl and later gave an order to execute her. For the whole day I only could hear the screams and cries of the people who were brutally tortured. On the next day, I witnessed the mass execution of people on the stadium. They installed machine guns and mortars on the top and placed people right on the field. It took couple of hours to kill everybody. [15]
UN observers started to investigate and gather all the facts concerning the war crimes during the fall of Gagra. The blame for cutting the heads off the dead was placed on Shamyl Basaev’s battalion. Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of Abkhazia Mikhail Jinjaradze was dragged out from his office and executed. Shamil Basayev in Dagestan, 1999 Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (Russian: Шамиль Салманович БаÑаев) (January 14, 1965 – July 10, 2006) was a Vice-President of the internationally unrecognized separatist government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Islamist guerrilla leader, self-admitted terrorist and a national hero for many Chechens. ...
- The Abkhaz separatists killed people of other nationalities as well, including those who tried to protect Georgians. After the city was seized, the streets were covered with bodies. Separatists destroyed the Baramidze, Chkhetia, Baramia, Gvazava, Dzidziguri, Absandze, Shonia, and Kutsia families, as well as many others. [16]
 September Massacre in Sukhumi. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Sukhumi -
| “ | The shelling of Sokhumi (by Russians) is the most disgusting thing in this war. All the residents of Sokhumi remember the first shelling. It took place on 2 December 1992. The first rocket fell on Peace Street. They struck at crowded places. The next strategic 'target' was the town market which was hit with great precision. Eighteen people were killed that day. There were always lots of people in the market."[13] | ” | On July 27, a similar agreement was signed as on September 3, 1992 in Gagra, with Russia and UN as mediators. Ones again Georgians had withdrawn all heavy artillery, tank and significant number of its troops from Sukhumi. The Abkhaz separatist along with their allies were forced by the agreement to hold their advance and heavy bombardment of the city. The Georgian side was reassured by Russia that Sukhumi would not be attacked or bombed if Georgian army would complete its withdrawal. The Georgian troops along with their tanks were evacuated by the Russian military ships to the city of Poti. The city was left without any significant defense. A large number of civilians stayed in Sukhumi and all school were re-opened on September 1st. However, Abkhaz separatists, North Caucasian Volunteers, Cossacks and Russian special forces attacked Sukhumi on September 16th at 8 a.m. Georgian civilians hiding from Abkhaz separatist militants near Sukhumi The Sukhumi Massacre took place on September 27, 1993, during the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict. ...
It marked the beginning of 12 days non-stop fighting around the besieged Sukhumi with intensive fighting and human loss from the both sides. Georgians who stayed in the city with some weapons were left without any defense from artillery or mechanized units. The union of theater actors of Sukhumi joined fighting along with other civilians who decided to fight. The city was mercilessly bombed by Russian air forces and separatist artillery. On September 27, the city fell as Abkhaz, Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus (CMPC) and Russian units stormed the House of the Government of Abkhazia. One of the most horrific massacres of this war has been waged on civilian population of Sukhumi after its downfall. During the storming of the city, close to 1,000 people perished as Abkhaz formations overrun the street of the city. The civilians who were trapped in the city were taken from their houses, basements and apartment building. Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ð½Ñ„ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñких народов Кавказа) is a militarized political organization composed of militants from the North Caucasian republics of the Russian Federation. ...
Russian journalist Dmitry Kholodov:[17]
- ...They captured a young girl. She was hiding in the bushes near the house where they killed her parents. She was raped several times. One of the soldiers killed her and mutilated her. She was cut in half. Near her body they left a massage: as this corpse will never be as one peace, Abkhazia and Georgia will never be united as well
 Georgian civilians massacred near Sukhumi, 1993. The separatist and their allies captured Chairman of the Supreme Council Zhiuli Shartava, Mayor of Sukhumi Guram Gabiskiria, Mamia Alasania and other members of the Abkhaz government including the members of Sukhumi police. All of the captives were brutally massacred near the governmental building. The UN reports mention of Shartava being excessively tortured. [18] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Zhiuli Shartava Zhiuli Shartava (Georgian: ) (1944-1993) was a Georgian politician who was killed by Abkhaz rebels during the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia in 1993. ...
Guram Gabiskiria, Sukhumi, Georgia 1992 Guram Gabiskiria (Georgian: ) (1947–1993) was a Mayor of Sukhumi who was murdered by Abkhaz separatists during the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia in 1993. ...
Mamia Alasania (Georgian: ) was a commanding General of the Georgian interior forces who has been killed during the Sukhumi Massacre, along with Zhiuli Shartava, Guram Gabiskiria and others on September 27, 1993. ...
The massacres continued after the fall of Sukhumi for about two weeks. Georgians who had failed to flee the city had been hiding in abandoned apartment buildings and house basements. Upon discovery by the militants, they were killed on the spot. One of the most brutal massacres of the war was committed during this period. Video materials show 5 year old child being brutally killed by Abkhaz militant in front of his mother on the streets of Sukhumi. Abkhaz nationals were also targeted during the Sukhumi massacres. Anyone who have tried to hide a Georgian refugee or helped in any way was condemned and killed. "Temur Kutarba, an Abhazian, was killed by an Adighe Soldier in front of his children, for not being an active in killing Georgians. V. Vadakaria, 23 and his Abhazian friend, who tried to defend him, both were killed."[19]
Ochamchire "The Abkhazian separatist group captured sisters – Eka Jvania (17 years old) and Marina Jvania (14 years old), Leila Samushia and others in village Pshadi. They undressed them in front of their parents and neighbors, and raped them. After this the Abkhazians executed all of them by shooting."[20]
Post-war period
 Georgian refugees from Abkhazia | “ | For all those volunteers who have contributed in our victory, we shall reward them with residency and citizenship. [21] | ” | "And out of group of 12 front line soldiers, 2 were Abkhazian, 2 were Armenian, 1 Armenian locally from Sukhumi, 1 from Yerevan who was too young to go fight the good fight in Karabakh, and the rest were either from the North Caucasus or from places like in Siberia. What were they motivated by? Looting. They had been promised houses with tangerine gardens. They had been promised cars." [22] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 364 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (429 × 706 pixel, file size: 38 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photo belongs to me. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 364 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (429 × 706 pixel, file size: 38 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photo belongs to me. ...
The legacy of ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia had been devastating for the Georgian society. The war and the subsequent systematic ethnic cleansing produced about 270,000-300,000 of IDPs that fled to various Georgian regions, mostly in Samegrelo (Mingrelia) (112,208; UNHCR, June 2000). In Tbilisi and elsewhere in Georgia refugees occupy hundreds of hotels, dormitories and abandoned Soviet military barracks for temporary residency. Many of them have to leave for other countries, primarily to Russia, to search for work. Samegrelo (Mingrelia) is a historic province in the western part of the republic of Georgia, formerly also known as Odishi. ...
Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ...
This article is about the year 2000. ...
 The 12th anniversary of ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia which was held in Tbilisi in 2005. One of the visitors of the gallery recognized her dead son on the photograph. Some 40,000 IDPs sporadically returned in the Gali district after the 1994 ceasefire accord. However, almost half of those returned were again forced to flee and over 1,500 Georgian houses burned to the ground in May 1998, when bloody clashes erupted between the Abkhaz forces and Georgian guerillas. The situation in the Gali district remains precarious. The government of Georgia regularly protests against the persecution of remaining Georgian population in the area. Despite numerous reports about hostage taking, robbery, forced labor and forced conscription in the Abkhaz forces, the Sukhumi-based de facto authorities resolutely oppose the Georgian and UN urges to allow the opening a UN Human Rights office in the separatist-controlled town of Gali. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 554 pixel Image in higher resolution (894 × 619 pixel, file size: 73 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Copyright©2005 Mito Kipiani Source: [1] 12 anniversary of ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia which was held in Tbilisi in 2005. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 554 pixel Image in higher resolution (894 × 619 pixel, file size: 73 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Copyright©2005 Mito Kipiani Source: [1] 12 anniversary of ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia which was held in Tbilisi in 2005. ...
1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ...
See also United Nations adopted the following resolutions regarding Abkhazian issue: UN Security Council Resolution 849 (July 9, 1993); UN Security Council Resolution 854 (August 6, 1993); UN Security Council Resolution 858 (August 24, 1993); UN Security Council Resolution 876 (October 19, 1993); UN Security Council Resolution 881 (November 4, 1993); UN...
The Georgian Civil War consisted of inter-ethnic conflicts in the regions of South Ossetia (1991-1992) and Abkhazia (1992-1993), as well as the overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia and his subsequent uprising in an attempt to regain power (1991-1993). ...
Georgia has one of the world’s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ...
Current cases before the International Criminal Court include three situations where the Chief Prosecutor has opened an official investigation, one other referral that has been received from a state and a number of complaints received from individuals. ...
Notes - ^ Dr Andrew Andersen, Conflict in Abkhazia, YATT Publishing 2001
- ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
- ^ Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, p 230
- ^ Amy McCallion, Separatism in Abkhazia, YETT Publishing, Washington, 2003
- ^ From the Resolution of the OSCE Budapest Summit, December 6, 1994
- ^ http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=942
- ^ The Jamestown Foundation, Volume 1, Issue 57 (July 22, 2004)
- ^ Murphy, Paul J. (2004), The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror, page 15. Brassey's, ISBN 1574888307
- ^ Quote by Valery Smir, "Komsomolskaya Pravda" December 19, 1992
- ^ U.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp. 877, 881.
- ^ US State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp. 120
- ^ From the Resolution of the OSCE Budapest Summit, December 6, 1994
- ^ a b Dmitry Kholodov, Moscow journalist covering the Conflict, 1992
- ^ Human Rights Watch Report, First draft made in December 1993 and submitted to Helsinki office.
- ^ Human Rights Watch Interview, GL87650 Abkhazia, 1995.
- ^ Labirinth of Abkhazia by Vakhtang Kolbaia, p 34, 1999
- ^ Dmitry Kholodov, Moscow journalist covering the Conflict, 1992
- ^ Report of the UN Secretary General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, October 12, 1993
- ^ Eye Witness account, UN observers report, 1994
- ^ Report by Human Rights Watch Helsinki, March 1995
- ^ Quote by Vladislav Ardzinba (Separatist leader), "Izvestiya" October, 1992
- ^ Briefing on Current Situation in Georgia and Implications for U.S. Policy, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe Monday, October 25, 1993', p.7
Image:Ardzinba. ...
Bibliography - Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
- Human Rights Watch. "Georgia/Abkhazia: Violations of the Laws of War and Russia's Role in the Conflict." Published on hrw.org, March 1995.
- Lynch, Dov. The Conflict in Abkhazia: Dilemmas in Russian 'Peacekeeping' Policy. Royal Institute of International Affairs, February 1998.
- Marshania L. Tragedy of Abkhazia Moscow, 1996
- White Book of Abkhazia. 1992-1993 Documents, Materials, Evidences. Moscow, 1993.
- Dmitry Kholodov, Moscow journalist covering the Conflict, 1992
- Andersen, Andrew. "Russia Versus Georgia: One Undeclared War in the Caucasus." Published October 2001.
Dmitry Kholodov Dmitry Kholodov (July 21, 1967 — October 17, 1994) — was a journalist of the Russian newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets, killed as he was investigating alleged corruption among high ranks of the Russian military. ...
External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia - Report by Human Rights Watch Helsinki about ethnic cleansing committed in Abkhazia
- Documented accounts of ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia (Russian)
- Video file, capture of Zhuili Shartava, Guram Gabiskiria, Raul Eshba, etc and their execution
- Video file, ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia
- "Abkhazia: An Open Wound in Georgia" by Dr. Andrew Andersen
- Government of Abkhazia (-in-exile)
- Exile Images - Thomas Morley: The forgotten refugees of Abkhazia
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