NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Etiopia

Ethiopia (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country situated in the Horn of Africa (landlocked as of May 24, 1993). It is the third-most populous nation in Africa, bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the southeast, Kenya to the south, and Sudan to the west. Ethiopia is the only country in Africa with an unbroken sovereignty and is one of the oldest continuous nations in the world. Recently regarded as "the cradle of mankind", Ethiopia is also the second-oldest official ^{[citation needed]} Christian nation in the world, after Armenia. It has long been an intersection between the civilizations of North Africa, the Middle East and the rest of Africa. Unique among African countries, Ethiopia was never colonised, maintaining its sovereignty throughout the Scramble for Africa. In addition, Ethiopia has long been a member of international organisations: it became a member of the League of Nations in 1923, signed the Declaration by United Nations in 1942, founded the UN headquarters in Africa, was one of the fifty-one original members of the United Nations, and is the headquarters for and the main founder of the former Organisation of African Unity and current African Union. The Abyssinian is a natural breed of domesticated cat believed to originate from one Egyptian female kitten called Zula that was taken from a port in Alexandria, Egypt, by a British soldier and brought to England where the breed was developed by Zula being bred with an English tabby, and... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ethiopia. ... Image File history File links Ethiopia_COA.svg File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Politics of Ethiopia Foreign relations of Ethiopia Ethiopia Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front List of political parties in Ethiopia Gallery of sovereign... Flag ratio: 1:2 The old flag, which was used from 1975 to 1987 and 1991 to 1996, and is still seen occasionally today. ... The Coat of arms of Ethiopia contains a yellow five pointed star radiating rays of light. ... This page lists state and national mottos for the worlds independent states and if applicable, their component states. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityoppya (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia) is the national anthem of Ethiopia. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order. ... Ethiopias population is highly diverse. ... It has been suggested that Arkebe Oqubay be merged into this article or section. ... An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ... Amharic (áŠ áˆ›áˆáŠ› ÄmariÃ±Ã±Ä) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. ... The Federal Republic of Germany and its sixteen BundeslÃ¤nder (federal states) A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. ... This page contains a list of heads of state of Ethiopia since 1974. ... Girma Wolde-Giorgis Lucha (born December 1924) is the President of Ethiopia. ... List of heads of government of Ethiopia (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office) Affiliations See also Ethiopia Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia List of Presidents of Ethiopia Lists of office-holders ... The information presented here is not correct. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ... Dmt is the Sabaean name for a kingdom on the northern Ethiopian plateau that existed from around 800 BC until it was united in the Aksum kingdom around the birth of Jesus. ... (2nd millennium BCE - 1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium) Ruins of the training grounds at Olympia, Greece. ... The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from ca. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different surface areas here is a list of areas between 1 million kmÂ² and 10 million kmÂ². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... This is a list of sovereign states and other territories by population, using the most recently available official figures. ... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/kmÂ². The list includes de facto sovereign states and dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... Purchasing power parity (PPP) is in economics the method of using the long-run equilibrium exchange rate of two currencies to equalize the currencies purchasing power. ... Map of world GDP (PPP) by country using the IMF list for 2005 There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, based on the 2005 IMF data. ... World map indicating Human Development Index (2004). ... Image File history File links Green_Arrow_Up. ... This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Programmes Human Development Report 2006, compiled on the basis of 2004 data. ... For other uses, see Birr (disambiguation). ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... Time zones of Africa: Striped colours indicate countries observing daylight saving East Africa Time, or EAT, is a time zone used in eastern Africa. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC - see Abbreviation below for explanation) is a high-precision atomic time standard. ... Areas that observe daylight saving time Areas that once observed daylight saving time Areas that have never observed daylight saving time A 2001 public service announcement for the upcoming turning back of the clocks Daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, is a conventional local time adopted by... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC - see Abbreviation below for explanation) is a high-precision atomic time standard. ... The following is a list of currently existing Internet Top-level domains (TLDs). ... .et is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ethiopia. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Single-party state. ... The Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front, or EPRDF, is the ruling political party of Ethiopia. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Nations of the Horn of Africa. ... A landlocked country is one that has no coastline. ... May 24 is the 144th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (145th in leap years). ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Christianity. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ... An international organization, or more formally intergovernmental organization (IGO), is an organization whose members are sovereign states or other IGOs (like the European Union and the WTO). ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Declaration by United Nations was a World War II document agreed to on January 1, 1942 by 26 governments, several of them governments-in-exile. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... Flag of the Organisation of African Unity, later also used by the African Union. ... Anthem: Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Capital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Membership 53 member states Official languages The languages of Africa, as well as Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Formation - As Organisation of African Unity - As AU - May 25, 1963 - July 9, 2002 Chairman of the African Union Denis...

Name

The Ge'ez name "ኢትዮጵያ" (ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), and its English cognate Ethiopia, is thought by some to be derived from the Greek word Αἰθιοπία Aithiopia, from Αἰθίοψ Aithiops ‘an Ethiopian’, derived from Greek terms meaning "of burnt (αιθ-) visage (ὄψ)".^[1] However, this etymology is disputed, since the Book of Aksum, a Ge'ez chronicle first composed in the 15th century, states that the name is derived from "'Ityopp'is", a son (unmentioned in the Bible) of Cush, son of Ham who according to legend founded the city of Axum. It is not certain how old the name Ethiopia is, but its earliest attested use in the region was as a Christianized name for the Kingdom of Aksum in the 4th century, in stone inscriptions of King Ezana^[2]. Note: This article contains special characters. ... Look up aether, ether in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Book of Aksum (Geez áˆ˜áŒ½áˆ“áˆ á¡ áŠ áŠáˆ±áˆ maá¹£á¸¥Äfa aksÅ«m, Amh. ... Geez (also transliterated Giiz, , and pronounced IPA: ; ISO 639-2 gez) is an ancient South Semitic language that had developed in the current region of Eritrea and northern Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa, as the language of the peasantry. ... Ityoppis is, according to the 15th century Book of Aksum, a son (unmentioned in the Bible) of Cush, son of Ham who founded the city of Axum. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A legend (Latin, legenda, things to be read) is a narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and to possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. ... Axum, properly Aksum, is a city in northern Ethiopia. ... The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from ca. ... Ezana of Axum was ruler of the Axumite Kingdom from about 320 to 350 AD. Ezana succeeded his father Ella Amida while still a youth and his mother, Sofya served as regent. ...

In English, Ethiopia was also historically known as Abyssinia, derived from the Arabic form of the Ethiosemitic name "ḤBŚT," modern Habesha. In some countries, Ethiopia is still called by names cognate with "Abyssinia," e.g. Turkish Habesistan and Arabic Al Habesh, meaning land of the Habesha people. The term Habesha strictly refers to only the Semitic-speaking peoples of Ethiopia (predominantly the Amhara and Tigray-Tigrinya people who have historically dominated the country politically and which combined comprise about 36% of Ethiopia's population). However, in contemporary Ethiopian politics the word Habesha is often used to describe all Ethiopans. Abyssinia can strictly refer to just the North-Western Ethiopian provinces of Amhara and Tigray as well as central and Eritrea, while it was historically used as another name for Ethiopia.^[3] Geographical renaming is the act of changing the name of a geographical feature or area. ... Arabic ( or just ), is the largest member of the family of Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic, and Aramaic. ... Ethiopian Semitic languages (sometimes Ethiopic) is a language group which together with Old South Arabian forms the Western branch of the South Semitic languages. ... The term Habesha (Geez áˆá‰ áˆ» á¸¥abaÅ›Ä, Amh. ... The term Habesha (Geez áˆá‰ áˆ» á¸¥abaÅ›Ä, Amh. ... Amhara (áŠ áˆ›áˆ«) is an ethnic group in the central highlands of Ethiopia, numbering about 21 million, making up around 30% of the countrys population (estimates differ). ... The Tigray-Tigrinya are an ethnic group who live in Eritrea and the northern highlands of Ethiopias Tigray province. ... Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Amhara region. ... Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Tigray region. ...

The Hebrew word for Ethiopia as mentioned in the Bible is Cush, the father of Ityopp'is, making reference to the indigenous Cushitic-speaking peoples of the region. The word Bible refers to the canonical collections of sacred writings of Judaism and Christianity. ... Cush (כּוּשׁ Black, Standard Hebrew Kuš, Tiberian Hebrew Kûš) was the eldest son of Ham, brother of Canaan and the father of Nimrod, mentioned in the table of nations in the Book of Genesis (x. ... Ityoppis is, according to the 15th century Book of Aksum, a son (unmentioned in the Bible) of Cush, son of Ham who founded the city of Axum. ...

History

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Early History

Human settlement in Ethiopia is very ancient; bones of the earliest ancestors to the human species, discovered in Ethiopia, have been assigned dates as long ago as 5.8 million years.^[4] Together with Eritrea and the southeastern part of the Red Sea coast of Sudan, it is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient Egyptians as Punt (or "Ta Netjeru," meaning land of the Gods), whose first mention dates to the twenty-fifth century BC. Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... Map of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was the civilization of the Nile Valley between about 3000 BC and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation it is the quintessential example of an hydraulic empire. ... The Land of Punt, which the Ancient Egyptians called Ta Netjeru, meaning Land of the Gods, was a fabled and exotic site in eastern Africa, which carried on extensive trade with Ancient Egypt, China and Arabia. ...

Aksum and D'mt

Around the eighth century BC, a kingdom known as Dʿmt was established in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, with its capital at Yeha in northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be indigenous, although Sabaean-influenced due to the latter's hegemony of the Red Sea,^[5] while others view D`mt as the result of a mixture of "culturally superior" Sabaeans and indigenous peoples;^[6] a very small minority even views the kingdom as wholly Sabaean and Ethiopians as the descendents of an admixture of ancient Sabaean immigrants and Indigenous Africans.^[7] However, there is archaeological evidence to prove that at one point in time a region in Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea was called Saba. However, most modern scholars often refer to it as Ethiopian Saba since it had a separate entity than the Saba in Yemen. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (900x596, 185 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ethiopia Yeha User:JialiangGao Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (900x596, 185 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ethiopia Yeha User:JialiangGao Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Yeha is a town in the north of Ethiopia, located in the region of Tigray. ... Dmt is the Sabaean name for a kingdom on the northern Ethiopian plateau that existed from around 800 BC until it was united in the Aksum kingdom around the birth of Jesus. ... Yeha is a town in the north of Ethiopia, located in the region of Tigray. ... The Sabaeans were a people who lived in what is today Yemen in the final millennium BCE. They may be the same nation as the biblical Sheba. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ...

After the fall of D`mt in the fifth century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms, until the rise of one of these kingdoms during the first century BC, the Aksumite Kingdom, ancestor of medieval and modern Ethiopia, which was able to reunite the area.^[8] They established bases on the northern highlands of the Ethiopian Plateau and from there expanded southward. The Persian religious figure Mani listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his time.^[9] (Redirected from 1st century BCE) (2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century - other centuries) The 1st century BC starts on January 1, 100 BC and ends on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st... The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from ca. ... The Ethiopian Highlands are a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia and Eritrea in northeastern Africa. ... Mani (in Persian & Arabic Ù…Ø§Ù†ÛŒ) was born in Babylon, Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) which was a part of Persian Empire about 210-276 CE. He was a religious preacher and the founder of Manichaeism, an ancient Persian gnostic religion that was once prolific but is now extinct. ... The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from ca. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau (IrÄn - Land of the Aryans[1]) and beyond. ...

In 316 AD, a Christian philosopher from Tyre, Meropius, embarked on a voyage of exploration along the coast of Africa. He was accompanied by, among others, two Syro-Greeks, Frumentius and his brother Aedesius. The vessel was stranded on the coast, and the natives killed all the travelers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court and given positions of trust by the monarch. They both practiced the Christian faith in private, and soon converted the queen and several other members of the royal court. Upon the king's death, Frumentius was appointed regent of the realm by the queen, and instructor of her young son, Prince Ezana. A few years later, upon Ezana's coming of age, Aedesius and Frumentius left the kingdom, the former returning to Tyre where he was ordained, and the latter journeying to Alexandria. Here, he consulted Athanasius, who ordained him and appointed him Bishop of Axum. He returned to the court and baptized the King Ezana, together with many of his subjects, and in short order Christianity was proclaimed the official state religion.^[10] For this accomplishment, he received the title "Abba Selama" ("Father of peace"). Events Huns sack Changan, capital of the Chinese Western Jin Dynasty. ... The Common Era (CE), sometimes known as the Current Era or as the Christian Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 on the Gregorian calendar. ... Frumentius (Geez ááˆ¬áˆáŠ•áŒ¦áˆµ /freminÅ¥os/) (died ca. ... Aedesius (died 355), Neoplatonist philosopher, was born of a noble Cappadocian family. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth and his life, death, resurrection, and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... Ezana of Axum was ruler of the Axumite Kingdom from about 320 to 350 AD. Ezana succeeded his father Ella Amida while still a youth and his mother, Sofya served as regent. ... Alexandria Modern Alexandria. ... Athanasius of Alexandria (also spelled Athanasios) was a Christian bishop of Alexandria in the fourth century. ...

At various times, including a fifty-year period in the sixth century, Axum controlled most of modern-day Yemen and some of southern Saudi Arabia just across the Red Sea, as well as controlling southern Egypt, northern Sudan, northern Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and northern Somalia.^[11] This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ...

The line of rulers descended from the Axumite kings was broken several times: first by the Jewish (unknown/or pagan) Queen Gudit around 950^[12] (or possibly around 850, as in Ethiopian histories).^[13] It was then interrupted by the Zagwe dynasty; it was during this dynasty that the famous rock-hewn churches of Lalibela were carved under King Lalibela, allowed by a long period of peace and stability.^[14] Around 1270, the Solomonic dynasty came to control Ethiopia, claiming descent from the kings of Axum. They called themselves Neguse Negest ("King of Kings," or Emperor), basing their claims on their direct descent from Solomon and the queen of Sheba.^[15] Gudit (or Judith; also known as Esato) is a semi-legendary non-Christian queen (flourished c. ... Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century Decades: 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s - 970s - 980s - 990s - 1000s Years: 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 Events Category: ... Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century Decades: 800s - 810s - 820s - 830s - 840s - 850s - 860s - 870s - 880s - 890s - 900s 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 Events Samara the Sweet is born. ... The Zagwe Dynasty ruled Ethiopia from the end of the Kingdom of Axum to 1270, when Yekuno Amlak defeated and killed the last Zagwe king in battle. ... The Bete Giyorgis, one of the many rock-hewn churches at the holy site of Lalibela, Ethiopia Lalibela is a town in northern Ethiopia. ... Gebre Mesqel Lalibela (also called simply Lalibela, which means the bees recognise his sovereignty in Old Agaw) was negus of Ethiopia, and a member of the Zagwe dynasty; he is also considered a saint by the Ethiopian church. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... The Solomonid dynasty is the traditional royal house of Ethiopia, claiming descent from King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, who is said to have given birth to the traditional first king Menelik I after her Biblically-described visit to Solomon in Jerusalem. ... The Emperor (Geez áŠ•áŒ‰áˆ áŠáŒˆáˆ¥á‰µ, , King of Kings) of Ethiopia was the hereditary ruler of Ethiopia until the abolition of the monarchy in 1975. ... Artists depiction of Solomons court (Ingobertus, c. ... Sheba (from the English transcription of the Hebrew name shva: ×©×‘×, and Saba, Arabic: Ø³Ø¨Ø£, also Saba, Amharic: áˆ³á‰£) is a southern kingdom mentioned in the Jewish scriptures (Old Testament) and the Quran. ...

Restored contact With Europe

During the reign of Emperor Yeshaq, Ethiopia made its first successful diplomatic contact with a European country since Aksumite times, sending two emissaries to Alfons V of Aragon, who sent return emissaries that failed to complete the trip to Ethiopia.^[16] The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with Portugal under Emperor Lebna Dengel, who had just inherited the throne from his father.^[17] This proved to be an important development, for when the Empire was subjected to the attacks of the Adal General and Imam, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (called "Grañ", or "the Left-handed"), Portugal responded to Lebna Dengel's plea for help with an army of four hundred men, who helped his son Gelawdewos defeat Ahmad and re-establish his rule.^[18] However, when Emperor Susenyos converted to Roman Catholicism in 1624, years of revolt and civil unrest followed resulting in thousands of deaths.^[19] The Jesuit missionaries had offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians, and on June 25, 1632 Susenyos' son, Emperor Fasilides, declared the state religion to again be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and expelled the Jesuit missionaries and other Europeans.^[20]^[21] Image File history File linksMetadata Gonder. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Gonder. ... Yeshaq I or Isaac (throne name Gabra Masqal II) was negus (1414 - 1429) of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonid dynasty. ... Alfons V of Aragon (also Alfons I of Naples) (1396 â€“ June 27, 1458), surnamed the Magnanimous, was the King of Aragon and Naples and count of Barcelona from 1416 to 1458. ... Dawit II or David II, better known by his throne name Lebna Dengel (1501 - September 2, 1540) was negus negust (1508 - 1540) of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonid dynasty. ... THE ADAL EMPIRE It was on the 13th century that came to the light, in Horn of Africa, one of the strongest Empires that existed in East Africa. ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... Imam (Arabic: Ø¥Ù…Ø§Ù… ,Persian: Ø§Ù…Ø§Ù… ) is an Arabic word meaning leader. ... Ahmed Gurey statue in Mogadishu. ... Gelawdewos or Claudius (1522 - March 23, 1559) was negus (throne name Asnaf Sagad I) (1540 - 1559) of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonid dynasty. ... Susenyos (also Sissinios, as in Greek; throne name Malak Sagad III; 1572 - September 7, 1632) was (1607 - 1632) of Ethiopia. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus of Nazareth, with its traditions first established by the Twelve Apostles and... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... See also: 1632 (novel) Events February 22 - Galileos Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300 colonists for New France depart Dieppe November 8 - Wladyslaw IV Waza elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Zygmunt III Waza death November 16 - Battle of LÃ¼tzen... Fasilides or Basilides (throne name `Alam Sagad), b at Magazaz, Shewa, in 1603 before 10 November, was (1632 - October 18, 1667) of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonid dynasty. ... This Ethiopian icon shows St. ...

All of this contributed to Ethiopia's isolation from 1755 to 1855, called the Zemene Mesafint or "Age of Princes." The Emperors became figureheads, controlled by warlords like Ras Mikael Sehul of Tigray, and later by the Oromo Yejju dynasty.^[22] Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that concluded an alliance between the two nations; however, it was not until the reign of Emperor Tewodros II, who began modernizing Ethiopia and recentralizing power in the Emperor, that Ethiopia began to take part in world affairs once again. Some historians date the murder of Iyasu I, and the resultant decline in the prestige of the dynasty, as the beginning of the Ethiopian Zemene Mesafint (Era of the Princes,) a time of disorder when the power of the monarchy was eclipsed by the power of local warlords. ... Mikael Sehul (Tigrigna Mikael the Astute; his name at birth was Blatta Mikael; c. ... Tigray was a province of Ethiopia. ... For the language, see Oromo language. ... Tewodros II (also known as Theodore II) (1818 - 1868) was an Emperor of Ethiopia (1855 - 1868). ...

Image File history File links Yohannesson. ... Image File history File links Yohannesson. ... Emperor Yohannes IV (c. ...

Escaping the Scramble for Africa

The 1880s were marked by the Scramble for Africa and modernization in Ethiopia, when the Italians began to vie with the British for influence in bordering regions. Asseb, a port near the southern entrance of the Red Sea, was bought from the local Afar sultan, vassal to the Ethiopian Emperor, in March 1870 by an Italian company, which by 1890 led to the Italian colony of Eritrea. Conflicts between the two countries resulted in the Battle of Adowa in 1896, whereby the Ethiopians surprised the world by defeating the colonial power and remaining independent, under the rule of Menelik II. Italy and Ethiopia signed a provisional treaty of peace on October 26, 1896. Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ... Asseb (or Aseb) is a port city in the Southern Red Sea Region of Eritrea on the west coast of the Red Sea. ... Afar (or Danakil) are a tribal people who reside principally in the Danakil Desert in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and in Eritrea and Djibouti. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... Combatants Ethiopia Kingdom of Italy Commanders Ras Makonnen Oreste Baratieri Strength ~100,000 (80,000 with firearms), Unknown number of artillery and machine guns 17,700 (all with firearms), 56 artillery guns Casualties 4,000-6,000 killed, 8,000 wounded[1] 7,000 killed, 1,500 wounded, 3,000... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Menelik II (August 17, 1844 - December 12, 1913), Conquering Lion of Judah, Elect of God, King of Kings of Ethiopia was negus negust (emperor) of Ethiopia from 1889 to his death. ... Motto: none Anthem: Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityoppya (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia) Capital Addis Ababa Largest city Addis Ababa Official language(s) Amharic Government President Prime Minister Federal republic1 Girma Wolde-Giorgis Meles Zenawi Independence Liberation Day N.A. Area - Total - Water (%) 1,104,300 kmÂ² (26th) 426... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

The early twentieth century was marked by the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I, who undertook the rapid modernization of Ethiopia — interrupted only by the brief Italian occupation (1936–1941).^[23] British and patriot Ethiopian troops liberated the Ethiopian homeland in 1941, which was followed by sovereignty on January 31, 1941 and British recognition of full sovereignty (i.e. without any special British privileges) with the signing of the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement in December 1944.^[24] Haile Selassie Emperor Haile Selassie I (Power of Trinity) (born Lij Tafari Makonnen, July 23, 1892 – August 27, 1975), styled His Imperial Majesty (or HIM), was the Emperor (1930–1936; 1941–1974) of Ethiopia, and is the religious symbol for God incarnate among the Rastafari movement. ... Combatants Italy Ethiopia Commanders Emilio De Bono Pietro Badoglio Rodolfo Graziani Haile Selassie Strength 800,000 (only ~330,000 mobilized) 500,000 (some ill-equipped) Casualties 15,000 dead or wounded 275,000[1] The Second Italoâ€“Abyssinian War lasted seven months in 1935â€“1936. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... The East African Campaign refers to the battles fought between British Empire and Commonwealth forces and Italian Empire forces in Italian East Africa during World War II. This campaign is often seen as part of the North African Campaign. ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Selassie years

In 1962, Haile Selassie's government annexed Eritrea, a state that had already been federated with the Ethiopian Crown; this act led to the Eritrean War of Independence. Furthermore, Ethiopia suffered from various economic issues that led to the 1972-74 drought in Wallo killing 200,000 Ethiopians. Although Haile Selassie was seen as a national and African hero, opinion turned against him as nobility filled their pockets while millions of landless peasants went hungry. In 1974 students, workers, peasants and the army rose against him. ^[25] Haile Selassie's reign came to an end in 1974, mostly due to economic hardship, when a pro-Soviet Marxist-Leninist military junta, the "Derg" led by Mengistu Haile Mariam, deposed him and established a one-party communist state. Haile Selassie was imprisoned and probably tortured to death by the junta, who were demanding that he turn over Ethiopia's 25-million-dollar deposits in Switzerland to the junta. The ensuing regime suffered several coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and a massive refugee problem. In 1977 Somalia attacked Ethiopia, sparking the Ogaden War, but Ethiopia quickly defeated them with a massive influx of Soviet military hardware and a Cuban military presence coupled with East Germany and South Yemen the following year. Mengistu Haile Mariam was responsible for the 7th worst democide in world history. Around 1,500,000 Ethiopians were the victims of the Derg genocide. Mengistu resides in Zimbabwe, despite attempts by Ethiopia to extradite him to face trial by the current Ethiopian authorities. 106 officials were accused, but only 36 of them were present in the court. Several former members of the Derg have been sentenced to death in absentia. The trial began in 1994 and ended in 2006. Mengistu Haile Mariam was tried in absentia and convicted for crimes (genocide) committed by his Marxist government from 1974 to 1991, the period called “Red Terror", when many thousands were cruelly killed. President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe refused to extradite Mengistu. Haile Selassie Haile Selassie (Power of Trinity) (July 23, 1892 – August 27, 1975) was the last Emperor (1930–1936; 1941–1974) of Ethiopia, and is a religious symbol in the Rastafarian movement. ... The Eritrean War of Independence started in 1962 when Emperor Haile Sellassie of Ethiopia unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Soviet redirects here. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... Augusto Pinochet (sitting) was an army general who led a military coup in Chile in 1973. ... Derg party badge, c1979. ... Mengistu Haile Mariam Mengistu Haile Mariam (born 1937[1] [2]) is a Communist politician who was the President of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991. ... This article is about a form of government in which the state operates under the control of a Communist Party. ... Haile Selassie Haile Selassie (Power of Trinity) (July 23, 1892 – August 27, 1975) was the last Emperor (1930–1936; 1941–1974) of Ethiopia, and is a religious symbol in the Rastafarian movement. ... Augusto Pinochet (sitting) was an army general who led a military coup in Chile in 1973. ... Augusto Pinochet (sitting) was an army general who led a military coup in Chile in 1973. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... A drought is a period of time when there is not enough water to support agricultural, urban or environmental water needs. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... Combatants Ethiopia Cuba Somalia Commanders Mengistu Haile Mariam Siad Barre Strength Ethiopia 217,000 1,500 Soviet advisors 15,000 Cubans SNA 60,000 WSLF 15,000 Casualties Unknown 20,000 killed or wounded 3/4 of the Air Force was lost The Ogaden War was a conventional conflict between... Democide is a term created by political scientist R.J. Rummel in order to create a broader concept than the legal definition of genocide. ... Mengistu Haile Mariam Mengistu Haile Mariam (born 1937[1] [2]) is a Communist politician who was the President of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991. ... Robert Gabriel Mugabe KCB (born February 21, 1924) is a Zimbabwean politician. ...

Red Terror

From 1975-1978, Mengistu Haile Mariam's Red Terror and massive relocation project led to the democide of 1,500,000 Ethiopians. ^[26] In spite of accruing one of the largest armies in Africa due to military assistance from Communist Bloc countries, an unending insurgency in the then provinces of Eritrea and Tigray, a major drought in 1985 and regime changes in the former Communist Bloc culminated in the Derg regime being defeated in 1991 by the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) in the far north, and elsewhere by the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a loose coalition of rebel forces mainly dominated by the Tigrean People's Liberation Front. Mengistu Haile Mariam Mengistu Haile Mariam (born 1937[1] [2]) is a Communist politician who was the President of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991. ... Mengistu Haile Mariam, in December 2006 convicted of genocide in absentia for his role the Red Terror The Ethiopian Red Terror (1977-1978) was a violent political campaign in Ethiopia undertaken during the leadership of the Derg, a socialist military junta. ... Democide is a term created by political scientist R.J. Rummel in order to create a broader concept than the legal definition of genocide. ... During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF) was an armed organization that fought for the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia. ... The Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front, or EPRDF, is the ruling political party of Ethiopia. ...

Birth of Eritrea

In 1993, following a referendum, the annexed province of Eritrea became independent from Ethiopia, ending more than thirty years of armed conflict, one of the longest in Africa. In 1994, a constitution was adopted that led to Ethiopia's first multi-party elections in the following year. In May 1998, a dispute over the undemarcated border with Eritrea led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War that lasted until June 2000. This has hurt the nation's economy, but strengthened the ruling coalition. On May 15, 2005, Ethiopia held another multiparty election, and resulted in the EPRDF's disputed return to power. 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... Combatants Eritrea Ethiopia Commanders General Sebhat Ephrem General Samora Mohammed Yunis Casualties 19,000 (Eritrean official count); 20-50,000[1] up to 60,000. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ethiopia held general elections on May 15, 2005, for seats in both its national and in four regional government councils. ...

Politics

Politics of Ethiopia takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The Judiciary is more or less independent of the executive and the legislature. Politics of Ethiopia takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the [[Prime Minister is the head of government. ... The following is a list of rulers and heads of state of Ethiopia since the Zagwe dynasty. ... Download high resolution version (538x650, 95 KB)Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, public domain image from defenselink. ... Download high resolution version (538x650, 95 KB)Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, public domain image from defenselink. ... The information presented here is not correct. ... A map displaying todays federations. ... A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... For other uses, see Republic (disambiguation). ... List of heads of government of Ethiopia (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office) Affiliations See also Ethiopia Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia List of Presidents of Ethiopia Lists of office-holders ... The Head of Government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ... Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... In law, the judiciary or judicature is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, and provide a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ...

The election of Ethiopia's 547-member constituent assembly was held in June 1994. This assembly adopted the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in December 1994. The elections for Ethiopia's first popularly-chosen national parliament and regional legislatures were held in May and June 1995. Most opposition parties chose to boycott these elections. There was a landslide victory for the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). International and non-governmental observers concluded that opposition parties would have been able to participate had they chosen to do so. 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front, or EPRDF, is the ruling political party of Ethiopia. ...

The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was installed in August 1995. The first President was Negasso Gidada. The EPRDF-led government of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi has promoted a policy of ethnic federalism, devolving significant powers to regional, ethnically-based authorities. Ethiopia today has nine semi-autonomous administrative regions that have the power to raise and spend their own revenues. Under the present government, some fundamental freedoms, including freedom of the press, are, in practice, somewhat circumscribed.^{[citation needed]} Negasso Gidada (born 1943) was the president of Ethiopia from 1995 until 2001. ... The information presented here is not correct. ... Freedom of the press (or press freedom) is the guarantee by a government of free public press for its citizens and their associations, extended to members of news gathering organizations, and their published reporting. ...

Zenawi's government was "re-elected" in 2000 in Ethiopia's first multi-party elections. The incumbent President is Girma Wolde-Giorgis with his term ending in 2006. Girma Wolde-Giorgis Lucha (born December 1924) is the President of Ethiopia. ...

Conflict in Somalia (2006)

On Sunday, December 24, 2006, Ethiopian forces launched airstrikes against the Islamist Militia across Somalia in support of the weak Somali interim government.^[27] Ethiopian Information Minister Berhan Hailu stated that targets were in Baidoa. This was the first use of airstrikes by Ethiopia, and also its first public admission of involvement in Somalia. Initially the Ethiopian government made strong denials of this fact. ^[28] Image File history File links Current_event_marker. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist militias Alleged: Eritrea Foreign Mujahideen Transitional Government of Somalia Ethiopia Puntland Galmudug Alleged: Uganda[1] Maritime Patrol: United States [2][3] Commanders Hassan Aweys Sharif Ahmed Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale Abdi Qeybdid Adde Musa (Puntland) Meles Zenawi Strength 10,000... December 24 is the 358th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (359th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Baidoa (Somali: Baydhabo) is a city in south-central Somalia, situated 256 kilometers (159 miles) by road northwest of the capital Mogadishu. ...

Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi said on Sunday he was waging war against Somalia's Islamists to protect his country's sovereignty, adding that: "Ethiopian defense forces were forced to enter into war to protect the sovereignty of the nation and to blunt repeated attacks by Islamic courts terrorists and anti-Ethiopian elements they are supporting" [8] The information presented here is not correct. ...

On Monday December 25, 2006 Ethiopia declared war on the Islamic Courts, and Ethiopian jet fighters bombed the international airport in Mogadishu. [9] Ethiopia, the United Nations and most Western nations do not recognize the Islamic courts (UIC) as the Somali government, backing instead the legitimacy of the transitional government. However Eritrea is accused of supporting the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia. ^[29] December 25 is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 6 days remaining for the year. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mogadishus location in Somalia Mogadishu (Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar; Arabic: â€Ž ; Italian: ), is the largest city in Somalia, and its nominal capital. ...

Ethiopian police massacre

On October 18, 2006 an independent report said Ethiopian police massacred 193 protesters, mostly in the capital Addis Ababa, in the violence of June and November following the May 2005 elections. The information was leaked before the official independent report was handed to the parliament. The leak made by Ethiopian judge Wolde-Michael Meshesha found that the government had concealed the true extent of deaths at the hands of the police. ^[30] This leak also brought more accusations that the opposition party which provoked the riots was trying to damage the reputation of the government by leaking the inquiry unlawfully. Gemechu Megerssa, a member of the independent Inquiry commission, which Mr. Meshesha once worked with, said Mr. Meshesha taking the report "out of context and presenting it to the public to sensationalise the situation for his political end is highly unethical." ^[31] The incident is just one of many examples of human rights violations in Ethiopia in recent times. ^[32] On October 18, 2006 an independent report said Ethiopian police massacred 193 protesters, mostly in the capital Addis Ababa, in the violence of June and November following the May 2005 elections. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Arkebe Oqubay be merged into this article or section. ...

The Crown Council of Ethiopia

The Crown Council of Ethiopia is the constitutional body which advises the reigning Emperors of Ethiopia, acts on behalf of the Crown and the council’s members are appointed by the Emperor. This is a list of Monarchies taht existed in pre-republic Ethiopia and before. ...

The Ethiopian monarchy currently has no power in the Ethiopian government, but Ethiopian royalists continue to operate the Crown Council. On March 16, 2005, Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie was reconfirmed by Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie as President of the Crown Council of Ethiopia. Zera Yacob Amha Selassie is considered Emperor in Exile of Ethiopia. [10] 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... His Imperial Highness, Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie, is the only son of Prince Sahle Selassie of Ethiopia and Princess Mahisente Hapte Mariam. ... Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie Zera Yacob Amha Selassie, styled the Crown Prince of Ethiopia is the grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie and son of Emperor-in-Exile Amha Selassie of Ethiopia. ... Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie Zera Yacob Amha Selassie, styled the Crown Prince of Ethiopia is the grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie and son of Emperor-in-Exile Amha Selassie of Ethiopia. ... The line of succession to the Ethiopian throne is described in the first section of the 1955 Revised Constitution of Ethiopia. ...

Geography

At 435,071 square miles (1,127,127 km² [11]), Ethiopia is the world's 27th-largest country (after Colombia). It is comparable in size to Bolivia, and is a third smaller than the US state of Alaska. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1010x1215, 222 KB) Shaded relief map of Ethiopia. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1010x1215, 222 KB) Shaded relief map of Ethiopia. ... Map of Ethiopia Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1800x1380, 3417 KB) ECW to TIFF to PNG (compression level 9). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1800x1380, 3417 KB) ECW to TIFF to PNG (compression level 9). ... Suppose the smiley face in the top left corner is an RGB bitmap image. ... Satellite image of Congo, generated from raster graphics data supplied by The Map Library. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... Official language(s) English Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Area Ranked 1st - Total 663,267 sq mi (1,717,855 kmÂ²) - Width 808 miles (1,300 km) - Length 1,479 miles (2,380 km) - % water 13. ...

The major portion of Ethiopia lies on the Horn of Africa, which is the eastern-most part of the African landmass. Bordering Ethiopia is Sudan to the west, Djibouti and Eritrea to the north, Somalia to the east, and Kenya to the south. Within Ethiopia is a massive highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the Great Rift Valley, which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, steppes, or semi-desert. The great diversity of terrain determines wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation, and settlement patterns. Nations of the Horn of Africa. ... Northern section of the Great Rift Valley. ... A steppe in Western Kazakhstan in early spring In physical geography, a steppe (Russian: - step, Ukrainian: - step, Kazakh: - dala), pronounced in English as step, is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being...

Climate and ecology

Elevation and geographic location produce three climatic zones: the cool zone above 2,400 meters (7,900 ft) where temperatures range from near freezing to 16°C (32°–61°F); the temperate zone at elevations of 1,500 to 2,400 meters (4,900–7,900 ft) with temperatures from 16°C to 30°C (61°–86°F); and the hot zone below 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) with both tropical and arid conditions and daytime temperatures ranging from 27°C to 50°C (81°–122°F). The normal rainy season is from mid-June to mid-September (longer in the southern highlands) preceded by intermittent showers from February or March; the remainder of the year is generally dry. The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... A foot (plural: feet; symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, â€² â€“ a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... Celsius relates to the Celsius or centrigrade temperature scale. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686â€“1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686â€“1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686â€“1736), who proposed it in 1724. ...

Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country. Lake Tana in the north is the source of the Blue Nile. It also has a large number of endemic species, notably the Gelada Baboon, the Walia Ibex and the Ethiopian wolf (or Simien fox). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2848x2136, 3012 KB) by Giustino modified by User:Andro96 Taken with a Fujifilm FinePix E550 on August 26, 2005 http://flickr. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2848x2136, 3012 KB) by Giustino modified by User:Andro96 Taken with a Fujifilm FinePix E550 on August 26, 2005 http://flickr. ... Lake Tana (also spelled Tana, Amharic: áŒ£áŠ“ áˆá‹á‰… á¹¬ÄnÄ HÄyá¸³,Lake Tana, originally Tsana, Geez áŒ»áŠ“ á¹¢ÄnÄ; sometimes called Dembiya after the region to the north of the lake) is the source of the Blue Nile and is the largest lake in Ethiopia. ... Map of the Blue Nile (in Spanish) The Blue Nile (Amharic: á‹“á‰£á‹; transliterated: abay; Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù†ÙŠÙ„ Ø§Ù„Ø£Ø²Ø±Ù‚; transliterated: an-NÄ«l al-Ä€zraq) is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. ... Binomial name Theropithecus gelada (Rüppell, 1835) Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is a species of Old World monkey, found only in the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea. ... Binomial name Capra walie RÃ¼ppell, 1835 The Walia Ibex (Capra walie) is a species of Ibex that is critically endangered. ... Binomial name Canis simensis Ruppell, 1840 Map of the range of the Ethiopian Wolf. ...

Deforestation

Deforestation is a major concern for Ethiopia as studies suggest loss of forest contributes to soil erosion, loss of nutrients in the soil, loss of animal habitats and reduction in biodiversity. At the beginning of the Twentieth century around 42 million hectares or 35 percent of Ethiopia’s land was covered by trees but recent research indicates that forest cover is now approximately 11.9 percent of the area ^[33]. Environmental issues in Ethiopia The Great Rift Valley is geologically active and susceptible to earthquakes. ...

Ethiopia loses an estimated 141,000 hectares of natural forests each year. Between 1990 and 2005 the country lost approximately 2.1 million hectares.

Current government programs to control deforestation consist of education, promoting reforestation programs and providing alternate raw material to timber. In rural areas the government also provides non-timber fuel sources and access to non-forested land to promote agriculture without destroying forest habitat.

Organizations such as SOS and Farm Africa are working with the federal government and local governments to create a system of forest management^[34]. Working with a grant of approximately 2.3 million Euros the Ethiopian government recently began training people on reducing erosion and using proper irrigation techniques that do not contribute to deforestation. This project is assisting more than 80 communities.

Administrative divisions

Before 1996, Ethiopia was divided into thirteen provinces, many derived from historical regions. Ethiopia now has a tiered government system consisting of a federal government overseeing ethnically-based regional states, zones, districts (woredas), and neighborhoods (kebele). Ethiopia is divided into 9 ethnically-based administrative regions (kililoch; singular - kilil) and two chartered cities (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader akabibi), indicated by asterisks: Addis Ababa* Afar Amhara Benishangul-Gumaz Dire Dawa* Gambela Harari Oromia Somali Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region Tigray These administrative regions replaced the older system... Until 1995 Ethiopia was divided into provinces (which are still sometimes used to indicate location within Ethiopia). ... A federal government is the common government of a federation. ... Zone may refer to: Zoning, in urban planning DVD region code DNS zone, a portion of the namespace in the Domain Name System Zone diet, a diet that involves precise proportions by weight of protein, fat and carbohydrate Erogenous zone, an area on the body which is sexually stimulating Zone... Local government areas called districts are used, or have been used, in several countries. ... Woreda (also spelled wereda) is an administrative sub-division, or local government, of Ethiopia, equivalent to a district. ... A neighbourhood or neighborhood (see spelling differences) is a geographically localised community located within a larger city or suburb. ... A kebele is the smallest administrative unit of Ethiopia similar to ward, a neighbourhood or a localized and delimited group of people. ...

Ethiopia is divided into nine ethnically-based administrative regions (kililoch, sing. kilil) and subdivided into sixty-eight zones and two chartered cities (astedader akababiwoch, sing. astedader akababi): Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa (subdivisions 1 and 5 in the map, respectively). It is further subdivided into 550 woredas and six special woredas. Look up Region in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that Arkebe Oqubay be merged into this article or section. ... Map of Ethiopia showing Dire Dawa (in red). ...

The constitution assigns extensive power to regional states that can establish their own government and democracy according to the federal government's constitution. Each region has its appex regional council where members are directly elected to represent the districts and the council has legislative and excutive power to direct internal affairs of the regions. Article 39 of the Ethiopian Constitution further gives every regional state the right to secede from Ethiopia. There is debate, however, as to how much of the power guaranteed in the constitution is actually given to the states.

The councils implement their mandate through an executive committee and regional sectoral bureaus. Such elaborate structure of council, executive, and sectoral public institutions is replicated to the next level (woreda).

The nine regions and two chartered cities are: Image File history File links Ethiopia_regions_numbered. ... Image File history File links Ethiopia_regions_numbered. ...

Chartered cities shown in italics.
* Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region.

Economy

In 1972 and 1973, more than 200,000 people died in the Wallo famine. The Emperor Haile Sellasie tried to hide the famine but university students revealed the drought to the world. ^[35] After the 1974 revolution, the economy of Ethiopia was run as Command economy. Stronger state controls were implemented, and a large part of the economy was transferred to the public sector, including all agricultural land and urban rental property, and all financial institutions. The bad weather also continued to harm the agriculture sector. However since Mengistu Haile Mariam's relationship with the west was bad, the government hid the famine in Tigray and Wallo region causing the death of more than 250,000 Ethiopians. When the government finally allowed UN workers to witness the condition, one of the worst humanitarian crises of the decade was revealed. Together with a flawed relocation project and the Red Terror around 1,500,000 Ethiopians were killed under Mengistu Haile Mariam.^[36] Also six million people were affected by further famine before the EPRDF-led government overthrew the Derg regime.^[37] After that, a lot of economic reforms were carried out. Since mid-1991, the economy has evolved toward a decentralized, market-oriented economy, emphasizing individual initiative, which was intended to reverse a decade of economic decline. In 1993, gradual privatization of business, industry, banking, agriculture, trade, and commerce was underway. Image File history File links Mymom52^.jpgâ€Ž Summary Personal Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Mymom52^.jpgâ€Ž Summary Personal Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... The economy of Ethiopia is based on agriculture, which accounts for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 60% of exports, and 80% of total employment. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This box: Socialist economics is a broad, and sometimes controversial, term. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Free market be merged into this article or section. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Nevertheless, Ethiopia is still privatized. Many government owned properties during the previous regime have now been transferred to these EPRDF owned enterprises in the name of privatization. Furthermore, the Ethiopian constitution defines the right to own land as belonging only to "the state and the people," but citizens may only lease land (up to 99 years), and are unable to mortgage, sell, or own it.[12]

Agriculture accounts for almost 41 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), 80 percent of exports, and 80 percent of the labor force. Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and as of 1987 accounted for about 15 percent of the GDP. IMF 2005 figures of total GDP of nominal compared to PPP. Absolute, not adjusted for population. ... Species Coffea arabica - Arabica Coffee Coffea benghalensis - Bengal coffee Coffea canephora - Robusta coffee Coffea congensis - Congo coffee Coffea excelsa - Liberian coffee Coffea gallienii Coffea bonnieri Coffea mogeneti Coffea liberica - Liberian coffee Coffea stenophylla - Sierra Leonian coffee Coffea (coffee) is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family... Pulses are defined by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds of variable size, shape and color within a pod. ... Binomial name Brassica napus L. Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as Rape, Oilseed Rape, Rapa, Rapaseed and (one particular cultivar) Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member (related to mustard) of the family Brassicaceae. ... This article is about cereals in general. ... Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical regions... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Demographics

Ethiopia's population is highly diverse. Most of its people speak a Semitic or Cushitic language. The Oromo, Amhara, and Tigrayans make up more than three-quarters of the population, but there are more than 80 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia. Some of these have as few as 10,000 members. Image File history File links Nakempte_Boys. ... Image File history File links Nakempte_Boys. ... Oromo flag The land of the Oromo Nation is known as Oromia (sometimes spelled Oromiya). ... 14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ... The Cushitic languages are a subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic languages, named after the Biblical figure Cush by analogy with Semitic. ... For the language, see Oromo language. ... Amhara (áŠ áˆ›áˆ«) is an ethnicity of people in the central highlands of Ethiopia, numbering about 19 million, making up around 26% of the countrys population (estimates differ). ... The Tigray-Tigrinya are an ethnic group who live in Eritrea and the northern highlands of Ethiopias Tigray province. ...

Semitic-speaking Ethiopians and Eritreans collectively refer to themselves as Habesha or Abesha, though others reject these names on the basis that they refer only to certain ethnicities.^[38] The Arabic form of this term (Al-Habesh) is the etymological basis of "Abyssinia," the former name of Ethiopia in English and other European languages.^[39] The term Habesha (Geez áˆá‰ áˆ» á¸¥abaÅ›Ä, Amh. ... Arabic ( or just ), is the largest member of the family of Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic, and Aramaic. ...

According to the Ethiopian national census of 1994, the Oromo are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia at 32.1%. The Amhara represent 30.2%, while the Tigray people are 6.2% of the population. Other ethnic groups are as follows: Somali 6.0%, Gurage 4.3%, Sidama 3.4%, Wolayta 2%, Afar 2%, Hadiya 2%, Gamo 1%.^[40]^[41] For the language, see Oromo language. ... Amhara (áŠ áˆ›áˆ«) is an ethnic group in the central highlands of Ethiopia, numbering about 21 million, making up around 30% of the countrys population (estimates differ). ... The Tigray-Tigrinya are an ethnic group who live in Eritrea and the northern highlands of Ethiopias Tigray province. ... The Gurage are an ethnic group in Ethiopia. ... The Sidama are a tribal people in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia. ... Welayta (also spelled Walaytta, Wolaita) is the name of an ethnic group and a former kingdom, located in southern Ethiopia. ... Afar (or Danakil) are a tribal people who reside principally in the Danakil Desert in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and in Eritrea and Djibouti. ... Hadiya (Gudela) was a powerful vassal kingdom of Ethiopia, located in southwestern Ethiopia, south of the Abbay River and west of Shewa. ... Gamo is an Airgun manufacturer. ...

Languages

Ethiopia has eighty-four indigenous languages. Some of these are: Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is the medium of instruction in secondary schools. Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by local languages such as Oromifa and Tigrinya. Afar is a Lowland East Cushitic language spoken in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. ... Amharic (áŠ áˆ›áˆáŠ› ÄmariÃ±Ã±Ä) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. ... Anfillo is a Northern Omotic language spoken in Western Ethiopia by a few hundred people. ... The Berta language is spoken in Sudan and Ethiopia, and is generally classified as a branch of Nilo-Saharan. ... Bussa (or Muusiye) is a Lowland East Cushitic language spoken in the Dirashe region in the South West of Ethiopia. ... Hadiya(sometimes Hadiyigna or Adiya) is the language of the Hadiya people of Ethiopia. ... aman be dejqho ... Konso (or Komso, Conso) is a East Cushitic language spoken in South West Ethiopia. ... Ongota (also known as Birale/Birayle) is a moribund language of southwest Ethiopia. ... The Oromo language, also known as Afaan Oromo or Oromifaa, is an Afro-Asiatic language, and the most widely spoken of the Cushitic sub-phylum. ... The Saho language is an East Cushitic language of Eritrea, spoken in the middle of the country, as well as by a small group across the border in Ethiopia. ... Soddo (autonym kəstane Christian; formerly called Aymälläl in Western sources, after a particular dialect of it) is a Gurage language spoken by about 300,000 people in southeastern Ethiopia. ... The Silte language (Selti, Silti; ISO/DIS 639-3: xst) is an South Semitic (East Gurage) language of Ethiopia, with some 830,000 speakers (1998 census), spoken in the region about 150 km south of Addis Abeba. ... Tigrigna (or ትግሪኛ) is a Semitic language spoken in Eritrea, where it is the official language, and in parts of Ethiopia and Israel. ... Gurage is an ethnic group in Ethiopia. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Amharic (áŠ áˆ›áˆáŠ› ÄmariÃ±Ã±Ä) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. ... The Oromo language, also known as Afaan Oromo or Oromifaa, is an Afro-Asiatic language, and the most widely spoken of the Cushitic sub-phylum. ... Tigrigna (or ትግሪኛ) is a Semitic language spoken in Eritrea, where it is the official language, and in parts of Ethiopia and Israel. ...

Religion

According to the most recent 1994 National Census^[40], Christians make up 61% of the country's population, Muslims 33%, and adherents of traditional faiths 5%. However, other sources such as the CIA WorldFactbook shows Muslims between 45-50% and Christians at 35-40% ^[42]. Orthodox Christianity has a dominant presence in central and northern Ethiopia, while both Orthodox & Protestant Christianity has large representations in the South and Western Ethiopia. A small ancient group of Jews, the Beta Israel, live in northwestern Ethiopia, though most have emigrated to Israel in the last decades of the twentieth century as part of the rescue missions undertaken by the Israeli government, Operation Moses and Operation Solomon.[13] Download high resolution version (864x638, 235 KB)This is an image I took myself using an Olympus C8080W digital camera. ... Download high resolution version (864x638, 235 KB)This is an image I took myself using an Olympus C8080W digital camera. ... This Ethiopian icon shows St. ... -1... Drum carried by John Unger, Company B, 40th Regiment New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Mozart Regiment, December 20, 1863 Several American Indian-style drums for sale at the National Museum of the American Indian. ... The Beta Israel (Hebrew: , Geez á‰¤á‰°á¡ áŠ¥áˆµáˆ«áŠ¤áˆ BÄ“ta IsrÄÄ“l, Amharic BÄ“te IsrÄÄ“l, from Aramaic for House of Israel), also known by the term Falasha (Amharic for Exiles or Strangers, as they were called by non-Jewish Ethiopians), a term that may be considered pejorative, are Jews of... Operation Moses, named after the biblical figure Moses, was the covert removal of Ethiopian Jews (known as Beta Israel) from Sudan during a famine in 1984. ... In 1990, Ethiopia and Israel came to an agreement under which Ethiopian Jews would be allowed to leave under the auspices of family reunification. ...

Sometimes Christianity in Africa is thought of as a European import that arrived with colonialism, but this is not the case with Ethiopia. The Kingdom of Aksum was one of the first nations to officially adopt Christianity, when St. Frumentius of Tyre, called Fremnatos or Abba Selama ("Father of Peace") in Ethiopia, converted King Ezana during the fourth century AD. Many believe that the Gospel had entered Ethiopia even earlier, with the royal official described as being baptised by Philip the Evangelist in chapter nine of the Acts of the Apostles. Today, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, part of Oriental Orthodoxy, is by far the largest denomination, though a number of Protestant (Pentay) churches and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tehadeso Church have recently gained ground. Since the eighteenth century there has existed a relatively small Uniate Ethiopian Catholic Church in full communion with Rome, with adherents making up less than 1% of the total population.^[40] Image File history File linksMetadata Ethiopia_museum_old_koran. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Ethiopia_museum_old_koran. ... The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from ca. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth and his life, death, resurrection, and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... Frumentius (Geez ááˆ¬áˆáŠ•áŒ¦áˆµ /freminÅ¥os/) (died ca. ... The Triumphal Arch Tyre (Arabic , Phoenician , Hebrew Tzor, Tiberian Hebrew , Akkadian , Greek TÃ½ros) is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon. ... Ezana of Axum was ruler of the Axumite Kingdom from about 320 to 350 AD. Ezana succeeded his father Ella Amida while still a youth and his mother, Sofya served as regent. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Dionysius Exiguus invented Anno Domini years to date Easter. ... Philip the Evangelist appears several times in the Acts of the Apostles but should not be confused with Philip the Apostle. ... The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ... This Ethiopian icon shows St. ... The term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only the first three ecumenical councils â€” the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus â€” and reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Pentay or Pentay is a slang term widely used in modern Ethiopia, and among Ethiopians living abroad, to describe Ethiopian Christians who are not members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (nor the Ethiopian Orthodox Tehadeso Church). ... According to its followers, The Ethiopian Orthodox Tehadeso Church stands to preserve the countrys orthodox traditions while believing in the full Gospel of the scripture. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ... The Ethiopian Catholic Church is a sui iuris particular Catholic and Orthodox Church in full communion with the Holy See and of the Alexandrian, or Coptic, Rite. ... Full communion is completeness of that relationship between Christian individuals and groups which is known as communion. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi...

The name "Ethiopia" (Hebrew Kush) is mentioned in the Bible numerous times (thirty-seven times in the King James version), and is in many ways considered a holy place. Ethiopia is also mentioned many times in the Qu'ran and Hadith. While most Ethiopians accept that these are references to their own ancient civilisation, pointing out that the Gihon river, a name for the Nile, is said to flow through the land, most modern scholars believe that the use of the term referred to the Kingdom of Kush in particular or Africa outside of Egypt in general. Some have argued^{[citation needed]} that biblical Kush was a large part of land that included Northern Ethiopia, Eritrea and most of present day Sudan. This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ... The Quran ( Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; its literal meaning is the recitation and is often called Al Quran Al Karim: The Noble Quran, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book... Hadith ( translit: ) are traditions relating to the words and deeds of Muhammad. ... Gihon is the title of a river first mentioned in the second chapter of the Biblical book of Genesis. ... The Nile (Arabic: â€Ž, translit: , Ancient Egyptian iteru, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest riverâ€”though not the most voluminousâ€”on Earth. ... For the son of Rama and Sita from Indian epic of Ramayana, go to Kush (hindu). ... For other uses, see Kush (disambiguation). ...

Islam in Ethiopia dates back to the founding of the religion; in 615, when a band of Muslims were counseled by the Prophet Muhammad to escape persecution in Mecca and travel to Ethiopia, which was ruled by a pious Christian king. Moreover, Islamic tradition states that Bilal, one of the foremost companions of the Prophet Muhammad, was from Ethiopia. Image File history File linksMetadata Ethiopia_African_potrayal_of_Jesus. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Ethiopia_African_potrayal_of_Jesus. ... Ethiopian Muslims are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... In 615 CE a number of Sahaba, the Muslims who originally converted in Mecca, migrated to Ethiopia, seeking refuge from persecution. ... Bilal (Name): Means wetting, moistening in Arabic. ...

There are numerous indigenous African religions in Ethiopia, mainly located in the far southwest and western borderlands. In general, most of the (largely members of the non-Chalcedonian Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) Christians generally live in the highlands, while Muslims and adherents of traditional African religions tend to inhabit more lowland regions in the east and south of the country. It has been suggested that African Traditional Religion be merged into this article or section. ... The term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the churches of Eastern Christian traditions that keeps the faith of only the first three ecumenical councils of the undivided Church - the councils of Nicea, Constantinople and Ephesus. ... This Ethiopian icon shows St. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth and his life, death, resurrection, and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ...

Ethiopia is also the spiritual homeland of the Rastafari movement, whose adherents believe Ethiopia is Zion. The Rastafari view Emperor Haile Selassie I as Jesus, the human incarnation of God, a view apparently not shared by Haile Selassie I himself, who was staunchly Ethiopian Orthodox Christian. The concept of Zion is also prevalent among Ethiopian Orthodox Christians, though it represents a separate and complex concept, referring figuratively to St. Mary, but also to Ethiopia as a bastion of Christianity surrounded by Muslims and other religions, much like Mount Zion in the bible. It is also used to refer to Axum, the ancient capital and religious centre of Ethiopian Orthodox Christians, or to its primary church, called Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion.^[43] Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia Rasta, or the Rastafari movement, is a religion and philosophy that accepts Haile Selassie I, the former (and last) emperor of Ethiopia, as Jah (the Rasta name for God incarnate, from a shortened form of Jehovah found in Psalms 68:4 in the King... Dormition Church, situated on the modern Mount Zion Zion (Hebrew: ×¦Ö´×™Ö¼×•Ö¹×Ÿ, tziyyon; Tiberian vocalization: tsiyyÃ´n; transliterated Zion or Sion) is a term that most often designates the land of Israel and its capital Jerusalem. ... Emperor Haile Selassie I (Geez: , Power of the Trinity, full title His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, King of Kings and Elect of God, Geez ) (born Lij Tafari Makonnen Geez , Amh. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... Our Lady redirects here. ... Mount Zion may refer to one of several places: Mount Zion, Illinois Mount Zion, Georgia Mount Zion, Wisconsin Mount Zion, Taiwan Mount Zion, Jamaica For the Biblical and historical use of the name, see Zion. ... Axum, properly Aksum, is a city in northern Ethiopia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The Baha'i Faith has had roots in Ethiopia dating from the 1950s, and today is concentrated primarily in Addis Ababa, but also in the suburbs of Yeka, Kirkos and Nefas Silk Lafto. ^[44] Known in India as the Lotus Temple, the Bahai House of Worship attracts an average of three and a half million visitors a year. ...

Ethiopian Muslims are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam. ... The Beta Israel (Hebrew: , Geez á‰¤á‰°á¡ áŠ¥áˆµáˆ«áŠ¤áˆ BÄ“ta IsrÄÄ“l, Amharic BÄ“te IsrÄÄ“l, from Aramaic for House of Israel), also known by the term Falasha (Amharic for Exiles or Strangers, as they were called by non-Jewish Ethiopians), a term that may be considered pejorative, are Jews of... This Ethiopian icon shows St. ... Pentay or Pentay(Amharic- á”áŠ•áŒ¤) is a slang term widely used in modern Ethiopia, and among Ethiopians living abroad, to describe Ethiopian Christians who are not members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo, Ethiopian Orthodox Tehadeso, Roman Catholic or Ethiopian Catholic churches. ... According to its followers, The Ethiopian Orthodox Tehadeso Church stands to preserve the countrys orthodox traditions while believing in the full Gospel of the scripture. ...

Culture

Cuisine

The best known Ethiopian cuisine consists of various vegetable or meat side dishes and entrees, usually a wat or thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread. One does not eat with utensils, but instead uses injera to scoop up the entrees and side dishes. Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork or shellfish of any kind, as both Muslims and Ethiopian Orthodox Christians are prohibited from eating either. It is also very common to eat from the same big dish in the center of the table with a group of people. Ethiopian cuisine consists of various vegetable or meat side dishes and entrees, usually a wat or thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread, which is 50 cm (20 inches) in diameter and made out of fermented teff flour. ... Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 898 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 898 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This meal, consisting of injera and several kinds of wat (stew), is typical of Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine. ... Ethiopian cuisine consists of various vegetable or meat side dishes and entrees, usually a wat or thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread, which is 50 cm (20 inches) in diameter and made out of fermented teff flour. ... Vegetables in a market Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. ... Flesh redirects here. ... A wat is an Ethiopian stew which may be prepared with chicken, beef, lamb, a variety of vegetables, and spice mixtures such as berbere and niter kebbeh, a seasoned clarified butter. ... This meal, consisting of injera and several kinds of wat (stew), is typical of Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine. ... White Vienna Sourdough loaves sometimes arrive on shelves at speeds in excess of 75mph Sourdough is a symbiotic culture of lactobacilli and yeasts used to leaven bread. ... Crisp bread Making Tortillas A flatbread is a simple bread made from flattened dough. ... Two halves of a pig being delivered Pork is the meat taken from pigs. ... Cooked mussels Shellfish is a term used to describe shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. ... Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... This Ethiopian icon shows St. ...

Music

The Music of Ethiopia is extremely diverse, with each of the country's 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a unique modal system that is pentatonic, with characteristically long intervals between some notes. Influences include ancient Christian elements and Muslim and folk music from elsewhere in the Horn of Africa, especially Sudan and Somalia. Popular musicians included Aster Aweke, Mahmoud Ahmed, Tilahun Gessesse, Asnaketch Worku, Gigi and Mulatu Astatke. Ethiopian music is extremely diverse, with each of the countrys 80 tribes being associated with unique sounds. ... Image File history File links Mahmoudahmedfeature. ... Image File history File links Mahmoudahmedfeature. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: nothing here If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... Ercole de Roberti: Concert, c. ... The Gurage are an ethnic group in Ethiopia. ... Ethiopian music is extremely diverse, with each of the countrys 80 tribes being associated with unique sounds. ... In music, a mode is an ordered series of musical intervals, which, along with the key or tonic, define the pitches. ... In music, a pentatonic scale is a scale with five notes per octave. ... A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Persian and Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and for the common people. ... Nations of the Horn of Africa. ... Aster Aweke is an Ethiopean singer who lives in the U.S. She has made at least three albums: Aster, Kabu and Ebo. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: nothing here If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... Tilahun Gessesse is an Ethiopian singer. ... Asnaketch Worku is a famous Ethiopian vocalist. ... Gigi is a 1945 novel by the French sentimental romance writer Colette about a wealthy cultured man of fashion who discovers that he is in love with a young Parisian girl who is being groomed for a career as a grande cocotte, and eventually marries her. ... Mulatu Astatke (var. ...

Sports

Ethiopia has some of the finest athletes of the world, most notably middle-distance and long-distance runners. Kenya and Morocco are often its opponents in World Championships and Olympic middle and long-distance events. As of March 2006, two Ethiopians dominate the long-distance running scene, mainly: Haile Gebreselassie (World champion and Olympic champion) who has set over twenty new world records and currently holds the 20 km, half-marathon and 25 km world record, and young Kenenisa Bekele (World champion, World cross country champion, and Olympic champion), who holds the 5,000 m and 10,000 m world records. Athletics, also known as track and field or track and field athletics, is a collection of sport events. ... Middle distance track events are track races longer than sprints up to (and arguably including) 5000 meters. ... Long distance in telecommunications, refers to telephone calls made outside a certain area, usually characterized by an area code outside of a local call area. ... A World Championship is any contest to determine the best in the world in a particular field. ... Olympics redirects here. ... Haile Gebrselassie (born April 18, 1973) is a long distance track and road running athlete born as one of ten children in Assela, Arsi, Ethiopia. ... A world record is the best performance in a certain discipline, usually a sports event. ... Fun runners taking part in the Bristol Half Marathon A half marathon is a road running event of 21. ... Kenenisa Bekele (á‰€áŠáŠ’áˆ³ á‰ á‰€áˆˆ) (born June 13, 1982 in Bekoji/Arsi Province Ethiopia) is an Ethiopian distance runner who took the gold medal in the 10,000 m at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics and the bronze at the 5,000 m. ...

Other notable Ethiopian distance-runners include Derartu Tulu, Abebe Bikila and Miruts Yifter. Derartu Tulu was the first Ethiopian woman from Africa to win an Olympic gold medal, doing so over 10,000 metres at Barcelona. Abebe Bikila won the Olympic marathon in 1960 and 1964, setting world records both times. He is well-known to this day for winning the 1960 marathon in Rome while running barefoot. Miruts Yifter, the first in a tradition of Ethiopians known for their brilliant finishing speed, won gold at 5,000 and 10,000 metres at the Moscow Olympics. He is the last man to achieve this feat. Derartu Tulu (born: March 21, 1972) in Bokoji, Arsi, Ethiopia is a long distance track, road and marathon athlete. ... Abebe Bikila (August 7, 1932 - October 25, 1973) was an Ethiopian runner and two time Olympic marathon champion from Ethiopia. ... Muruse Yefter (born January 1, 1938 or May 15, 1944) is a former Ethiopian athlete, winner of two gold medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics. ...

Archaeology

Ethiopia offers a greater richness in archaeological finds and historical buildings than any other country in Sub-Saharan Africa (including Sudan). In April 2005, the Axum obelisk, one of Ethiopia's religious and historical treasures, was returned to Ethiopia by Italy.^[45] Under the orders of dictator Benito Mussolini, Italian troops seized the obelisk in 1937 and took it to Rome. Italy agreed to return the obelisk in 1947 in a UN agreement, and it was finally returned in 2005. There have been plenty of significant discoveries including the oldest complete human fossil, Lucy. Other discoveries are still being made.^[46] 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Obelisk of Axum is a 1700-year-old, 24-metre (78-foot) tall granite obelisk, weighing over 100 tonnes, carved in or around the 4th century AD by the Axumite Kingdom, an ancient Ethiopian culture. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 â€“ April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown from power. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...