Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya (Евфросиния Керсновская) (1907— 1994) spent 12 years in Gulag camps and wrote her memoirs in 12 notebooks, 2,200,000 characters, accompanied with 680 pictures. 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Gulag (Russian: ГУЛАГ  listen, an acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно— Трудовых Лагерей и колонии, Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies) was the branch of the Soviet internal police and security service that operated the penal system of forced...

She wrote 3 copies of the work. In 1968 her friends typed samizdat copies, repeating the pictures on the back sides of the sheets. Excerpts from the work were first published in Ogonyok and Znamya magazines in 1990, as well as in The Observer (June 1990). After that, German and French publications followed. Finally, in 2001 the complete text, in 6 volumes, was published in Russia in 2001. Samizdat (self-published, in Russian самиздат) was a grassroots strategy to evade officially imposed censorship in the Soviet-bloc countries wherein people clandestinely copied and distributed government-suppressed literature or other media. ... Ogonyok is one of the oldest Russian weekly illustrated magazines, issued since December 21 (December 9 (O.S.) 1899. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Biography

Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya was born in Odessa to a dvoryan family. During the Russian Civil War the family moves to their estate to Bessarabia to become farmers. Bessarabia was soon united with Romania. In 1940 it was annexed by the Soviet Union, and the Kersnovskaya family (her mother and she) were repressed as former landowners. She was exiled to Siberia as an exile settler (ссыльнопоселенец) to work at logging. She attempted to escape, but she was caught and sentenced to death. The sentence was replaced by 10 years of labor camps, which she spent in the Norillag (Норильлаг, Norilsk labor camp) at mining works. ODESSA (German for Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen; The Organization of Former SS-Members) was an alleged Nazi fugitive network set up towards the end of World War II by a group of SS officers. ... Dvoryanstvo (Russian: дворянство) refers to a category of Russian nobility. ... The Russian Civil War was fought between 1918 and 1920. ... Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia annexed by Russia in 1812. ... Farmer spreading grasshopper bait in his alfalfa field. ... 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for the calm land) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union took several forms. ... For another article about a different type of logging, see data logging. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in forced labor. ... Originally founded as a gulag (Soviet forced-labor camp,) Norilsk is now a major Russian Republic city with several hundered thousand residents. ... The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. ...

After the discharge she lived in Yessentuki and wrote her memoirs during 1964–1968. Essentuki or Yessentuki (Russian: Ессентуки) is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia at the base of the Caucasus Mountains. ...

Bibliography

• Керсновская Е.А. "Наскальная живопись". - М.: КВАДРАТ, 1991;
• Kersnovskaja Е. "Ach Herr wenn unre Sunden uns verklagen". - Kiel: NEUER MALIK VERLAG, 1991.
• Кersnovskaja Е. "Coupable de rien". - Paris: PLON, 1994.
• Керсновская Е.А. "Сколько стоит человек". - 6 volumes, Moscow, ООО "МОЖАЙСК-ТЕРРА", 2000-2001.

External link

• How Much a Person Costs (http://women-gulag.ru/)