| County name | Language of origin | Meaning |
| Alba | Romanian
(Latin) | The city of Alba-Iulia ("The white city of Julius"; also Bălgrad, in Slavic - "White city"), probably from the white colour of the city walls |
| Arad | Hungarian | The city of Arad, named in the 11th century Urod after the name of a Hungarian knight, probably from the root ur meaning lord |
| Argeş | Dacian | Argeş river, named in ancient times Argessos, probably meaning "shiny" |
| Bacău | Slavic? | possibly named after a local warlord called Bako |
| Bihor | Slavic | vihor (whirlwind) |
| Bistrita-Nasaud | Slavic and German | - the city and river Bistriţa - of Slavic origin (rapid)
- the city of Năsăud - from German Nussdorf (the walnut tree village)
|
| Botoşani | Romanian | several variants: - botoş (tick)
- botos (big-mouthed)
- botoşei (booties)
|
| Braşov | Slavic? | ? |
| Brăila | Slavic | old name Brailov, unknown meaning |
| Buzău | Romanian
(Dacian) | from the word buză (lip) |
| Caraş-Severin | Turkish and Latin | - Caraş river: from Turkish Kara (dark, black)
- Turnu Severin (Severin Tower) - possibly from Severus, a Roman emperor that built there a tower.
|
| Călăraşi | Romanian
(Latin) | călăraş a military auxiliary corp of cavalery during the Middle Ages in Wallachia |
| Cluj | Latin | clusium a medieval castre, name given by the German colonists (Klausenburg) |
| Constanţa | Latin | the city of Constanţa was named Constantiana by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine |
| Covasna | Slavic | cvaz (sour) reffering to the taste of the mineral waters of the area |
| Dâmboviţa | Slavic? | ? |
| Dolj | Slavic | Dolu Jiu, the Jiu of the valley |
| Galaţi | Cuman
(Arabic) | gala(t), from Arabic kalhat (fortress) |
| Giurgiu | Italian | The city of Giurgiu was founded by the Genoese in the 14th century and named after San Giorgio, the patron of their city |
| Gorj | Slavic | Gora Jiu, the Jiu of the mountains |
| Harghita | ? | ? |
| Ialomiţa | Slavic | Ialomiţa river, from Slavic jalov = barren |
| Iaşi | Sarmatian | From the Sarmatian Iazygi which lived in the 1st century |
| Ilfov | Slavic | ? |
| Maramureş | Dacian | from Mureş ("murky") |
| Mehedinţi | ? | ? |
| Mureş | Dacian | Mureş river, known by the Dacians as Maris, meaning "murky" |
| Neamţ | Romanian
(Slavic) | The city of Piatra Neamţ, neamţ meaning "German", as the Teutons built a fortress there |
| Olt | Dacian | Olt river, known by the Dacians as Alutus |
| Prahova | Slavic | Prahova river, from Slavic : - prag, meaning "water cataract"
- prah, meaning "dust"
|
| Satu Mare | Romanian
(Latin + Dacian) | Satu Mare city, meaning "Big village" |
| Sălaj | Slavic? | ? |
| Sibiu | Slavic | sviba horn |
| Suceava | Slavic? | ? |
| Teleorman | Cuman | deliorman, meaning "mad forest", "endless forest" |
| Timiş | Dacian | known as Tibisis by the Romans and it was probably a Dacian name |
| Tulcea | ? | ? |
| Vaslui | Cuman | ? |
| Vâlcea | Slavic | vlk (wolf); name of a Dark Age Slavic warlord |
| Vrancea | Slavic | vrana (raven) |
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