European Black Pine Conservation status: Secure
European Black Pine in the wild in SW Turkey
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Pinus Subgenus: Pinus Species: P. nigra
Binomial name
Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold

The European Black Pine Pinus nigra (generally called Black Pine in Europe), is a variable species of pine, occurring across southern Europe from Spain to the Crimea, and also in Asia Minor, Cyprus, and locally in the Atlas Mountains of northwest Africa. It is found at elevations ranging from sea level to 2,000 m, most commonly from 250-1,600 m. Pinus nigra in southwest Turkey. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Families Pinaceae, pine family Araucariaceae, araucaria family Podocarpaceae, yellow-wood family Phyllocladaceae Sciadopityaceae, umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae, cypress family Cephalotaxaceae, plum-yew family Taxaceae, yew family The Order Pinales in the Division Pinophyta, Class Pinopsida comprises all the extant conifers. ... Genera Subfamily Pinoideae     Pinus - pines (about 115 species) Subfamily Piceoideae     Picea - spruces (about 35 species) Subfamily Laricoideae     Cathaya (one species)     Larix - larches (about 14 species)     Pseudotsuga - douglas-firs (five species) Subfamily Abietoideae     Abies - firs (about 50 species)     Cedrus - cedars (two to four species)     Pseudolarix - golden larch (one species)     Keteleeria (three... Species About 115. ... There are three main subgenera of Pinus, the subgenus Strobus (White pines or soft pines), the subgenus Ducampopinus (Pinyon, Bristlecone and Lacebark pines), and the subgenus Pinus (Typical pines, or yellow or hard pines). ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is a standard convention used for naming species. ... Species About 115. ... A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... The Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukrainian transliteration: Avtonomna Respublika Krym, Ukrainian: Автономна Республіка Крим, Russian: Автономная Республика Крым, pronounced cry-MEE-ah in English) is a peninsula and an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... The Atlas Mountains are a mountain range in northwest Africa extending about 2400 km (1500 miles) through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, and including The Rock of Gibraltar. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ...

European Black Pine cone

It is a large tree, growing to 20-55 m tall at maturity. The bark is grey to yellow-brown, and is widely split by flaking fissures into scaly plates, becoming increasingly fissured with age. The leaves ("needles") are in fascicles of two, dark green, and 8-20 cm long. The ovulate and pollen cones appear from May to June. The mature seed cones are 5-10 cm long, with rounded scales; they ripen from green to pale yellow-buff in September to November 18 months after pollination. The winged seeds are wind-dispersed when the cones open from December to April. Sexual maturity is reached at 15-40 years; large seed crops are produced at 2-5 year intervals. It is moderately fast growing (30-70 cm/year) and usually has a rounded conic form, becoming irregular with age; it is fairly long lived, with some trees probably over 500 years old. It is intolerant of shade and needs full sun to grow well, but is resistant to snow and ice damage. Download high resolution version (612x726, 176 KB)cam-cordered myself Species is European Black Pine (Pinus nigra) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (612x726, 176 KB)cam-cordered myself Species is European Black Pine (Pinus nigra) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth A tree can be defined as a large, perennial, woody plant. ... This article is about the month of May. ... June is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... September is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with the length of 30 days. ... November is the eleventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with the length of 30 days. ... December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ...

The species is divided into two subspecies, each further subdivided into three varieties:

• Pinus nigra subsp. nigra in the east of the range, from Austria and north-east of Italy, east to the Crimea and Turkey
  
  • Pinus nigra subsp. nigra var. nigra Austrian Pine
    
  • Pinus nigra subsp. nigra var. caramanica Turkish Black Pine
    
  • Pinus nigra subsp. nigra var. pallasiana Crimean Pine
    
• Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii in the west of the range, from peninsular Italy to Spain and north Africa
  
  • Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii var. salzmannii Cevennes Black Pine
    
  • Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii var. corsicana (a.k.a. subsp. laricio) Corsican Pine
    
  • Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii var. mauretanica Atlas Mts Black Pine
    

In Europe and Asia Minor trees usually associated with this species include Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), Serbian Spruce (Picea omorika), Bosnian Pine (P. heldreichii), Norway Spruce (Picea abies), Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani), European Silver Fir (Abies alba) and related firs, several species of juniper (Juniperus spp.), and various broadleaf trees. Africa is the worlds second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... Binomial name Pinus sylvestris L. The Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris; family Pinaceae) is a common tree ranging from Great Britain and Spain east to eastern Siberia and the Caucasus Mountains, and as far north as Lapland. ... Binomial name Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk. ... Binomial name Pinus heldreichii H. Christ The Bosnian Pine (Pinus heldreichii, synonym ; family Pinaceae) is a species of pine that occurs in the mountains of southeastern Europe, in southwestern Bulgaria, Bosnia, Albania, Macedonia, Greece (south to Italy, growing at 900-2,500 m altitude. ... Binomial name Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. ... Binomial name Cedrus libani A. Rich. ... Binomial name Abies alba Mill. ... Species See text. ... Species 50-55 species; see text. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ...

The wood is similar to that of Scots Pine and Red Pine (P. resinosa), being is moderately hard and straight-grained. It does however tend to be rougher, softer, and not as strong, due to its faster growth. It is used for general construction, fuel, and in paper manufacture. Binomial name Pinus resinosa The Red Pine (Pinus resinosa), is a North American pine, occurring from Newfoundland west to southeast Manitoba, and south to northern Illinois and Pennsylvania, with a small outlying population in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. ... For the workstation, see SGI Fuel. ... Piece of paper Paper is a thin, flat material produced by the compression of fibres. ...

Different provenances (seed sources by geographic area) or varieties are adapted to different soil types: Austrian and Pyrenees origins grow well on a wide range of soil types, Corsican pine grows poorly on limestone, while Turkish and Crimean origins grow well on limestone. Most provenances also show good growth on podzolic soils. The eastern subsp. nigra exhibits greater winter frost hardiness (hardy to below -30°C) than the western subsp. salzmannii (hardy to about -25°C). Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... Capital Ajaccio Area 8,680 km² Regional President Camille de Rocca-Serra Population  - 2004 estimate  - 1999 census  - Density 272,000 260,196 30/km² Arrondissements 5 Cantons 52 Communes 360 Départements Corse-du-Sud Haute-Corse Corsica (Corsican: Corsica; French: Corse) is the fourth largest country in the Mediterranean Sea... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... The Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukrainian transliteration: Avtonomna Respublika Krym, Ukrainian: Автономна Республіка Крим, Russian: Автономная Республика Крым, pronounced cry-MEE-ah in English) is a peninsula and an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea. ... Podsol (also spelled Podzol) is the typical soil of Boreal forests. ...

In the United States, European Black Pine is of little importance as a timber species. It is planted mainly for shelterbelts, as a street tree, and as an ornamental. It is recommended for windbreaks in the Northern Great Plains on medium to deep moist or upland soils. Its value as a street tree is largely due to its resistance to salt spray (from road de-icing salt) and various industrial pollutants (including ozone), and its intermediate drought tolerance. Most of the European Black Pine planted in the United States is from Austrian sources. It has become naturalized in a few areas of the United States. Timber Timber is a term used to describe clusters of trees. ... Ozone (O3) is an allotrope of oxygen, the molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms instead of the more stable diatomic O2. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has more media related to:

Pinus nigra

• Gymnosperm Database: Pinus nigra
• photos of trees in the wild in SW Turkey
• FEIS database (US govt) (parts of the text above excerpted from here; further details may be found here)