European White Elm
European White Elm in winter
Conservation status
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Ulmaceae Genus: Ulmus Species: U. laevis
Binomial name
Ulmus laevis Pall.
Synonyms
Ulmus ciliata Ehrh. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (972x1296, 1075 KB) Elm tree @ Llandegfan , probably Ulmus laevis File links The following pages link to this file: European White Elm Wikipedia:Recent additions 30 ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Image File history File links Status_iucn3. ... Least Concern (LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ... Families Barbeyaceae Cannabaceae (hemp family) Dirachmaceae Elaeagnaceae Moraceae (mulberry family) Rosaceae (rose family) Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) Ulmaceae (elm family) Urticaceae (nettle family) For the Philippine municipality, see Rosales, Pangasinan. ... Genera Celtis - Hackberries Planera - Water-elm Ulmus - Elms Zelkova - Zelkovas Ulmaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes elms, hackberries and zelkovas. ... Species See text. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming species. ... Peter Simon Pallas (September 22, 1741 - September 8, 1811) was a German-born Russian zoologist. ... In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ... Ulmus effusa Willd., Loudon, Willkomm, Fliche Ulmus laevis var. celtidea Rogowicz Ulmus laevis var. simplicidens (E. Wolf) Grudz. Ulmus octandra Schkuhr Ulmus pedunculata Foug. Ulmus racemosa (not Thomas), Borkh.

The European White Elm Ulmus laevis Pall. (European White Elm, Fluttering Elm, Spreading Elm, (USA) Russian Elm) is a large tree native to Europe, from France northeast to southern Finland, and southeast to Bulgaria and the Crimea; there is also a disjunct population in the Caucasus. Essentially a riparian species, it is most commonly encountered along rivers such as the Volga and Danube. It is the only elm tolerant of waterlogged ground, its massive shallow root system forming distinctive high buttresses around the base of the trunk. The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) on the map of Ukraine. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge  ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, Iranian *dānu, meaning river or stream, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river in the European Union and Europes second longest river. ...

Like other European elms, it has little innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, but is eschewed by the vector bark beetles and only rarely becomes infected. Research published in the Canadian Journal of Forest Research has indicated that it is the presence of certain organic compounds, such as triterpenes and sterols, that serves to make the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease. Its decline in Europe is chiefly owing to woodland clearance in river valleys. Species See Elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees making up the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan. ... Branch death, or Flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ... Many terpenes are derived from conifer resins, here a pine. ... Sterols are a subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring. ...

European White Elm leaves and seeds

European White Elm flowers; note the long stems

Similar in stature to the Wych Elm, it typically reaches a height of over 30m and a trunk diameter of up to 2 m. The leaves are deciduous, alternate, simple ovate with a lop-sided base, < 10 cm long and < 7 cm broad, rough above, and downy underneath. The flowers appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 15-30 together; they are 3-4 mm across on 20 mm long stems, have no petals and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a winged samara 15 mm long and 10 mm broad with a single round 5 mm seed maturing in late spring. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1254x1524, 1003 KB) Foliage and developing fruits of Elm (Ulmus sp. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1254x1524, 1003 KB) Foliage and developing fruits of Elm (Ulmus sp. ... Download high resolution version (1296x972, 251 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1296x972, 251 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial nomenclature Ulmus glabra Huds. ... “Foliage” redirects here. ... Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off) and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally. ... A Phalaenopsis flower Rudbeckia fulgida A flower, (<Old French flo(u)r<Latin florem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Maple samara or key A samara is a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...

The tree is distinguished from other European elms by the long flower stems, and is most closely related to the American Elm U. americana, from which it differs mainly in the irregular crown shape and frequent small sprout stems on the trunk. The species was never widely introduced to the USA, but is represented at several arboreta; there is also a notable specimen in Portland, Oregon. In the Far East, the tree has been planted in Xinjiang and elsewhere in Northern China; planting in Tongliao City is known to have been particularly successful. The tree is not known to have been introduced to Australasia. Examples in the UK are few and far between, but sometimes of great age. Several old trees survive amid diseased native elm near Torpoint in Cornwall [1]; others are found in Edinburgh, London (Peckham and Tooting), Brighton & Hove, and near St. Albans, Hertfordshire. A particularly fine tree stands in the village of Alfriston, East Sussex. However, in recent years, the tree has enjoyed a small renaissance in England. A popular larval host plant of the White-letter Hairstreak Satyrium w-album butterfly across Europe, the elm is now being planted by Butterfly Conservation and other groups to restore local populations decimated by the effects of Dutch elm disease on native or archaeophytic elms. The Cheshire Wildlife Trust, for example, is to plant 1,000 White Elms on its reserves [2] in the Vale Royal district of the county. Binomial name Ulmus americana L. The American Elm Ulmus americana is a species of elm native to eastern North America, occurring from Nova Scotia west to southeast Saskatchewan, and south to Florida and central Texas. ... Nickname: Location in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Coordinates: Country United States State Oregon County Multnomah County Incorporated February 8, 1851 Government  - Mayor Tom Potter Area  - City  145. ... Official language(s) (none)[1] Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 9th  - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 2. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... Tongliao (&#36890;&#36797;) is a city with more than 324,300 inhabitants (as of 31st of December of 2001) in the East of Inner Mongolia in the Peoples Republic of China. ... Australasia Australasia is a term variably used to describe a region of Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. ... Torpoint (Cornish: Penntorr) is a town in the far South East of Cornwall, United Kingdom, separated from the City of Plymouth by a stretch of water referred to as the Hamoaze, which itself is the mouth of the River Tamar. ... Cornwall (pronounced ; Cornish: ) is a county in south-west England, United Kingdom, on the peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar and Devon. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Peckham is an area of London in the London Borough of Southwark, located 3. ... Tooting is a suburb in the London Borough of Wandsworth in south London. ... Brighton & Hove (or Brighton and Hove) is a unitary authority and city on the south coast of England. ... St Albans (thus spelt, no apostrophe or dot) is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35. ... Alfriston is a village and civil parish in the East Sussex district of Wealden, on the River Cuckmere, about four miles north-east of Seaford. ... East Sussex is a county in South East England. ... Binomial name Satyrium w-album (Knoch, 1782) The White-Letter Hairstreak (Satyrium w-album) is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. ... Butterfly Conservation is an insect conservation organization in the United Kingdom. ... The Cheshire Wildlife Trust is a wildlife trust covering the county of Cheshire, England. ... Vale Royal is a local government district and borough in Cheshire, North West England. ...

European White Elm, Alfriston, East Sussex, UK (2006)

Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 342 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I (Peter Bourne) am the author and the picture is from my collection. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 342 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I (Peter Bourne) am the author and the picture is from my collection. ...

Cultivars

Compared with the other European species U. glabra and U. minor, U. laevis has received scant horticultural attention, there being only five recorded cultivars, none of which are known to survive (2006): Aureo-Variegata, Colorans, Ornata, Punctata, Urticaefolia. The European White Elm cultivar Aureo-Variegata was mentioned by Schelle in Beissner et al. ... The European White Elm cultivar Colorans was listed by Kirchner in Petzold & Kirchner 559, 1864 as var. ... The European White Elm cultivar Ornata was erroneously identified by Carriere as in 554, 1858. ... The European White Elm cultivar Punctata was first mentioned by Schelle in Beissner et al. ... The European White Elm cultivar Urticaefolia was raised by Jacques as a chance seedling in 1830, and propagated by grafting. ...

Hybrid cultivars

Unlike the other European species, laevis does not hybridize naturally, and the few reported instances of artificial hybridization in the 19th century are now regarded with suspicion.

Arboreta etc. accessions

North America

• Arnold Arboretum, acc. nos. 17910, 637-79, 6951, 753-80.
• Brenton Arboretum, Dallas Center, Iowa. No details available.
• Dominion Arboretum, Canada. No details available
• Longwood Gardens, acc. nos. 1964-0568, 1964-1119.
• Morton Arboretum acc. nos. 1302-27, 446-48, 492-64, 27-98.

The Arnold Arboretum is one of the worlds finest research arboretums. ... The Brenton Arboretum 121 acres (490,000 m²) is a new arboretum and botanical garden in early stages of development, located at 2629 Palo Circle, Dallas Center, Iowa, USA. The Arboretum aims to display all Iowa native trees and shrubs suitable to the site, as well as many other tree... Dallas Center is a city in Dallas County, Iowa, USA. The population was 1,595 at the 2000 census. ... Official language(s) English Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Area  Ranked 26th  - Total 56,272 sq mi (145,743 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 199 miles (320 km)  - % water 0. ... The Dominion Arboretum is an arboretum located in the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ... One of the premiere botanical gardens in the United States, Longwood Gardens consists of 1,050 acres (4. ... The main entrance to the arboretum. ...

Europe

• Brighton & Hove City Council, UK, NCCPG Elm Collection.
• Copenhagen University, Botanic Garden. No details available.
• ELTE Botanic Garden Budapest, acc. nos. 1998-0718, 1998-0719.
• Great Fontley Farm, Fareham, UK, acc. nos. Platts 4, 5.
• Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia acc. nos. 18136, 18140.
• Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK, acc. nos. 1969-17302, 1973-11712.
• Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, UK, acc. no. 1973-21048.
• Royal Horticultural Society Gardens, Wisley, UK. No details available.
• Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, UK, acc. no. 1981-2446.
• Thenford House arboretum, Oxfordshire, UK. No details available.

Brighton & Hove (or Brighton and Hove) is a unitary authority and city on the south coast of England. ... The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens (NCCPG) was founded as a registered charity in 1978 to combine the talents of botanists, horticulturalists and conservationists with the dedication of keen amateur and professional gardeners, in order to: encourage the propagation and conservation of endangered garden plants in... University of Copenhagen The University of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Universitet) is the oldest and largest university and research institution in Copenhagen, Denmark. ... Arms of Fareham Borough Council Fareham Creek today, looking towards Gosport The market town of Fareham lies in the south east of Hampshire, England, between the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth, roughly in the centre of the South Hampshire conurbation. ... Salaspils (population 21,106 in the census of 2000, known as Kirchholm until 1917), is a town 18 km south-east of Riga in Latvia, on the western bank of Daugava river. ... The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew are extensive gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond upon Thames and Kew in southwest London. ... The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew are extensive gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond upon Thames and Kew in southwest London. ... Wakehurst Place Garden is a garden located in Ardingly, West Sussex in southern England. ... The Royal Horticultural Society was founded in 1804 as the London Horticultural Society, and gained its present name in a Royal Charter granted in 1861 by Prince Albert. ... Wisley, England is a small village in Surrey, between Cobham and Ripley. ... The Sir Harold Hillier Gardens are claimed to accommodate the worlds largest arboretum comprising 75 hectares filled with over 42,000 trees and shrubs, notably the collection of camellia, magnolia and rhododendron. ...

Nurseries

North America

None known

Europe

• Chiltern Seeds [3], Ulverston, Cumbria, UK
• Crown Nursery [4], Ufford, Suffolk, UK
• Dulford Nurseries [5], Cullompton, Devon, UK
• Thornhayes Nursery [6], Cullompton, Devon, UK
• UmbraFlor [7], Spello, Italy

References

• Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London.
• Brookes, A. H. (2006). An evaluation of disease-resistant hybrid and exotic elms as larval host plants for the White-letter Hairstreak Satyrium w-album, Part 1 [8]. Butterfly Conservation. Lulworth, UK.
• Collin, E., Bilger, I., Eriksson, G., & Turok, J. (2000). The conservation of elm genetic resources in Europe. In Dunn, C. P. (Ed.) (2000). The elms: breeding, conservation & disease management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
• Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. pp 1848-1929. Private publication. [9]
• Martín-Benito D., Concepción García-Vallejo M., Alberto Pajares J., López D. 2005. Triterpenes in elms in Spain. Can. J. For. Res. 35: 199–205 (2005). [10]
• More D. & White, J. (2003). The Trees of Britain & Northern Europe, Cassell's, London.

External links

• http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD110E/AD110E01.htm Flora of the Korqin Sandy Lands, China.
• http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Pdf/921.pdf Ecology of the European White Elm
• http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/cheshire/news_white_letter_hairstreak.htm The Vale Royal White-letter Hairstreak Project, Cheshire Wildlife Trust, UK