Eugene Marais
Eugene Marais – writer, lawyer and naturalist
Born	January 9, 1871(1871-01-09) Pretoria
Died	March 29, 1936 (aged 65) Farm near Pelindaba
Occupation	Poet, Naturalist, Lawyer
Nationality	South Africa
Ethnicity	Afrikaner
Citizenship	South Africa

Eugène Nielen Marais (pronounced /ˈjuːdʒiːn ˈniːlɨn mɑːˈrɛ(ə)/, 9 January 1871 – 29 March 1936) was a South African lawyer, naturalist, poet and writer. Motto: Praestantia Praevaleat Pretoria (May Pretoria Be Pre-eminent In Excellence) Country Province Established 1855 Area  - Total 1,644 km² (634. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... This article is about work. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... This article is about the Southern African ethnic group. ... For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ... Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. ... A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ...

His early years, before and during the Boer War

Marais was born in Pretoria,^[1] the thirteenth and last child of his parents, Jan Christiaan Nielen Marais and Catharina. He attended school in Pretoria, Boshof and Paarl and much of his early education was in English, as were his earliest poems. He matriculated at the age of sixteen.^[2] After leaving school he worked in Pretoria as a legal clerk and then as a journalist before becoming owner (at the tender age of twenty) of a newspaper called Land en Volk (lit. Land and (the Afrikaner) People). He involved himself deeply in local politics. He began taking opiates at an early age and graduated to morphine (then considered to be non-habitforming and a safer drug) very soon thereafter. He became addicted and his addiction ruled his affairs and actions to a greater or lesser extent throughout his life. When asked for the reasons for taking drugs, he variously pleaded ill health, insomnia and, later, the death of his young wife as a result of the birth of his only child. Much later, he blamed accidental addiction while ill with malaria in Mozambique. Some claim that his use of drugs was experimental and influenced by the philosophy of de Quincey.^[3] He married Aletta Beyers but she died from puerperal fever a year later, eight days after the birth of their son, Marais' only child. In 1897—still in his mid-twenties—he went to London, initially to read medicine. However, under pressure from his friends, he entered the Inner Temple to study law.^[4] (He qualified as an advocate). When the Boer War broke out in 1899, he was put on parole as an enemy alien in London. During the latter part of the war he joined a German expedition that sought to ship ammunition and medicines to the Boer Commandos via Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique). However, he was struck down in this tropical area by malaria and before the supplies could be delivered to the Boers the war ended. Motto: Praestantia Praevaleat Pretoria (May Pretoria Be Pre-eminent In Excellence) Country Province Established 1855 Area  - Total 1,644 km² (634. ... Boshof is the administrative town in the goldfields region of the Free State Province, South Africa. ... Paarl Rock Paarl (meaning Pearl in Dutch and Perel in Afrikaans) is the third oldest European settlement in the Republic of South Africa (after Cape Town and Stellenbosch) and forms part of the Western Cape Province. ... Thomas de Quincey (August 15, 1785 – December 8, 1859) was an English author and intellectual. ... Puerperal fever (from the latin puer, child), also called childbed fever or puerperal sepsis, is a serious form of septicaemia contracted by a woman during or shortly after childbirth or abortion. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Combined coat of arms of the four Inns of Court. ... Combatants British Empire Orange Free State South African Republic Commanders Sir Redvers Buller Lord Kitchener Lord Roberts Paul Kruger Louis Botha Koos de la Rey Martinus Steyn Christiaan de Wet Casualties 6,000 - 7,000 (A further ~14,000 from disease) 6,000 - 8,000 (Unknown number from disease) Civilians... Mozambique is a country in Southern Africa, bordering South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ...

After the war

From 1905 he studied nature in the Waterberg ("Water mountain"), an area of wilderness north of Pretoria and wrote in his native Afrikaans about the animals he observed. His studies of termites led him to the conclusion that the colony should be considered as a single organism. In the Waterberg Marais also studied the black mamba, spitting cobra and puff adder.^[5] He also observed baboon troops at length^[6] and he was the father of the scientific study of the behavior of primates. River gorge in the Lapalala Wilderness, Waterberg, South Africa, showing horizontal sandstone layering. ... Look up Appendix:Afrikaans and Dutch Swadesh lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Families Mastotermitidae Kalotermitidae Termopsidae Hodotermitidae Rhinotermitidae Serritermitidae Termitidae Reference: Earthlife as of 2002-07-26 A termite (also known as a white ant) is any member of the order Isoptera, a group of social insects that eat wood and other cellulose-rich vegetable matter. ... For the comic book character, see Black Mamba (comics). ... Juvenile Red Spitting Cobra, Naja pallida Red Spitting Cobra Spitting cobra refers to any one of several species of cobras that have the ability to spit or eject venom from their mouth when defending themselves against predators. ... Binomial name Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820) Synonyms Cobra lachesis - Laurenti, 1768 Cobra clotho - Laurenti, 1768 [Coluber] Lachesis - Gmelin, 1788 [Coluber] Clotho - Gmelin, 1788 C[oluber]. Bitin - Bonnaterre, 1790 Col[uber]. Intumescens - Donndorff, 1798 Vipera severa - Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 [Vipera (Echidna)] arietans - Merrem, 1820 Vipera inflata - Burchell, 1822 Echidna... For other uses, see Baboon (disambiguation). ... Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ...

Embittered by the horrors of the Boer War, Marais refused to translate his works into English (see Footnote) and as a result they remained almost unknown outside of southern Africa, which is the only place in the world where Afrikaans is spoken to any degree.

His book "Die Siel van die Mier" (lit. "The soul of the ant" but usually given in English as the "Soul of the White Ant") was plagiarized by Nobel laureate Maurice Maeterlinck, who published "The Life of the White Ant" in 1926, falsely claiming many of Marais' revolutionary ideas as his own. Maurice Maeterlinck was able to do this because he was Belgian and, though his mother tongue was French, he was fluent in Dutch, from which Afrikaans was derived. It was common at the time for worthy articles published in Afrikaans to be reproduced in Flemish and Dutch magazines and journals. The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck, Belgian author Count Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck (August 29, 1862 - May 6, 1949) was a Belgian poet, playwright, and essayist. ... Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck, Belgian author Count Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck (August 29, 1862 - May 6, 1949) was a Belgian poet, playwright, and essayist. ... For other uses, see Flanders (disambiguation). ...

Marais contemplated legal action against Maeterlinck but gave up the idea in the face of the costs and logistics involved.^[7]

The social anthropologist Robert Ardrey said in his introduction to The Soul of the White Ant, published in 1973, that "As a scientist he was unique, supreme in his time, yet a worker in a science unborn." Robert Ardrey (b. ...

Marais was a long-term morphine addict and suffered from melancholy, insomnia, depression and feelings of isolation. The theft of his ideas weighed heavily on his mind and some say this caused his final demise, although others argue that the issue had an energizing and invigorating effect. Certainly it brought him back into the public eye in a favorable way.^[8] In 1936, deprived of morphine for some days, he finally borrowed a shotgun (on the pretext of killing a snake) and shot himself in the chest. The wound was not fatal and Marais therefore placed the end of the weapon in his mouth and pulled the trigger. This occurred on the farm Pelindaba, belonging to his friend, Gustav S. Preller. For those who are familiar with the dark moods of certain of Marais' poems there is a black irony here; in Zulu, Pelindaba means "the end of the business" – although the more common interpretation is "Place of great gatherings". This article is about the drug. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

Legacy

Marais' work as a naturalist, although by no means trivial (he was one of the first scientists to practice ethology and was repeatedly acknowledged as such by Robert Ardrey^[9]), gained less public attention and appreciation than his contributions as an artist. He is amongst the greatest of the Afrikaner poets and remains one of the most popular, although his output was not large. Opperman described him as the first professional Afrikaner poet; Marais believed that craft was as important as inspiration for poetry. Along with J.H.H. de Waal and G.S. Preller, he was a leading light in the Second Afrikaans (language) Movement in the period immediately after the Second Boer War, which ended in 1902. Some of his finest poems deal with the wonders of life and nature but he also wrote about inexorable Death. He was (sometimes) a religious man and in certain of his works (such as "Job") the influence of the Bible is obvious. Although an Afrikaner patriot, Marais was sympathetic to the cultural values of the black tribal peoples of the Transvaal; this is seen in poems such as "Die Dans van die Reën" (The dance of the rain). The following translation of Marais' "Winternag" is by J. W. Marchant: This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Robert Ardrey (b. ... This article is about the Southern African ethnic group. ...

"Winter's Night"

O the small wind is frigid and spare
and bright in the dim light and bare
as wide as God's merciful boon
the veld lies in starlight and gloom
and on the high lands
spread through burnt bands
the grass-seed, astir, is like beckoning hands.

O East-wind gives mournful measure to song
Like the lilt of a lovelorn lass who's been wronged
In every grass fold
bright dewdrop takes hold
and promptly pales to frost in the cold! south american veldt The term Veld, or Veldt, refers primarily to the wide open rural spaces of South Africa or southern Africa and in particular to certain flatter areas or districts covered in grass or low scrub. ...

The Marais name

The progenitors of the Marais name in the region were Charles and Claude Marais, from the Paris region of France.^[10] The Marais name has retained its original French spelling and pronunciation in South Africa. The Place des Vosges is Paris oldest square still with its original buildings, and also, according to some, Paris most beautiful square. ...

References

1. ^  Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud. Translation: The French People Who Made South Africa. Bernard Lugan. January 1996. ISBN 2841000869'
2. ^  Opperman, D.J. Undated but probably 1962. Senior verseboek. Nasionale Boekhandel Bpk, Kaapstad. Negende druk, 185pp
3. ^  Schirmer, P. 1980. The concise illustrated South African encyclopedia. Central News Agency, Johannesburg. First edition, about 212pp.
4. ^  Rousseau, Leon 1982, The Dark Stream—The Story of Eugene Marais. Jonathan Ball Publishers, JeppesTown.
5. ^  Hogan, C.Michael, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, The Waterberg Biosphere, Lumina Technologies Inc, May 22, 2006. [11]
6. ^  Marais, Eugene, Soul of the Ape, Human and Rousseau (1937)
7. ^  Ardrey, Robert The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations, 1966

Footnote

According to the Afrikaans version of this article in Wikipedia (as translated by J. W. Marchant in June 2009) these perceived manifestations of Anglophobia may have been overstated in an exercise of political correctness, in which writers with vested political interests sought, after the death of Marais, to sideline his writings in English. Marais was without doubt a genius and, as with Smuts, he could turn a phrase in English as well as in his native tongue. These issue are flagged here out of an abundance of caution but remain to be elaborated by dispassionate scholars.

Bibliography

• The Soul of the White Ant, 1937, First published as Die Siel van die Mier in 1925, in Afrikaans
• The Soul of the Ape , 1919, Published posthumously in 1969.

External links

• Eugene Marais the Poet Some key poems by Eugene Marais (in Afrikaans)
• Encounter South Africa Article
• The Soul of the White Ant online
• sahistory.org.za Entry on Eugene Marais