NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus (From Greek, ευκάλυπτος meaning "well covered") is a diverse genus of trees (and a few shrubs), the members of which dominate the tree flora of Australia. There are more than seven hundred species of Eucalyptus, mostly native to Australia, with a very small number found in adjacent parts of New Guinea and Indonesia and one as far north as the Philippines islands. Many Eucalyptus have been planted in various parts of the world including the dry regions of Southern California and in Africa, Portugal, Spain, South America, and on forestry plantations in India and China. For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... This article is about the country in Southeast Asia. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Members of the genus can be found in almost every region of the Australian continent, because they have adapted to all of its climatic conditions; in fact no other continent is so characterised by a single genus of tree as Australia is by its eucalyptus. Many, but far from all, are known as gum trees in reference to the habit of many species to exude copious sap from any break in the bark (e.g. Scribbly Gum). Scribbly gum is a type of Australian eucalyptus (Eucalyptus haemastoma) that is named after the amazing scribbles on their bark. ...

Description

Image File history File links Tasmania_logging_08_Mighty_tree. ... Image File history File links Tasmania_logging_08_Mighty_tree. ... Bold text Binomial name F.Muell. ... Slogan or Nickname: Island of Inspiration; The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle Motto(s): Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Constitutional monarchy Governor William Cox Premier Paul Lennon (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 5 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2272 Ã— 1704 pixel, file size: 1. ... Binomial name Dehnh. ... Tocumwal is an Australian town located on the New South Wales side of the N.S.W./Victorian border. ... NSW redirects here. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 Ã— 768 pixel, file size: 391 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photographed at Maranoa Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia HelloMojo 08:07, 6 April 2007 (UTC) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 Ã— 768 pixel, file size: 391 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photographed at Maranoa Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia HelloMojo 08:07, 6 April 2007 (UTC) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public... Binomial name Eucalyptus cretata P.J.Lang & Brooker , field distribution Eucalyptus cretata, Darke Peak Mallee, is a mallee or, rarely, a small tree restricted to the upper Eyre Peninsula in South Australia, particularly near Darke Peak and Carrapee Hill. ... This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to City of Melbourne or Melbourne city centre (also known as The CBD). ... Motto: Peace and Prosperity Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Governor HE Mr John Landy Premier Steve Bracks (ALP) Area 237,629 km² (6th) - Land 227,416 km² - Water 10,213 km² (4. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 Ã— 1024 pixel, file size: 393 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photographed at Maranoa Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia HelloMojo 07:53, 6 April 2007 (UTC) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 Ã— 1024 pixel, file size: 393 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photographed at Maranoa Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia HelloMojo 07:53, 6 April 2007 (UTC) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public... Binomial name Eucalyptus angustissima F.Muell. ... This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to City of Melbourne or Melbourne city centre (also known as The CBD). ... Motto: Peace and Prosperity Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Governor HE Mr John Landy Premier Steve Bracks (ALP) Area 237,629 km² (6th) - Land 227,416 km² - Water 10,213 km² (4. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 Ã— 1024 pixel, file size: 408 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photographed at Maranoa Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia by HelloMojo 08:55, 6 April 2007 (UTC) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 Ã— 1024 pixel, file size: 408 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photographed at Maranoa Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia by HelloMojo 08:55, 6 April 2007 (UTC) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the... Binomial name Eucalyptus platypus Hook. ... This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to City of Melbourne or Melbourne city centre (also known as The CBD). ...

Size and habit

A Eucalyptus may be mature as a low shrub or as a very large tree. There are three main habit and four size categories that species can be divided into. For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...

As a generalisation "forest trees" are single-stemmed and have a crown forming a minor proportion of the whole tree height. "Woodland trees" are single-stemmed although they may branch at a short distance above ground level. This article is about a community of trees. ... The crown of woody plants (trees, shrubs) is the totality of branches, twigs and leaves extending from the trunk or main stems. ... Limber Pine woodland, Toiyabe Range, central Nevada Biologically, a woodland is a treed area differentiated from a forest. ...

"Mallees" are multi-stemmed from ground level, usually less than 10 metres in height, often with the crown predominantly at the ends of the branchlets and individual plants may combine to form either an open or closed formation. Many mallee trees may be so low growing as to be considered a shrub. A woodland of trees and mallees in southern Western Australia Mallee is the growth habit of woody plants that grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber, usually to a height of no more than ten metres. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ...

Apart from the forest tree, woodland tree, mallee and shrub habits two further tree forms are notable in Western Australia. One of these is the "mallet", which is a small to medium-sized tree, usually of steep branching habit, sometimes fluted at the base of the trunk and often with a conspicuously dense, terminal crown. It is the habit usually of mature healthy specimens of Eucalyptus occidentalis, E. astringens, E. spathulata, E. gardneri, E. dielsii, E. forrestiana, E. salubris, E. clivicola and E. ornata. The smooth bark of mallets often has a satiny sheen and may be white, cream, grey, green or copper. Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 15 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2005-06) - Product ($m) $107,910 (4th) - Product per capita $53,134/person... A mallet is a is small-tree form of Eucalyptus found in Western Australia. ... Look up Terminal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Bark (disambiguation). ...

Another habit category used in Western Australia is the "marlock". This has been variously applied but Brooker & Hopper (2001) defined the term and restricted the use to describe the more or less pure stands of short, erect, thin-stemmed "trees" that do not produce lignotubers. These are easily seen and recognised in stands of E. platypus, E. vesiculosa and the unrelated E. stoatei. The marlock is distinguished from mallets which are taller and have a characteristic steep branching habit. The origin and use of the term "morrel" is somewhat obscure and appears to apply to trees of the western Australian wheatbelt and goldfields which have a long, straight trunk, completely rough barked. It is now used mainly for E. longicornis (Red Morell) and E. melanoxylon (Black Morrel). A marlock is a is shrubby or small-tree form of Eucalyptus found in Western Australia. ... A lignotuber is a starchy swelling on underground stems or roots. ... Goldfield is the name of two towns in the United States: Goldfield, Iowa Goldfield, Nevada Goldfield is also a common name for the wildflower Penstemon barbatus Goldfield or goldfields may also describe an area where Gold mining occurs. ...

Tree sizes follow the convention of: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Leaves

Nearly all Eucalyptus are evergreen but some tropical species lose their leaves at the end of the dry season. As in other members of the Myrtle family, Eucalyptus leaves are covered with oil glands. The copious oils produced are an important feature of the genus. This article is about plant types. ... Genera 130; see list The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. ...

The leaves on a mature Eucalyptus plant are commonly lanceolate, petiolate, apparently alternate and waxy or glossy green. In contrast the leaves of seedlings are frequently opposite, sessile and glaucous. However there are numerous exceptions to this pattern. Many species such as E. melanophloia and E. setosa retain the juvenile leaf form even when the plant is reproductively mature. Some species such as E. macrocarpa, E. rhodantha and E. crucis are sought after ornamentals due to this lifelong juvenile leaf form. A few species such as E. petraea, E. dundasii and E. lansdowneana have shiny green leaves throughout their life cycle. E. caesia exhibits the opposite pattern of leaf development to most Eucalyptus, with shiny green leaves in the seedling stage and dull, glaucous leaves in mature crowns. The contrast between juvenile and adult leaf phases is valuable in field identification. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus tetragona , field distribution Eucalyptus tetragona, commonly known as either Mealy Gum, Silver Marlock, Tallerack, White Marlock or White-leaved Marlock is a mallee eucaplypt with smooth bark. ... Lanceolate refers to a narrow oval shape that is pointed at both ends. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Eucalyptus melanophloia F.Muell. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus macrocarpa Hook. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus caesia Benth. ...

Four leaf phases are recognised in the development of a Eucalyptus plant - the ‘seedling’, ‘juvenile’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘adult’ phases. However there is no definite transitional point between the phases. The intermediate phase, when the largest leaves are often formed, links the juvenile and adult phases.^[1]

In all except a few species the leaves form in pairs on opposite sides of a square stem, consecutive pairs being at right angles to each other (decussate). In some narrow-leaved species - for example E. oleosa - the seedling leaves after the second leaf pair are often clustered in a detectable spiral arrangement about a five sided stem. After the spiral phase, which may last from several to many nodes, the arrangement reverts to decussate by the absorption of some of the leaf bearing faces of the stem. In those species with opposite adult foliage the leaf pairs, which have been formed opposite at the stem apex, become separated at their bases by unequal elongation of the stem to produce the apparently alternate adult leaves.

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (680x907, 177 KB) Eucalyptus leucoxylon Rosea, Photo prise Ã Ponteilla, jardin exotique (France, Roussillon). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (680x907, 177 KB) Eucalyptus leucoxylon Rosea, Photo prise Ã Ponteilla, jardin exotique (France, Roussillon). ... Binomial name Eucalyptus leucoxylon var. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 Ã— 1024 pixel, file size: 402 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Eucalyptus User:HelloMojo/Sandbox Metadata This... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 Ã— 1024 pixel, file size: 402 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Eucalyptus User:HelloMojo/Sandbox Metadata This...

Flowers

The most readily recognisable characteristics of Eucalyptus species are its distinctive flowers and fruit (capsule). Flowers have numerous fluffy stamens which may be white, cream, yellow, pink or red; in bud the stamens are enclosed in a cap known as an operculum which is composed of the fused sepals or petals or both. Thus flowers have no petals, decorating themselves instead with the many showy stamens. As the stamens expand the operculum is forced off, splitting away from the cup-like base of the flower; this is one of the features that unites the genus. The name Eucalyptus, from the Greek words eu-, well, and kaluptos, cover, meaning "well-covered", describes the operculum. The woody fruits or capsules, known as gumnuts, are roughly cone-shaped and have valves at the end which open to release the seeds. Most species do not flower until adult foliage starts to appear; Eucalyptus cinerea and Eucalyptus perriniana are notable exceptions. Binomial name , field distribution Eucalyptus cinerea, Argyle apple or Mealy Stringybark, is a small to medium sized tree with rough bark, persistent on the trunk and larger branches, thick, fibrous, longitudinally furrowed, reddish-brown to grey-brown. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus perriniana F. Muell. ...

Download high resolution version (960x1280, 608 KB)Eucalyptus trees at Swifts Creek in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. ... Download high resolution version (960x1280, 608 KB)Eucalyptus trees at Swifts Creek in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. ... East Gippsland Shire is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia. ... Motto: Peace and Prosperity Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Governor HE Mr John Landy Premier Steve Bracks (ALP) Area 237,629 km² (6th) - Land 227,416 km² - Water 10,213 km² (4. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ...

Bark

The appearance of Eucalyptus bark will vary with the age of the plant, the manner of bark shed, the length of the bark fibres, the degree of furrowing, the thickness, the hardness and the colour. All mature eucalypts put on an annual layer of bark, which contributes to the increasing diameter of the stems. In some species the outermost layer dies and is annually deciduous either in long strips (as in Eucalyptus sheathiana) or in variably sized flakes (Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus cosmophylla or Eucalyptus cladocalyx). These are the gums or smooth-barked species. The gum bark may be dull, shiny or satiny (as in Eucalyptus ornata) or matt (Eucalyptus cosmophylla). In many species the dead bark is retained. Its outermost layer gradually fragments with weathering and sheds without altering the essentially rough barked nature of the trunks or stems - for example Eucalyptus marginata, Eucalyptus jacksonii, Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus porosa. Binomial name Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell. ... Jarrah redirects here. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus jacksonii The Red Tingle (Eucalyptus jacksonii) of south west Western Australia is one of the tallest trees in the state and can measure up to 16 metres round at the base and grow to a height of 60 metres and live for up to 400 years. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus obliqua LHÃ©r. ...

Many species are ‘half-barks’ or ‘blackbutts’ in which the dead bark is retained in the lower half of the trunks or stems - for example, Eucalyptus brachycalyx, Eucalyptus ochrophloia and Eucalyptus occidentalis - or only in a thick, black accumulation at the base, as in Eucalyptus clelandii. Some species in this category - for example - Eucalyptus youngiana - the rough basal bark is very ribbony at the top, where it gives way to the smooth upper stems. The smooth upper bark of the half barks and that of the completely smooth-barked trees and mallees can produce remarkable colour and interest, for example Eucalyptus deglupta.^[1] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus deglupta Blume Eucalyptus deglupta is a tall tree, commonly known as the Rainbow Eucalyptus or the Mindanao Gum. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus youngiana F.Muell. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus deglupta Blume Eucalyptus deglupta is a tall tree, commonly known as the Rainbow Eucalyptus or the Mindanao Gum. ...

Eucalyptus bark File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Eucalyptus bark File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Bark characteristics

Sap exuding (gummosis) from the stem of a koa tree, probably in response to surface damage Sap is the fluid carried in tubules inside a plant, circulating to distribute food and water to various parts of the plant. ... For other uses, see Cork. ...

Species and hybridism

There are over 700 species of Eucalyptus; refer to the List of Eucalyptus species for a comprehensive list of species. Some have diverged from the mainstream of the genus to the extent that they are quite isolated genetically and are able to be recognised by only a few relatively invariant characteristics. Most, however, may be regarded as belonging to large or small groups of related species, which are often in geographical contact with each other and between which gene exchange still occurs. In these situations many species will appear to grade into one another and intermediate forms are common. In other words, some species are relatively fixed genetically, as expressed in their morphology, while others have not diverged completely from their nearest relatives. For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... This is a list of 746 Eucalyptus species. ... Divergent evolution occurs when two or more biological characteristics have a common evolutionary origin but have diverged over evolutionary time. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... This article is about the general scientific term. ... For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation). ... The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ...

Hybrid individuals have not always been recognised as such on first collection and some have been named as new species, such as E. chrysantha (E. preissiana × E. sepulcralis) and E. "rivalis" (E. marginata × E. megacarpa). Hybrid combinations are not particularly common in the field, but some other published species have been suggested to be hybrid combinations and are frequently seen in Australia. For example, E. erythrandra is believed to be E. angulosa × E. teraptera and due to its wide distribution it is often referred to in texts.^[1]

Related genera

A small genus of similar trees, Angophora, has also been known since the 18th century. In 1995 new evidence, largely genetic, indicated that some prominent Eucalyptus species were actually more closely related to Angophora than to the other eucalypts; they were split off into the new genus Corymbia. Although separate, the three groups are allied and it remains acceptable to refer to the members of all three genera Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus as "eucalypts". The coolibah trees, referred to in Waltzing Matilda, are Eucalyptus E. coolabah and E. microtheca. Species See text. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Species See text. ... Waltzing Matilda is usually sung in informal settings, but it was played with a 90 piece orchestra and the 100 voice Melbourne Chorale at the 2005 Classical Spectacular Waltzing Matilda is Australias most widely known folk song, and one that has been popularly suggested as a potential national anthem. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus coolabah Blakey/Jacobs Eucalyptus coolabah is a eucalypt found in the vast arid areas of Australia. ...

Image File history File links Tasmania_logging_16_Styx_a_tree_in_danger. ... Image File history File links Tasmania_logging_16_Styx_a_tree_in_danger. ...

Tall timber

Several eucalypts are among the tallest trees in the world. Eucalyptus regnans, the Australian Mountain Ash, is the tallest of all flowering plants (Angiosperms); today, the tallest measured specimen is 97 metres tall ^[2]. There are only two taller tree species: the Coast Redwood and the Douglas-fir; they are conifers (Gymnosperms). Six other eucalypt species exceed 80 metres in height: Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus delegatensis, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus viminalis. Bold text Binomial name F.Muell. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... Binomial name Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. ... Species See text. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Gymnosperms are seed-bearing, vascular plants. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus obliqua LHÃ©r. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus delegatensis The Alpine Ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) of southern Australia is a straight, grey-trunked tree, reaching heights of over 90 metres in suitable conditions. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus viminalis Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) also known as White Gum, Ribbon Gum or Viminalis is a straight, erect tree to 50 m, with rough bark on the trunk and base of larger branches. ...

Tolerance

Most eucalypts are not tolerant of frost, or only tolerate light frosts down to -3 °C to -5 °C; the hardiest, are the so-called Snow Gums such as Eucalyptus pauciflora which is capable of withstanding cold and frost down to about -20 °C. Two sub-species, E. pauciflora subsp. niphophila and E. pauciflora subsp. debeuzevillei in particular are even hardier and can tolerate even quite severe winters. Several other species, especially from the high plateau and mountains of central Tasmania such as Eucalyptus coccifera, Eucalyptus subcrenulata, and Eucalyptus gunnii, have produced extreme cold hardy forms and it is seed procured from these genetically hardy strains that are planted for ornament in colder parts of the world. Binomial name Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Spreng. ... Slogan or Nickname: Island of Inspiration; The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle Motto(s): Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Constitutional monarchy Governor William Cox Premier Paul Lennon (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 5 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product... Binomial name Eucalyptus gunnii Gommier. ... This article is about the general scientific term. ...

Animal relationships

An essential oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves contains compounds that are powerful natural disinfectants and which can be toxic in large quantities. Several marsupial herbivores, notably koalas and some possums, are relatively tolerant of it. The close correlation of these oils with other more potent toxins called formylated phloroglucinol compounds allows koalas and other marsupial species to make food choices based on the smell of the leaves. However, it is the formylated phloroglucinol compounds that are the most important factor in choice of leaves by koalas. Eucalyptus flowers produce a great abundance of nectar, providing food for many pollinators including insects, birds, bats and possums. Despite the fact that eucalyptus trees are well-defended from herbivores by their toxic essential oils they do have their share of insect pests, such as the Eucalyptus Longhorn Borer Beetle, Phoracantha semipunctuata, or the aphid-like psyllids known as "bell lerps," both of which have become established as pests throughout the world wherever eucalypts are cultivated. Download high resolution version (1000x682, 140 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1000x682, 140 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Koala (disambiguation). ... An essential oil is any concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants, which are called aromatic herbs or aromatic plants. ... Suborders Vombatiformes Phalangerida Diprotodontia is a large taxon of about 120 marsupial mammals including the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, Koala, wombats, and many others. ... For other uses, see Koala (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Possum (disambiguation). ... Phloroglucinol or benzene-1,3,5-triol is a process chemical widely used in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals and high-energy chemicals (explosives). ... This article is about mammals. ... In Greek mythology, nectar and ambrosia are the food of the gods. ... A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... This article is about mammals. ... For other uses, see Possum (disambiguation). ... Subfamilies Aseminae Cerambycinae Disteniinae Laminae Lepturinae Necydalinae Paradrinae Prioninae Spondylidinae etc. ... For other uses, see Beetle (disambiguation). ... Psyllids or jumping plant lice (family Psyllidae or Chermidae) are small plant-feeding insects that are very host specific, i. ... The Bell Miner, Manorina melanophrys, is a colonial honeyeater endemic to southeastern Australia. ...

Hazards

Many Eucalyptus species have a habit of dropping entire branches off as they grow. Eucalyptus forests are littered with dead branches. Many people have been killed as they camped underneath the trees. It is thought the trees shed very large branches to conserve water during periods of drought. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 409 KB)A log embedded in a whitebox tree. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 409 KB)A log embedded in a whitebox tree. ... CODIT is an acronym for Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees, a concept created by Dr. Alex Shigo after years of studying tree decay patterns. ...

Fire

On warm days vapourised eucalyptus oil rises above the bush to create the characteristic distant blue haze of the Australian landscape. Eucalyptus oil is highly flammable (trees have been known to explode^[3]^[4]) and bush fires can travel easily through the oil-rich air of the tree crowns. The dead bark and fallen branches are also flammable. Eucalypts are well adapted for periodic fires, in fact most species are dependent on them for spread and regeneration.^{[citation needed]} They do this via lignotubers, epicormic buds under the bark and from fire-germinated seeds sprouting in the ashes.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Bush. ... Backburning in Townsville, Australia to prevent bushfires. ... In biology, regeneration is an organisms ability to replace body parts. ... A lignotuber is a starchy swelling on underground stems or roots. ...

Eucalypts originated between 35 and 50 million years ago, not long after Australia-New Guinea separated from Gondwana, their rise coinciding with an increase in fossil charcoal deposits (suggesting that fire was a factor even then), but they remained a minor component of the Tertiary rainforest until about 20 million years ago when the gradual drying of the continent and depletion of soil nutrients led to the development of a more open forest type, predominantly Casuarina and Acacia species. With the arrival of the first humans about 50 thousand years ago fires became much more frequent and the fire-loving eucalypts soon came to account for roughly 70% of Australian forest. Download high resolution version (983x600, 293 KB)Eucalyptus Forest Taken by fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Eucalyptus Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (983x600, 293 KB)Eucalyptus Forest Taken by fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Eucalyptus Categories: GFDL images ... Australia-New Guinea, also called Sahul or Meganesia, is made up of the continent of Australia and the islands of New Guinea and Tasmania. ... For other uses of Gondwana and Gondwanaland, see Gondwana (disambiguation). ... Selected species Casuarina cunninghamiana Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina glauca Casuarina is a genus of shrubs and trees in the Family Casuarinaceae, native to Australia and islands of the Pacific. ... For other uses, see Acacia (disambiguation). ...

Eucalypts regenerate quickly after fire. After the Canberra bushfires of 2003, hectares of imported species were killed, but in a matter of weeks the gum trees were putting out suckers and looking generally healthy.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Fire (disambiguation). ... 2003 Canberra bushfires The Canberra bushfires of 2003 were the worst fires in Canberras history and caused severe damage to the outskirts of the Australian capital city. ...

The two valuable timber trees, Alpine Ash E. delegatensis and Mountain Ash E. regnans, are killed by fire and only regenerate from seed. The same 2003 bushfire that had little impact on forests around Canberra resulted in thousands of hectares of dead ash forests. However, a small amount of ash survived and put out new suckers as well. There has been some debate as to whether to leave the stands, or attempt to harvest the mostly undamaged timber, which is increasingly recognised as a damaging practice. Binomial name Eucalyptus delegatensis The Alpine Ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) of southern Australia is a straight, grey-trunked tree, reaching heights of over 90 metres in suitable conditions. ... Bold text Binomial name F.Muell. ... For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ...

Cultivation and uses

Eucalyptus have many uses which have made them economically important trees. Perhaps the Karri and the Yellow box varieties are the best known. Due to their fast growth the foremost benefit of these trees is the wood. They provide many desirable characteristics for use as ornament, timber, firewood and pulpwood. Fast growth also makes eucalypts suitable as windbreaks. Eucalypts draw a tremendous amount of water from the soil through the process of transpiration. They have been planted (or re-planted) in some places to lower the water table and reduce soil salination. Eucalypts have also been used as a way of reducing malaria by draining the soil in Algeria, Sicily^[5] and also in Europe and California^[6]. Drainage removes swamps which provide a habitat for mosquito larvae, but such drainage can also destroy ecologically productive areas. This drainage is limited to the soil surface only since the eucalyptus roots have up to 2.5m length, not reaching the phreatic zone, meaning that rain or irrigation can wet the soil again. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1632x1232, 735 KB) Summary Description: A picture taken,of a Eucalyptus niphophila from the top of the Mount Ginini, Namadgi National Park. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1632x1232, 735 KB) Summary Description: A picture taken,of a Eucalyptus niphophila from the top of the Mount Ginini, Namadgi National Park. ... Namadgi National Park is located in the southwestern part of the Australian Capital Territory, bordering Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales. ... Economics is the social science studying production and consumption through measurable variables. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus melliodora , at Maranoa Gardens, Melbourne Eucalyptus melliodora, commonly known as Yellow Box, is a medium sized to occasionally tall eucalypt. ... Pulpwood refers to timber stocks that are cut in order to make wood pulp for paper production. ... A windbreak,or shelterbelt, is usually made up of one or more rows of trees planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to prevent soil erosion. ... Transpiration is the evaporation of excess water from aerial parts and of plants, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and fruits. ... Visible salt deposits on the former bed of the Aral Sea Soil salination is the accumulation of free salts to such an extent that it leads to degradation of soils and vegetation. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... For other uses, see Mosquito (disambiguation). ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ...

Eucalyptus oil is readily steam distilled from the leaves and can be used for cleaning, deodorising, and in very small quantities in food supplements; especially sweets, cough drops and decongestants. Eucalyptus oil has insect repellent properties (Jahn 1991 a, b; 1992), and is an active ingredient in some commercial mosquito repellents (Fradin & Day 2002). Species About 700; see the List of Eucalyptus species Wikispecies has information related to: Eucalyptus Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of trees (rarely shrubs), the members of which dominate the tree flora of Australia. ... Laboratory set-up for steam distillation Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The nectar of some eucalyptus produces high quality monofloral honey. Eucalyptus is also used to make the digeridoo, a musical wind instrument made popular by Australian aborigines. Nectar of camellia Nectar, in botany, is a sugar-rich liquid produced by the flowers of plants in order to attract pollinating animals. ... Monofloral honey is a type of honey which has a high value in the marketplace because it has a distictive flavor or other attribute due to its being predominately from the nectar of one plant species. ... The didgeridoo (or didjeridu) is a unique wind instrument of the Australian Aborigines of northern Australia. ... ...

In the Adirondack Mountains it has been used for years to kill dust mites in bedding.^{[citation needed]}

All parts of the eucalyptus may be used to make plant dyes that are substantive on protein fibres (silk and wool) simply by processing the plant part with water^{[citation needed]}. Colours to be achieved range from yellow and orange through green, tan, chocolate and deep rust red. The material remaining after processing can be safely used as mulch or fertilisers.^{[citation needed]}. A dye can generally be described as a coloured substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. ... For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wool (disambiguation). ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...

History

Although eucalypts must have been seen by the very early European explorers and collectors, no botanical collections of them are known to have been made until 1770 when Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander arrived at Botany Bay with Captain James Cook. There they collected specimens of E. gummifera and later, near the Endeavour River in northern Queensland, they collected E. platyphylla; neither of these species was named as such at the time. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For clothing store, see JoS. A. Bank Clothiers. ... Daniel Carlsson Solander (February 19, 1733 â€“ May 16, 1782) was a Swedish botanist. ... For other Botany Bays see Botany Bay (disambiguation) Bicentennial Monument at Botany Bay Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, a few kilometers south of the central business district. ... Captain James Cook may refer to: James Cook - British explorer, navigator, and map maker Captain James Cook (TV miniseries) - 1987 Australian television miniseries This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Endeavour River locator map The Endeavour River 15Â°28â€²S 145Â°17â€²E on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 by Lt. ...

In 1777, on Cook's third expedition, David Nelson collected a eucalypt on Bruny Island in southern Tasmania. This specimen was taken to the British Museum in London, and it was named Eucalyptus obliqua by the French botanist L'Héritier, who was working in London at the time. He coined the generic name from the Greek roots eu and calyptos, meaning "well" and "covered" in reference to the operculum of the flower bud. This organ protects the developing flower parts as the flower develops and is shed by the pressure of the emerging stamens at flowering. South Eastern Tasmania with Bruny Island highlighted. ... Slogan or Nickname: Island of Inspiration; The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle Motto(s): Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Constitutional monarchy Governor William Cox Premier Paul Lennon (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 5 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product... London museum | name = British Museum | image = British Museum from NE 2. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Charles Louis LHÃ©ritier de Brutelle (15 June 1746 - 18 August 1800) was an 18th century French botanist and magistrate. ... In botany, operculum may be used to describe any of the following: A flap of the sporangium of a moss, covering the peristome (appendages surrounding the mouth of a moss capsule). ... Flower of the spider tree (Crateva religiosa) with its numerous conspicuous stamens The stamen is the male organ of a flower. ...

The name obliqua was derived from the Latin obliquus, meaning "oblique" which is the botanical term describing a leaf base where the two sides of the leaf blade are of unequal length and do not meet the petiole at the same place. Pinguicula grandiflora commonly known as a Butterwort Example of a cross section of a stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In naming E. obliqua, L'Héritier caused to be perpetuated, most likely by accident, a feature common to all eucalypts - the operculum. In his choice of a specific name, he recognised not only the characteristic feature of E. obliqua, but one common to many other species as well. E. obliqua was published in 1788-89 and coincides with the date of the first official European settlement of Australia.

Between 1788-89 and the turn of the nineteenth century several more species of Eucalyptus were named and published. Most of these were by the English botanist James Edward Smith and most were, as might be expected, trees of the Sydney region. These include the economically valuable E. pilularis, E. saligna and E. tereticornis. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 409 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (679 Ã— 994 pixel, file size: 70 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ferdinand von Mueller Royal Society of Victoria Presidential Portrait File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 409 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (679 Ã— 994 pixel, file size: 70 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ferdinand von Mueller Royal Society of Victoria Presidential Portrait File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages... For the mayor of Toronto by this name please see James Edward Smith (Toronto). ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ...

The nineteenth century saw the endeavours of several of the great botanists in Australian history, particularly Ferdinand von Mueller, whose work on eucalypts contributed greatly to the first comprehensive account of the genus in George Bentham's Flora Australiensis in 1867 - which today remains the only complete Australian flora. The account in Bentham is the most important early systematic treatment of the genus. Bentham divided the genus into five series whose distinctions were based on characteristics of the stamens, particularly the anthers (Mueller, 1879-84), elborated further by Joseph Henry Maiden (1903-33), and taken even further by William Faris Blakely (1934). By this time the anther system had become too complex to be workable and more recent systematic work has concentrated on the characteristics of buds, fruits, leaves and bark. Baron Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller (German: Müller) (June 30, 1825 - October 10, 1896) was a German-Australian physician, geographer, and most notably botanist. ... George Bentham George Bentham (September 22, 1800 – September 10, 1884) was an English botanist, perhaps the greatest systematic botanist of the 19th century. ...

The first endemic Western Australian Eucalyptus to be collected and subsequently named was the yate (E. cornuta) by the French botanist La Billardiére, who collected in what is now the Esperance area in 1792.^[1] Esperance is a town in Western Australia, located on the south coast around half-way between Albany and the South Australian border. ...

Plantation and ecological problems

Eucalyptus was first introduced to the rest of the world by Sir Joseph Banks, botanist, on the Cook expedition in 1770. They have subsequently been introduced to many parts of the world, notably California, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Ethiopia, Morocco, Portugal, South Africa, Uganda, Israel, Galicia and Chile. In Spain they have been planted in pulpwood plantations, replacing native oak woodland. Eucalyptus are the basis for several industries, such as sawmilling, pulp, charcoal and others. Several species have become invasive and are causing major problems for local ecosystems, mainly due to the absence of wildlife corridors and rotations management. The opposite has also happened, with different animals and plants surviving thanks to eucalyptus forests. For clothing store, see JoS. A. Bank Clothiers. ... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... This article is about the British explorer. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This article is about crop plantations. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus (from Latin oak tree), which are listed in the List of Quercus species, and some related genera, notably... Lantana invasion of abandoned citrus plantation; Moshav Sdey Hemed, Israel The term invasive species refers to a subset of introduced species or non-indigenous species that are rapidly expanding outside of their native range. ...

California

In the 1850s eucalyptus trees were introduced to California by Australians travelling to California during the California Gold Rush. Much of California has a similar climate to parts of Australia. By the early 1900s thousands of acres of eucalypts were planted with the encouragement of the state government. It was hoped that they would provide a renewable source of timber for construction and furniture making. This article is about the U.S. state. ... The California Gold Rush (1848â€“1855) began shortly after January 24, 1848 (when gold was discovered at Sutters Mill in Coloma). ...

One way in which the eucalyptus, mainly the blue gum E. globulus, proved valuable in California was in providing windbreaks for highways, orange groves, and other farms in the mostly treeless central part of the state. They are also admired as shade and ornamental trees in many cities and gardens. Binomial name Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ...

Eucalyptus forests in California have been criticized because they compete with native plants and do not support native animals. Fire is also a problem. The 1991 Oakland Hills firestorm which destroyed almost 3,000 homes and killed 25 people was partly fueled by large numbers of eucalypts in the area close to the houses.^[8] The Oakland Hills Firestorm occurred on Sunday October 20, 1991. ...

In some parts of California eucalypt forests are being removed and native trees and plants restored. Individuals have also illegally destroyed some trees and are suspected of introducing insect pests from Australia which attack the trees.^[9]

Brazil

In 1910 Eucalyptus was introduced to Brazil for timber substitution and the charcoal industry. It has thrived very well in the local environmental conditions and today there are around 5 million hectares planted. The wood produced by the tree is highly appreciated by the charcoal and pulp and paper industries. The short rotation allows a larger wood production and supply wood for several other activities, helping to preserve the native forests from logging. When well managed the plantations are sustainable and the soil can sustain endless replantations . Eucalyptus plantations are also used as wind breaks. Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for useâ€”from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial useâ€”as structural material for construction or wood... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... A windbreak,or shelterbelt, is usually made up of one or more rows of trees planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to prevent soil erosion. ...

Ethiopia

This species was introduced to Ethiopia in either 1894 or 1895, either by Emperor Menelik II's French advisor Mondon-Vidailhet or the Englishman Captain O'Brian. Due to massive deforestation around his new capital city Addis Ababa caused by a growing appetite for fire wood, Emperor Menelik II endorsed its planting around that city; according to Richard R.K. Pankhurst, "The great advantage of the eucalypts was that they were fast growing, required little attention and when cut down grew up again from the roots; it could be harvested every ten years. The tree proved successful from the onset".^[10] Plantations of eucalypts spread from the capital to other growing urban centers such as Debre Marqos; Pankhurst reports that the most common species found in Addis Ababa in the mid-1960s was E. globulus, although he also found E. melliodora and E. rostrata in significant numbers. David Buxton, writing of central Ethiopia in the mid-1940s, observed that eucalyptus trees "have become an integral -- and a pleasing -- element in the Shoan landscape and has largely displaced the slow-growing native 'cedar' or juniper."^[11] Emperor Menelik II (Geez áˆáŠ’áˆáŠ) baptized as Sahle Maryam (August 17, 1844 â€“ December 12, 1913), was of Ethiopia from 1889 to his death. ... For the long-distance runner, see Addis Abebe. ... Wood burning is the largest current use of biomass derived energy. ... Emperor Menelik II (Geez áˆáŠ’áˆáŠ) baptized as Sahle Maryam (August 17, 1844 â€“ December 12, 1913), was of Ethiopia from 1889 to his death. ... Debre Marqos (also called Mankorar) is a city in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ... Binomial name Eucalyptus melliodora , at Maranoa Gardens, Melbourne Eucalyptus melliodora, commonly known as Yellow Box, is a medium sized to occasionally tall eucalypt. ... Shewa (also spelled Shoa) is a historical region of Ethiopia. ...

Popular opposition soon developed that in 1913 a proclamation was issued ordering a partial destruction of all standing trees, and their replacement with mulberry trees. "The proclamation," Pankhurst notes, "however remained a dead letter; there is no evidence of eucalypts being uprooted, still less of mulberry trees being planted."^[12] The eucalypt remains a defining feature of Addis Ababa. For other uses, see Mulberry (disambiguation). ...

Madagascar

Much of Madagascar's original native forest has been replaced with Eucalyptus, threatening biodiversity by isolating remaining natural areas such as Andasibe-Mantadia National Park.

Uruguay

Antonio Lussich introduced this specie in 1896 approximately, all over on what now is Maldonado Department, and it extended all over the South-eastern and eastern coast, with no further problems or harm to the local trees, since all that area was a dry land of sand dunes and stones, because of this before they were introduced there were no trees at all. (He also introduced various species of Acacia and Pines, and many other although they have not expand so massively) The Maldonado Department in Uruguay is located east of the Uruguayan capital Montevideo. ... For other uses, see Acacia (disambiguation). ... Subgenera Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. ...

Photo gallery

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brooker & Kleinig (2001)
^ Dr. Mick Brown et.al. Tasmania's Ten Tallest Giants. Forestry Tasmania. Retrieved on 2008-02-17.
^ Santos, Robert L. (1997). Section Three: Problems, Cares, Economics, and Species. The Eucalyptus of California. California State University.
^ Eucalytus Roulette (con't). Robert Sward: Poet, Novelist and Workshop Leader.
^ Mrs. M. Grieve. A Modern Herbal:Eucalyptus. Retrieved on 2005-01-27.
^ Santos, Robert L (1997). Section Two: Physical Properties and Uses. The Eucalyptus of California. California State University.
^ Santos, Robert L. (1997). Seeds of Good or Seeds of Evil?. The Eucalyptus of California. California State University.
^ Williams, Ted (January 2002). America's Largest Weed. Audubon Magazine.
^ Henter, Heather (January 2005). Tree Wars: The Secret Life of Eucalyptus. Alumni. University of California, San Diego.
^ Pankhurst p. 246
^ David Buxton, Travels in Ethiopia, second edition (London: Benn, 1957), p. 48
^ Pankhurst p. 247

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

External links

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Contents

Description

Size and habit

Leaves

Flowers

Bark

Bark characteristics

Species and hybridism

Related genera

Tall timber

Tolerance

Animal relationships

Hazards

Fire

Cultivation and uses

History

Plantation and ecological problems

California

Brazil

Ethiopia

Madagascar

Uruguay

Photo gallery

Notes

References

External links

Medicinal resources, eucalyptus essential oil

Contents

Description GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Size and habit

Leaves

Flowers

Bark

Bark characteristics

Species and hybridism

Related genera

Tall timber

Tolerance

Animal relationships

Hazards

Fire

Cultivation and uses

History

Plantation and ecological problems

California

Brazil

Ethiopia

Madagascar

Uruguay

Photo gallery

Notes

References

External links

Medicinal resources, eucalyptus essential oil

Description