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The European Union is unique among international organisations in having a complex and highly developed system of internal law which has direct effect within the legal systems of its member states. The EU is not a federal government, nor is it an intergovernmental organisation. It involves reciprocal agreement within its fields of activity, as if countries have agreed to work together to agree. The Treaty of Maastricht which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas, called pillars. ...
The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...
The Common Foreign and Security Policy or CFSP, german Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (GASP), was established as the second of the three pillars of the European Union in the Maastricht treaty of 1992, and further defined and broadened in the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997. ...
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters is the third of the three pillars of the European Union, focusing on co-operation in law enforcement and combating racism. ...
The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ...
François-Xavier Ortoli, Romano Prodi, José Manuel Barroso and Jacques Delors The President of the European Commission is notionally the highest ranking unelected official within the European Union bureaucracy. ...
This article needs to be updated. ...
The Barroso Commission is the European Commission that has been in office since 22 November 2004 and is due to serve until 31 October 2009. ...
The Council of the European Union forms, along with the European Parliament, the legislative arm of the European Union (EU). ...
The European Council, informally called the European summit, is a meeting of the heads of state or government of the European Union, and the President of the European Commission. ...
Presidency of the Council of the European Union refers to the responsibility of presiding over all aspects of the Council of the European Union, when exercised collectively by a government, on a pre-established rota of the member states, of the European Union. ...
Sign in the entrance of the European Parliament building in Brussels, written in all the official languages used in the European Union as of July 2006 The European Parliament building in Strasbourg The inside of the Strasbourg building The European Parliament building in Brussels The European Parliament (formerly European Parliamentary...
The President of the European Parliament oversees all the activities of the European Parliament and its constituent bodies. ...
Josep Borrell Josep Borrell Fontelles (born April 24, 1947) is a Spanish politician. ...
A Member of the European Parliament (English abbreviation MEP)[1] is a member of the European Unions directly-elected legislative body, the European Parliament. ...
In five European Union Member States (Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy and the United Kingdom), the national territory is divided into a number of constituencies for European elections. ...
Elections in the European Union gives information on election and election results in the European Union. ...
Elections to the European Parliament will be held in June 2006 in the then–27 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according to local custom. ...
Elections to the European Parliament were held from June 10, 2004 to June 13, 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according to local custom. ...
Party groups in the European Parliament combine the MEPs from European political parties, informal European political blocs, and independents. ...
The Standing Committees of the European Parliament are designed to aid the European Commission in initiating legislation. ...
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is formally known as the Court of Justice of the European Communities, i. ...
As of August 17, 2006: Categories: | | | ...
The Court of First Instance, created in 1989, is a court of the European Union. ...
European Union Civil Service Tribunal, since December 2, 2005 a new specialised tribunal within the European Union institutional framework. ...
The European Court of Auditors is one of five institutions of the European Union. ...
Headquarters Frankfurt, Germany Established 1 January 1998 President Jean-Claude Trichet Central Bank of Austria, Belgium, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain Currency Euro -ISO 4217 Code EUR Reserves >€4 billion Base borrowing rate 4. ...
The European Investment Bank (the Banque Européenne dInvestissement) is the European Unions financing institution and was established under the Treaty of Rome (1957) to provide loan finance for capital investment furthering European Union policy objectives, in particular regional development, Trans-European Networks of transport, telecommunications and energy...
The European Investment Fund, established in 1994, is a European Union agency for the provision of finance to SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). ...
The European Unions Economic and Social Committee is the consultative assembly of European social and economic partners. This phrase refers mainly to representatives of business, employers and trade unions. ...
The Committee of the Regions (CoR) is an institution of the European Union created by the Treaty of Maastricht. ...
The agencies of the European Union (or decentralised bodies of the European Union) are bodies which are distinct from the European Unions institutions, in that they have not been created by the treaties but rather by acts of secondary legislation, in order to accomplish a very specific task. ...
The French term acquis (or sometimes acquis communautaire) is used in European Union law to refer to the total body of EU law accumulated so far. ...
The European Union legislative procedure describes the way the European Union creates and enacts legislation across the community. ...
The treaties of the European Union are effectively its constitutional law, making up the EUs primary legislation. ...
A directive is a legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. ...
A European Union decision (defined in Article 249/EC) is one of the three binding instruments provide by secondary EU legislation. ...
In European Union Law a recommendation Differs from regulations, directives and decisions, in that they are not binding for Member States. ...
// Origins of the EU History of the European Union European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Euratom Single market. ...
In economics, a monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency among them. ...
The European Union (EU) was originally created by six founding states in 1958 (following the earlier establishment by the same six states of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952), but has grown to its current size of 25 member states. ...
Foreign relations of the European Union Foreign relations of Austria Foreign relations of Belgium Foreign relations of Cyprus Foreign relations of the Czech Republic Foreign relations of Denmark Foreign relations of Estonia Foreign relations of Finland Foreign relations of France Foreign relations of Germany Foreign relations of Greece Foreign relations...
A European political party, formally a political party at European level, sometimes informally (especially in academic circles) a Europarty, is a type of political party organization operating transnationally in Europe. ...
The majority of major political parties in Europe have aligned themselves into the pan-European political organisations listed below. ...
The member-states of the European Union by the European party affiliations of their leaders, as of April, 2006. ...
Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ...
For the political science journal, see: International Organization An international organization (also called intergovernmental organization) is an organization of international scope or character. ...
The stela of King Hammurabi depicts the god Shamash revealing a code of laws to the king. ...
There are three types of Union law:
The whole body of EU law is together called the acquis communautaire, broken into 31 chapters for purposes of accession negotiations. The treaties of the European Union are effectively its constitutional law, making up the EUs primary legislation. ...
A directive is a legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. ...
A European Union decision (defined in Article 249/EC) is one of the three binding instruments provide by secondary EU legislation. ...
In European Union Law a recommendation Differs from regulations, directives and decisions, in that they are not binding for Member States. ...
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is formally known as the Court of Justice of the European Communities, i. ...
The Court of First Instance, created in 1989, is a court of the European Union. ...
The French term acquis (or sometimes acquis communautaire) is used in European Union law to refer to the total body of EU law accumulated so far. ...
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Primary legislation: the treaties
- Main article: Treaties of the European Union
The primary legislation, or treaties, are effectively the constitutional law of the European Union. They lay down the basic policies of the Union, establish its institutional structure, legislative procedures, and the powers of the Union. The treaties that make up the primary legislation include: The treaties of the European Union are effectively its constitutional law, making up the EUs primary legislation. ...
The various annexes and protocols attached to these treaties are also considered a source of primary legislation. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was founded in 1951 (Treaty of Paris), by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands to pool the steel and coal resources of its member-states, thus preventing another European war. ...
The Treaty of Paris, signed on April 18, 1951 between Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which subsequently became part of the European Union. ...
Possible meanings: Energy Efficiency Centre Energy Efficiency in Construction Engineering Education Centre Eurocontrol Experimental Centre European Economic Community, former name of the now-called European Community European Egg Consortium Extended Error Correction, see RAM parity This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational...
The Treaty of Rome signing ceremony Signatures in the Treaty The Treaty of Rome refers to the treaty which established the European Economic Community (EEC) and was signed by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg on March 25, 1957. ...
The European Atomic Energy Community, or EURATOM, is an international organisation composed of the members of the European Union. ...
The Merger Treaty, signed in Brussels on 8 April 1965 and in force since 1 July 1967, first gathered together the organizational structures of the then three European Communities (European Coal and Steel Community, European Economic Community and Euratom). ...
The Single European Act (SEA) was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome. ...
The Maastricht treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht between the members of the European Community and entered into force on 1 November 1993. ...
The Amsterdam Treaty (in full: Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts) which was signed on October 2, 1997, and entered into force on May 1, 1999, made substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union which...
Treaty of Nice The Treaty of Nice is a treaty adopted in Nice by the European Council to amend the two founding treaties of the European Union: the Treaty on European Union, or Maastricht Treaty, which introduced the Euro and the 3-pillar structure of the EU; the Treaty of...
The Treaty of Accession 2003 was the agreement between the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia), concerning these countries accession into the EU. At the same time it changed a number of points which were originally laid down in the...
The Treaty of Accession 2005 was the agreement between the European Union and two countries (Bulgaria and Romania), concerning these countries accession into the EU. At the same time it changed a number of points which were originally laid down in the Treaty of Nice. ...
The heads of state and government of the member states of European Union signed a constitution in 2004, but it subsequently failed to be ratified by the member states. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into European Union. ...
- Treaties and evolution of the structures of the European Union
[edit] The treaties of the European Union are effectively its constitutional law, making up the EUs primary legislation. ...
The constitutional treaty as signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by representatives from all EU Member States The European Union (EU) is a supranational and intergovernmental union of 25 democratic member states. ...
This is the history of the European Union. ...
1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...
1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...
2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...
The constitutional treaty as signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by representatives from all EU Member States The European Union (EU) is a supranational and intergovernmental union of 25 democratic member states. ...
Members of the European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was founded in 1951 (Treaty of Paris), by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands to pool the steel and coal resources of its member-states. ...
The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...
The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...
The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters is the third of the three pillars of the European Union, focusing on co-operation in law enforcement and combating racism. ...
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters is the third of the three pillars of the European Union, focusing on co-operation in law enforcement and combating racism. ...
The Common Foreign and Security Policy or CFSP, german Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (GASP), was established as the second of the three pillars of the European Union in the Maastricht treaty of 1992, and further defined and broadened in the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997. ...
The European Atomic Energy Community, or EURATOM, is an international organisation composed of the members of the European Union. ...
The Treaty of Paris, signed on April 18, 1951 between Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which subsequently became part of the European Union. ...
The Treaty of Rome signing ceremony Signatures in the Treaty The Treaty of Rome refers to the treaty which established the European Economic Community (EEC) and was signed by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg on March 25, 1957. ...
The Merger Treaty, signed in Brussels on 8 April 1965 and in force since 1 July 1967, first gathered together the organizational structures of the then three European Communities (European Coal and Steel Community, European Economic Community and Euratom). ...
The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht between the members of the European Community and entered into force on 1 November 1993, under the Delors Commission. ...
Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty, was signed on...
Treaty of Nice The Treaty of Nice is a treaty adopted in Nice by the European Council to amend the two founding treaties of the European Union: the Treaty on European Union, or Maastricht Treaty, which introduced the Euro and the 3-pillar structure of the EU; the Treaty of...
The constitutional treaty as signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the EU member states The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE), commonly referred to as the European Constitution, is an international treaty intended to create a constitution for the European Union. ...
The Treaty of Maastricht which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas, called pillars. ...
Secondary legislation Secondary legislation include regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and opinions. Delegated legislation (sometimes referred to as secondary legislation or subordinate legislation) is law made by ministers under powers given to them by parliamentary acts (primary legislation) in order to implement and administer the requirements of the acts. ...
A directive is a legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. ...
A European Union decision (defined in Article 249/EC) is one of the three binding instruments provide by secondary EU legislation. ...
In European Union Law a recommendation Differs from regulations, directives and decisions, in that they are not binding for Member States. ...
Secondary legislation also includes interinstitutional agreements, which are agreements made between European Union institutions clarifying their respective powers, especially in budgetary matters. The Parliament, Commission and Council are capable of entering into such agreements. Sign in the entrance of the European Parliament building in Brussels, written in all the official languages used in the European Union as of July 2006 The European Parliament building in Strasbourg The inside of the Strasbourg building The European Parliament building in Brussels The European Parliament (formerly European Parliamentary...
The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ...
The Council of the European Union forms, along with the European Parliament, the legislative arm of the European Union (EU). ...
The classification of legislative acts varies among the First, Second and Third Pillars.
In the case of the first pillar: Secondary legislation is classified based on to whom it is directed, and how it is to be implemented. Regulations and directives bind everyone, while decisions only affect the parties to whom they are addressed (which can be individuals, corporations, or member states). Regulations have direct effect, i.e. they are binding in and of themselves as part of national law, while directives require implementation by national legislation to be effective. However, states that fail or refuse to implement directives as part of national law can be fined by the European Court of Justice.
Directives and regulations can comprise of a mixture of maximum harmonisation and minimum harmonisation clauses, and can be enforced on either a home state or a host state basis. Maximum harmonisation is a term used in European Union law. ...
Minimum harmonisation is a term used in European Union law. ...
Home state regulation is a term used in European Community law relating to the cross border selling or marketing of goods and services. ...
Host state regulation is a term used in European Community law relating to the cross border selling or marketing of goods and services. ...
All EU legislation must be based on a specific treaty article, which is referred to as the "legal basis" of the legislation.
The European Convention's Working Group on Simplification, identified in total 15 legal instruments of the European Union. These, divided in the three pillars of the European Union are the following: The European Convention, sometimes known as the Convention on the Future of Europe, was a body established by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration. ...
The Treaty of Maastricht which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas, called pillars. ...
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| Community Pillar | Common Foreign and Security Policy | Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters | | Regulations
Directives
Decisions
Conventions
The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...
The Common Foreign and Security Policy or CFSP, german Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (GASP), was established as the second of the three pillars of the European Union in the Maastricht treaty of 1992, and further defined and broadened in the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997. ...
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters is the third of the three pillars of the European Union, focusing on co-operation in law enforcement and combating racism. ...
A directive is a legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. ...
A European Union decision (defined in Article 249/EC) is one of the three binding instruments provide by secondary EU legislation. ...
| Principles and general guidelines
Common strategies
Joint actions
Common positions
Decisions
A European Union decision (defined in Article 249/EC) is one of the three binding instruments provide by secondary EU legislation. ...
| Common positions
Framework decisions
Decisions
Conventions A European Union decision (defined in Article 249/EC) is one of the three binding instruments provide by secondary EU legislation. ...
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| | Common: | Recommendations, Opinions | If the planned European Constitution is ratified, these acts will be reduced to only six: EU laws, EU framework laws, decisions, regulations, recommendations and opinions. In European Union Law a recommendation Differs from regulations, directives and decisions, in that they are not binding for Member States. ...
The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, commonly referred to as the European Constitution, is an international treaty intended to create a constitution for the European Union. ...
The European Union is unique among international organizations in having a complex and highly developed system of internal law which has direct effect within the legal systems of its member states. ...
...
Look up decision in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In European Union Law a recommendation Differs from regulations, directives and decisions, in that they are not binding for Member States. ...
Look up Opinion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary An opinion is a persons ideas and thoughts towards something. ...
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Legislative procedures - Main article: European Union legislative procedure
There are three main legislative procedures[1] in the European Union, with the main difference between them being how the European Parliament interacts with the Council of the European Union. The European Union legislative procedure describes the way the European Union creates and enacts legislation across the community. ...
[edit] The codecision procedure is the main legislative procedure by which law can be adopted in the European Community, the first of the three pillars of the European Union. ...
The assent procedure is one of the legislative procedures of the European Community, the 1st of the Three pillars of the European Union. ...
The Consultation procedure is one of the legislative procedures of the European Community, the 1st of the three pillars of the European Union. ...
History and development Initially, the Consultation procedure was the primary interplay of the institutions. Under it, Council must wait (unless it initiates an emergency procedure) for the EP’s opinion before adopting the legislation. This possibility for delay was in the early days the EP’s only weapon.
The role of the European Parliament in this institutional triangle has been gradually strengthened. Major landmarks in this gradual strengthening process have been
The development of law of the European Community has been largely moulded by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). In the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos in 1963, the ECJ ruled that the European Community, through the express will of member states in the treaty, "constitutes a new legal order of international law for the benefit of which the states have limited their sovereign rights albeit within limited fields." The Cooperation procedure was one of the legislative procedures of the European Community, the 1st of the three pillars of the European Union. ...
The Single European Act (SEA) was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome. ...
The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht between the members of the European Community and entered into force on 1 November 1993, under the Delors Commission. ...
The Amsterdam Treaty (in full: Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts) which was signed on October 2, 1997, and entered into force on May 1, 1999, made substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union which...
Treaty of Nice The Treaty of Nice is a treaty adopted in Nice by the European Council to amend the two founding treaties of the European Union: the Treaty on European Union, or Maastricht Treaty, which introduced the Euro and the 3-pillar structure of the EU; the Treaty of...
The distinction between European Community (EC) law and European Union law is that based on the treaty structure of the European Union. The European Community constitutes one of the 'three pillars' of the European Union and concerns the social and economic foundations of the single market. The second and the third pillars were created by the Treaty of the European Union (the Maastricht Treaty) and involve Common Security and Defence Policy and Internal Security. Decision making under the second and third pillars is not subject to majority voting at present. The Maastricht Treaty created the Justice and Home Affairs pillar as the third pillar. Subsequently, the Treaty of Amsterdam transferred the areas of illegal immigration, visas, asylum, and judicial co-operation to the European Community (the first pillar). Now Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters is the third pillar. Justice and Home Affairs now refers both to the fields that have been transferred to the EC and the third pillar. The Treaty of Maastricht which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas, called pillars. ...
Several principles such as subsidiarity, proportionality, the principle of conferral, and the precautionary principle have become prominent in the development of European Union law. Scholars such as Catherine Barnard argue that the Four Freedoms form the substantive law of the EU: free movement of goods, services, capital, and labour within the internal market of the EU. Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be handled by the smallest (or, the lowest) competent authority. ...
This article is about proportionality, the political maxim. ...
The principle of conferral is a fundamental principle of European Union law. ...
The precautionary principle, a phrase first used in English circa 1988, is the idea that if the consequences of an action are unknown, but are judged to have some potential for major or irreversible negative consequences, then it is better to avoid that action. ...
In European Union law, the Four Freedoms (sometimes the Four Liberties) are the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labour within the internal market of the European Union. ...
Substantive law is the statutory or written law that governs rights and obligations of those who are subject to it. ...
A good in economics is any object or service that, upon consumption, increases utility, and therefore can be sold at a price in a market. ...
In economics and marketing, a service is the non-material equivalent of a good. ...
In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has an alternative meaning based on an alternative sense of capital) is the principal city or town associated with its government. ...
In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is a measure of the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. ...
A single market is a customs union with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of all the four factors of production (goods, services, capital and labour). ...
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Precedence It has been ruled several times by the European Court of Justice that EU law is superior to state laws, and even state constitutions. In some cases this is "hard-coded" into the constitutions themselves. For example, the Irish Constitution contains a clause, which specifies as follows: The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is formally known as the Court of Justice of the European Communities, i. ...
No provision of this Constitution invalidates laws enacted, acts done or measures adopted by the State which are necessitated by the obligations of membership of the European Union or of the Communities, or prevents laws enacted, acts done or measures adopted by the European Union or by the Communities or by institutions thereof, or by bodies competent under the Treaties establishing the Communities, from having the force of law in the State
Which effectively exempts EU law, or EU law requirements from being compliant with the constitution (although they generally are, anyway).
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See also [edit] The Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Company of the European Union (adopted October 8, 2001; OJ L 294, 10 November 2001, pp. ...
The Community Patent, also known as the European Community Patent or EC patent, is a patent law measure being debated within the European Union, which would allow individuals and companies to obtain a unitary patent throughout the European Union. ...
The legal term Corpus Juris means body of law. It was originally used by the Romans for several of their collections of all the laws in a certain field. ...
The French term acquis (or sometimes acquis communautaire) is used in European Union law to refer to the total body of EU law accumulated so far. ...
Competition law is one of the areas of authority of the European Union. ...
Direct effect is a principle of European Union Law stating that European regulations have a direct effect on EU citizens and on the laws of the member states. ...
Indirect effect is a principle of European Union Law stating that EU directives can disapply the laws of member states under certain circumstances. ...
Incidental effect is a concept in European Union Law that links the indirect effect of EU directives to suits against individuals. ...
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is a document containing human rights provisions, solemnly proclaimed by the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, and the European Commission in December 2000. ...
The full title of this directive is Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. ...
Gold-plating is a term relating to European Union law, used particularly in the UK. Gold-plating refers to the practise of national bodies exceeding the terms of European Community directives when implementing them into national law. ...
Maximum harmonisation is a term used in European Union law. ...
Minimum harmonisation is a term used in European Union law. ...
Home state regulation is a term used in European Community law relating to the cross border selling or marketing of goods and services. ...
Host state regulation is a term used in European Community law relating to the cross border selling or marketing of goods and services. ...
In European Union law, the Four Freedoms (sometimes the Four Liberties) are the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labour within the internal market of the European Union. ...
EUR-Lex is a service on the official website of the European Union. ...
EudraLex is the collection of rules and regulations governing medicinal products in the European Union. ...
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