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Ethosuximide is a succinimide anticonvulsant, used mainly in absence seizures. It is sold by Pfizer under the name Zarontin®. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences and alloys. ...
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ...
A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ...
A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...
The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ...
In pharmacology, bioavailability is a term used to describe a pharmacokinetic property of drugs, namely, the fraction of a dose which reaches the systemic circulation. ...
The elimination half-life of a drug (or any xenobiotic agent) refers to the timecourse necessary for the quantity of the xenobiotic agent in the body (or plasma concentration) to be reduced to half of its original level through various elimination processes. ...
For alternative meanings see steady state (disambiguation). ...
--212. ...
The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother. ...
The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ...
Succinimides are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ...
In medicine, there are many kinds of generalized seizures. ...
Pfizer, Incorporated (NYSE: PFE), is a global pharmaceutical company, with headquarters in New York City. ...
Mechanism of Action
According to Armijo et al, the antiabsence effect is due to inhibition of T-type calcium channels in the thalamus.[2] Another, unrelated ion channeling process is part of ion implantation. ...
The thalamus is a part of the brain. ...
Adverse Effects
Central Nervous System
Common Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterised by an inability to sleep and/or to remain asleep for a reasonable period during the night. ...
A headache is a condition of mild to severe pain in the head; sometimes upper back or neck pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ...
Euphoria may refer to: A psychological state of intense good feeling, see happiness Euphoria (band), a psychedelic music group Euphoria (1997 album), an album by Leftover Salmon Euphoria (1999 album), an album by Def Leppard Euphoria programming language In computing, an XMMS plugin made with the Enlightenment foundation libraries. ...
Ataxia (from Greek ataxiÄ, meaning disorder) is unsteady and clumsy motion of the limbs or trunk due to a failure of the fine coordination of muscle movements. ...
Hyperactivity can be described as a state in which a person is abnormally easily excitable and exuberant. ...
A night terror, also known as sleep terror or pavor nocturnus, is a parasomnia sleep disorder characterized by extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness. ...
Rare In popular culture, the term paranoia is usually used to describe excessive concern about ones own well-being, sometimes suggesting a person holds persecutory beliefs concerning a threat to themselves or their property and is often linked to a belief in conspiracy theories. ...
Psychosis is a generic psychiatric term for mental states in which the components of rational thought and perception are severely impaired. ...
Clinical depression is a health condition of depression with mental and physical components reaching criteria generally accepted by clinicians. ...
Gastrointestinal Vomit being eaten by birds Vomiting (or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth. ...
Nausea (Greek Îαυτεία) is the sensation of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Diarrhea in American English, (spelled diarrhoea in other anglophone countries) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent and watery or loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαÏÏοή = leakage; lit. ...
Hyperplasia (or hypergenesis) is a general term for an abnormal increase in the amount of the cells of an organ or tissue causing it to increase in size. ...
Genitourinary - microscopic hematuria
- vaginal bleeding
In medicine, hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. ...
Hematopoietic The following can occur with or without bone marrow loss: Pancytopenia is a condition in which there is a reduction in the number of Red and White blood cells, as well as platelets. ...
Leukopenia, low white blood count is seen in: aplastic anemia pancytopenia Categories: Stub ...
Eosinophilia is the state of having high eosinophil granulocytes in the blood. ...
Integumentary Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a severe and potentially life-threatening (15% of cases) disease, it is a hypersensitivity complex affecting the skin and the mucous membranes, a severe expression of erythema multiforme (EM) (and so SJS is also called erythema multiforme major). ...
Hirsutism is the excessive growth of hair, particularly on a womans face, torso and limbs, and is generally caused by increased androgens. ...
Pruritis is a misspelling of the medical condition pruritus. ...
Lupus erythematosus (also known as systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE) is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are created against the patients own DNA. It classically presents with a butterfly-shaped rash on the cheek, causing a wolf-like appearance (lupus is Latin for wolf). ...
Ocular Normal vision for a achromatopsic colour-blind person. ...
Complications The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ...
Drug Interactions Valproates can either decrease or increase the levels of ethosuximide; However, combinations of valproates and ethosuximide had a greater Protective Index than either drug alone.[3] Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
It may elevate serum phenytoin levels.
Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin® in the USA and as Epanutin® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ...
| Anticonvulsants edit | | | Barbiturates: Methylphenobarbital | Phenobarbital | Phenobarbitone | Phenobarbitone sodium | Barbexaclone | Metharbital
Benzodiazepines: Triazolam | Midazolam | Oxazepam | Chlordiazepoxide | Alprazolam | Temazepam | Lorazepam | Bromazepam | Estazolam | Flunitrazepam | Clonazepam | Quazepam | Clorazepate | Medazepam | Prazepam | Diazepam | Flurazepam
Bromides: Potassium bromide
Carbamates: Felbamate | Meprobamate | Emylcamate | Phenprobamate
Carboxamides: Carbamazepine | Oxcarbazepine
Fatty acids: Valproic acid | Sodium valproate | Divalproex sodium | Vigabatrin | Progabide | Tiagabine
GABA Analogs: Gabapentin
Hydantoins: Ethotoin | Phenytoin | Mephenytoin | Fosphenytoin
Imidazopyridines: Zolpidem
Monosaccharide Derivatives: Topiramate
Oxazolidinediones: Paramethadione | Trimethadione | Ethadione
Piperazines: Zopiclone
Propionates Beclamide
Pyrazolopyrimidines: Zaleplon
Pyrimidinediones: Primidone
Pyrrolidines: Levetiracetam
Succinimides: Ethosuximide | Phensuximide | Mesuximide
Sulfonamides: Sultiame | Methazolamide | Zonisamide
Triazines: Lamotrigine
Ureas: Pheneturide | Phenacemide
Valproylamides (Derivatives of Valproic Acid): Valpromide | Valnoctamide
The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ...
Barbiturates are drugs that acts as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ...
Phenobarbital (also phenobarbitone or luminal) is a weak acid with the chemical formula C12H12N2O3. ...
Phenobarbital (also phenobarbitone or luminal) is a weak acid with the chemical formula C12H12N2O3. ...
Phenobarbital (also phenobarbitone or luminal) is a weak acid with the chemical formula C12H12N2O3. ...
Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ...
Triazolam (Halcion®, Novodorm®, Songar®) belongs to benzodiazepine group of drugs. ...
Midazolam, also known by the trade names Versed®, Hypnovel® and Dormicum®, is a benzodiazepine drug with an imidazole structure. ...
Oxazepam is a benzodiazepine hypnotic sold under the name Serax. ...
Chlordiazepoxide (Trade name: Librium) was the first benzodiazepine to be made commercially available. ...
Alprazolam is an anxiolytic benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety disorders. ...
Temazepam (Restoril) is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed for insomnia and other sleep disorders. ...
Lorazepam is classified as a sedative-hypnotic and a member of the group of drugs known as benzodiazepines. ...
Bromazepam (Compendium®, Creosedin®, Durazanil®, Lectopam®, Lexaurin®, Lexomil®, Lexotan®, Lexotanil®, Normoc®).[1] Bromazepam is a Schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. ...
Skeletal formula of flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam (trade name Rohypnol) is a sedative that was made in the early 1970s by Roche and was used in hospitals only for deep sedation. ...
Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-name Klonopin® in the United States and Rivotril® in Canada and Europe) is an anticonvulsant sedative-hypnotic anxiolytic (anti-anxiety drug), and a member of the benzodiazepine class of drugs. ...
Diazepam, brand names: Valium, Seduxen, in Europe Apozepam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative, which possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. ...
Flurazepam (marketed as Dalmane) is a benzodiazepine derivative which is used as a hypnotic. ...
A bromide is a phrase, or person who uses phrases, which have been used and repeated so many times as to become either insincere in their meaning, or seem like an attempt at trying to explain the obvious. ...
Potassium bromide (KBr) is a salt, used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the 1800s. ...
The carbamate functional group is formed when a carbon dioxide molecule reacts with the amino terminus of a peptide chain or an amino group of an amino acid, adding a COO− group to it and releasing a cation (H+ ion). ...
Meprobamate is a tranquilizing drug that acts as a depressant of the central nervous system and is commonly used in the treatment of anxiety and sometimes schizophrenia. ...
Carboxamides are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
Carbamazepine (Biston®; Calepsin®; Carbatrol®; Epitol®; Finlepsin®; Sirtal®; Stazepine®; Tegretol®; Telesmin®; Timonil®) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder; but also used to treat schizophrenia and trigeminal neuralgia. ...
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ...
In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. ...
Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant and an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the synapses. ...
Tiagabine is an anti-convulsive medication produced by Cephalon and marketed under the brand name Gabitril. ...
Chemical structure of GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter in widely divergent species. ...
Gabapentin (brand name: Neurontin®) is an anticonvulsant medication indicated in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. ...
Hydantoins are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin® in the USA and as Epanutin® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ...
The imidazopyridines are a class of drugs related to benzodiazepines. ...
Zolpidem is a prescription drug used for the short-term treatment of insomnia (sleeping pill). ...
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars. ...
Topiramate (brand name: Topamax®) is an anticonvulsant drug produced by Ortho-McNeil. ...
The following are oxazolidinediones: paramethadione trimethadione ethadione Categories: Pharmacology stubs | Antiepileptics ...
Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ...
Zopiclone (Trade names: Imovane, Lunesta) is a novel hypnotic agent used in the treatment of insomnia. ...
The propionate (also propanoate) ion is C2H5COO- (propionic acid minus one hydrogen ion). ...
The Pyrazolopyrimidines are a class of nonbenzodiazepine drugs related (in terms of their effect) to benzodiazepines. ...
Zaleplon (Sonata®/Starnoc®) is a sedative/hypnotics, mainly used for insomnia. ...
The following are pyrimidinediones: cytidine fluorouracil idoxuridine primidone thymidine trifluridine uridine References Classe : PYRIMIDINEDIONE ...
Primidone, is an anticonvulsant of the pyrimidinedione[7] class whose active metabolites, phenobarbital (minor) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) (major), are also anticonvulsants. ...
Pyrrolidine is a nearly colorless liquid pyrrole to which four hydrogen atoms have been added. ...
Levetiracetam (brand name: Keppra) is an anti-convulsant medication used to treat epilepsy. ...
Succinimides are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are synthetic antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid. ...
Zonisamide (brand name Zonegran®) is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. ...
...
Lamotrigine (marketed as Lamictal by GlaxoSmithKline) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ...
Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO and the structure shown right: Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ...
Valpromide (dipropylacetamide, α-propylvaleramide, Diprozin) is a carboxamide derivative of valproic acid that is considered safer to use than either valproic acid or sodium valproate. ...
Valnoctamide has been used in France as a tranquilizer and muscle relaxant since 1964[3] and as an anticonvulsant since starting in 1969 in Portugal. ...
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References
End Notes - ^ Ethosuximide PubChem Substance Summary.
- ^ Armijo JA, Shushtarian M, Valdizan EM, Cuadrado A, de las Cuevas I, Adin J. "Ion channels and epilepsy." Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2005;11(15):1975-2003. PMID 15974971
- ^ Bourgeois BF. "Combination of valproate and ethosuximide: antiepileptic and neurotoxic interaction." The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1988 Dec;247(3):1128-32. PMID 3144596
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