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History of Arizona
European Colonization
Spanish Period
Mexican Period
Territorial Period
The Depression and World Wars

Modern colonization of Arizona starts with the arrivals of Europeans in 1528. Prior to this time there were migrations of people in and out of this region. These new arrivals undoubtedly brought different tools, plants and cultures that impacted the various peoples who were already residing in Arizona, just as their European counterparts did later in history. European colonization can be broken down into four politically defined time frames: Spanish, Mexican, Territorial and Recent. Image File history File links Flag_of_Arizona. ... The first Native Americans arrived in Arizona between 16,000 BC and 10,000 BCE, while the history of Arizona as recorded by Europeans began when Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan, explored the area in 1539. ... Although the Spanish did not yet have towns for themselves, in the late 1600s colonists began steadily entering the region, attracted by the recent discovery of deposits of silver around the Arizonac mining camp. ... In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain after a decade of war. ... For the Confederate States of America territory, see Arizona Territory (CSA). ... yousuckbuttIn 1912, women in Arizona gained the right to vote, and in 1917, World War I brought an economic boom to Arizona. ...

Spanish

Although the first European visitors to Arizona may have come in 1528, the most influential expeditions in early Spanish Arizona were those of Marcos de Niza and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. The accounts of the early Spanish explorers with large mythical cities such as Cíbola, and large mineral deposits of copper and silver, would attract settlers and miners to the region in later years. The explorations led to the Columbian Exchange in Arizona and widespread epidemics of smallpox among the Native Americans. This was left by Marcos de Niza in 1539 at what is now Phoenix South_Mountain_Park Marcos de Niza (c. ... Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861-1909 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (c. ... For the real places of this name, see Cibola, Arizona and Cibola County, New Mexico. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... Inca-era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples, such as quinua and potatoes, alongside wheat, a European import. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ...

Early Franciscans and Jesuits in Arizona also set up numerous missions such as San Xavier del Bac around the area to convert the Native Americans. The missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino in particular traveled around the Pimería Alta, exchanging gifts and catechizing the natives, who were then used as scouts for the purpose of learning developing events on the frontier. In 1680, the Pueblo Revolt drove Spaniards temporarily from northern New Mexico, but the area was reconquered in 1694. Franciscans is the common name used to designate a variety of mendicant religious orders of men or women tracing their origin to Francis of Assisi and following the Rule of St. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... San Xavier del Bac (Papago Va:k) is a historic Spanish mission about 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown Tucson, Arizona on the Tohono Oodham Reservation. ... Bronze by Suzanne Silvercruys. ... Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ... 1680-The Pueblo Revolt, by George Chacón, Taos Mural Project The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or Popés Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico. ... Official language(s) None Spoken language(s) English 68. ... Events February 6 - The colony Quilombo dos Palmares is destroyed. ...

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange describes the exchange of crops, animals and diseases between the European and American continents. For example, the introduction of new types of livestock substantially affected the culture and environment in Arizona. In 1541, Eurpeans reported that southern plains Native Americans traveled by foot, their belongings were pulled by dogs. A hundred years later, the Navajo had incorporated horses into their way of life and were learning about sheep, and by the 1800's had vast flocks. The exchange of Old World animals and plants caused greater and more widespread changes than those of individual European military, religious figures, and conquistadors' explorations. Inca-era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples, such as quinua and potatoes, alongside wheat, a European import. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861-1909 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (c. ... For other uses, see Old World (disambiguation). ... A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ...

Wheat crops that the Pimas irrigated came from seed introduced by missionaries like Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the major Pima food crops had been corn, beans, and squash. Those could only be grown during spring and summer months when frosts were not a danger. Wheat, on the other hand, could be sown in December and harvested in June, enabling the Pimas to farm year-round. That allowed them to live in larger, more permanent settlements, a crucial defensive measure against their enemies. Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ... Bronze by Suzanne Silvercruys. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... This article is on the plant. ... Species - hubbard squash, buttercup squash - cushaw squash C. moschata- butternut squash C. pepo- most pumpkins, acorn squash, summer squash References: ITIS 223652002-11-06 Hortus Third Squashes are four species of the genus Cucurbita, also called pumpkins and marrows depending on variety or the nationality of the speaker. ... Frost on black pipes Frost is a solid deposition of water vapor from saturated air. ...

One of the most devastating consequences of the Columbian Exchange happened at a microbial level. Because many of the Asian, African, and European diseases originated in animals, especially those that had lived in herds, they had developed relatively successful adaptations to them. The exchange produced smallpox, measles, distemper, rinderpest, and constantly mutating strains of influenza. Smallpox first broke out in the Caribbean in 1518. Two years later it spread to Mexico and became a pandemic, sapping the strength of the Aztec, Tarascan, and Incan empires. Indian populations drastically declined by 66 to 95 percent during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. Because no Europeans lived among the Arizonan Indians for much of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the documentary record remains largely mute. A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Categories: Animal stubs | Animal behaviour | Social psychology ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ... Rinderpest (RP) is a inflectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and some species of wildlife, it is commonly reffered to as cattle plague. ... Flu redirects here. ... West Indies redirects here. ... Events A plague of tropical fire ants devastates crops on Hispaniola. ... For other uses, see Pandemic (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Aztec (disambiguation). ... Tarascan men reeling cord for nets & making nets, 1899. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

Early Spanish Expeditions

The Coronado Expedition 1540–1542.

The first visitors from the Old World may have been Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and his three companions, including a North African named Estevan. Shipwrecked off the Gulf coast of what is now Texas in 1528, the shipwrecked ones survived as slaves and shamans before trekking across half the continent. Some scholars believe they crossed Texas into New Mexico, nicking the southeastern corner of Arizona, before turning south into Sonora. Others argue they took a more southern route through Coahuila and Chihuahua. Regardless of where they went, they heard stories of Indian kingdoms to the north "where there were towns of great population and great houses." When they finally ran into a Spanish slaving party north of Culiacáb, Sinaloa, eight years later, they and their tales reached Mexico City. These stories launched the first documented penetrations of Arizona. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1230x532, 135 KB) The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1230x532, 135 KB) The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542. ... Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (c. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | North Africa ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Events June 19 - Battle of Landriano - A French army in Italy under Marshal St. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... Specifically, Shaman (saman) is a term in Evenk, Manchu and other Manchu-Tungus languages for an intellectual and spiritual figure; who usually possess power and influence on other peoples in the tribe and performs several functions, one of which is analogous to the function of a healer in other cultures. ... Animated, colour-coded map showing the various continents. ... A scholar is either a student or someone who has achieved a mastery of some academic discipline. ... Coahuila (formal name: Coahuila de Zaragoza) is one of Mexicos 31 component states. ... THEY SUC |native_name = |nickname = Lady of the Desert |settlement_type = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = Mexico stateflags Chihuahua. ... Location within Mexico Municipalities of Sinaloa Country Mexico Capital Municipalities 18 Government  - Governor Jesús Alberto Aguilar Padilla  - Federal Deputies PRI: 6 PAN: 2  - Federal Senators PRI: 2 PAN: 1 Area Ranked 18th  - Total 58,238 km² (22,485. ... Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ...

Fray Marcos de Niza led the initial expedition. Because Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza wanted to find his own Tenochitlán while keeping rival Hernán Cortés at bay, the Franciscan and his guide, Estevan, slipped quietly out of Mexico City and up the coast of New Spain. Estevan plunged up ahead and traveled as far north as the Zuni pueblos. He died after being wounded by Zuni arrows. Fray Marcos claimed to have followed in Estevan's footsteps until he came to a hill across from the Zuni pueblo of Cíbola, which he described as "larger than the city of Mexico." A number of researchers question whether he left the Sonora at all. They agree with Coronado, who called Fray Marcos a liar. This was left by Marcos de Niza in 1539 at what is now Phoenix South_Mountain_Park Marcos de Niza (c. ... Don Antonio de Mendoza, conde de Tendilla, was the first Viceroy of New Spain, serving from 1535 - 1550. ... Hernán(do) Cortés Pizarro, 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (1485–December 2, 1547) was the conquistador who became famous for leading the military expedition that initiated the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... The Zuni (also spelled Zuñi) or Ashiwi are a Native American tribe, one of the Pueblo peoples, most of whom live in the Pueblo of Zuñi on the Zuni River, a tributary of the Little Colorado River, in western New Mexico. ... For the real places of this name, see Cibola, Arizona and Cibola County, New Mexico. ...

Regardless, Fray Marcos's description of Cíbola, just one of seven cities he called the "greatest and best" of all Spanish discoveries in the New World, triggered the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado in 1540. Governor of Nueva Galicia in western Mexico, Coronado led more than 300 Spaniards, including at least three women, and more than a thousand Indians on a path that took them from southern Nayarit to central Kansas, with the excursions of his lieutenants extending his own travels. Melchor Díaz crossed the Colorado River into California. Pedro de Tovar fought a battle with the Hopi Indians. García López de Cárdenas became the first European to see the Grand Canyon. Hernando de Alarcón sailed up the Gulf of California and navigated the shoals of Colorado. Coronando's party made the first systematic European exploration of the Southwest. Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861-1909 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (c. ... Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... Nueva Galicia (New Galicia) was a region of New Spain. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 20 Government  - Governor Ney González Sánchez (PRI)  - Federal Deputies PRI: 2 PRD: 1  - Federal Senators PRI: 2 PRD: 1 Area Ranked 23rd  - State 26,979 km²  (10,416. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... A Lieutenant is a military or paramilitary officer. ... Moki redirects here. ... Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón, a Spanish navigator of the 16th century, noted for having led an early expedition to the peninsula of Baja California, meant to be coordinated with Francisco Vasquéz de Coronados overland expedition, and for penetrating the lower Colorado River, perhaps as far as the... The Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez or Sea of Cortés; locally known in the Spanish language as Mar de Cortés or, much less frequently, Golfo de California) is a body of water that separates the Baja California Peninsula from the Mexican mainland. ...

With the exception of Alarcón, who inquired the Yuman-speaking Indians along the Colorado about their methods of curing, their sexual practices, and their chronic warfare with one another, most members of the Coronado expedition showed little interest in the Native Americans of Arizona. There has been much disagreement about their route through the state because archaeological evidence has been lacking. Historian Herbert Eugene Bolton and geographer Carl Sauer believed that they ascended the San Pedro River, but Charles DiPeso argued that they crossed into Arizona near the modern town of Douglas. There is now significant archaeological evidence to corroborate Coronado's passage through Arizona (Brasher 2007; Seymour 2008). The Yuman people are a group of Native American ethnic groups in the same language and cultural group as the Quechan (formerly known as Yuma). ... In polymer chemistry and Process Engineering, curing refers to the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains, brought about by chemical additives, ultraviolet radiation or heat. ... Sexual behavior is a form of physical intimacy that may be directed to reproduction (one possible goal of sexual intercourse) and/or to the enjoyment of activity involving sexual gratification. ... For other uses, see War (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Historian (disambiguation). ... Carl Ortwin Sauer (December 24, 1889-July 18, 1975) was an American geographer. ... The San Pedro River is a south to north running river, flowing from the northern Mexico state of Sonora, 140 miles north where it meets with the Gila River in south central Arizona. ... Douglas is a city in Cochise County, Arizona, USA. Douglas has a border crossing with Mexico and a history of mining. ...

Coronado's failure to find great cities of gold and silver put an end to Spanish designs on the region for the next forty years. No other Europeans entered Arizona until the 1580s, and then they came from New Mexico, not Sonora. The fortunes being made in Zacatecas, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi were much greater than those imagined in the fantasy of Cíbola, and because of those great silver strikes, Mexico's source of prosperity remained in the south. GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Events and Trends The beginnings of the Golden Age of Literature in England Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland as Englands first overseas colony in 1583 Francis Drake had come back from going around the world, bringing back with him many treasures. ... Zacatecas is a city in Mexico, the capital of the state of Zacatecas. ... A view of downtown Guanajuato from one of its many hills. ... San Luis Potosí is the name of a city and a state in Mexico. ...

In 1583, Antonio de Espejo led nine soldiers and more than a hundred Zunis on a search for precious metals through the north central part of the state. Espejo traded with the Hopis and claimed their territory for Phillip II of Spain. He also discovered silver and copper deposits in the vicinity of Jerome, east of Prescott. Both actions rekindled Spanish curiosity about Arizona, but neither resulted in a permanent Spanish presence. 1583 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... Antonio de Espejo was a Spanish naturalist and explorer who conducted an expedition into New Mexico and Arizona in 1582-1583. ... For alternative meanings see metal (disambiguation). ... Philip II of Spain (1527 – September 13, 1598), King of Spain (r. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... Jerome is a town in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. ... Prescott (pronounced by some locals as press-kit instead of press-cot) is a city in Yavapai County, Arizona, USA. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 40,360. ...

An expedition of more far-reaching consequences was Juan de Oñate's colonization of northern New Mexico in 1598. Oñate and his large party of men, women, and livestock left the mining communities of southern Chihuahua in late January of that year. By November the Spaniards were in Hopi territory, chasing after the ore Espejo had discovered. The northern Arizona winter drove them back to the Zuni pueblos and eventually to the Rio Grande. Oñate therefore commissioned one of his captains, Marcos Farfán de los Godos, to search for the minerals instead. Don Juan de Oñate Salazar (1552 – 1626) was a Spanish explorer, colonial governor of the New Spain (present-day Mexico) province of New Mexico, and founder of various settlements in the present day Southwest of the United States. ... Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I. April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... For other uses, see Ore (disambiguation). ... “Río Bravo” redirects here. ... Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. ...

Farfán and eight companions, along with some Hopi guides, rode southwest across the Little Colorado into the timbered country of the Mogollon Rim. There he and his party encountered Jumana Indians, who may have been Yuman-speaking Yavapais. The Jumanas daubed themselves with minerals of various colors, wore skins of deer and beaver, and lived on a diet of venison, wild plant foods, and maize. The Jumanas led Farfán to the valley of the Verde River. Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... This article is about the ruminent animal. ... For other uses, see Beaver (disambiguation). ... Leg of venison on apple sauce with dumplings and vegetables Venison is meat of the family Cervidae. ... The Verde River is a tributary of the Salt River, approximately 170 mi (273. ...

The Verde enchanted Farfán with its "splendid pastures, fine plains, and excellent land for farming." The river also passed within a few miles of the mineral deposits discovered by Espejo, which were being mined by the Indians themselves. Farfán wrote: "These veins are so long and wide that one-half the people in New Spain could stake out claims in this land." This contributed to a legend of Arizona's fabulous wealth that attracted Spanish explorers, seeking water and silver. Pastureland Pasture is land with lush herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of ungulates as part of a farm or ranch. ... In geography, a plain is a large area of land with relatively low relief. ... For other uses, see River (disambiguation). ... See also explorations, sea explorers, astronaut, conquistador, travelogue, the History of Science and Technology and Biography. ...

Missionization of the Pimería Alta

Despite this, Verde Valley never became part of the Spanish empire. Like the rest of Arizona north of the Gila River, it remained in the hands of Native Americans for the next three hundred years. By 1600, however, the Spaniards had encountered most of the Indians—Pais, River Yumans, Sobaipuris, and Hopis—who emerge more clearly in later historical records. None of the early Spanish explorers recorded any contacts with two of Arizona's largest and most famous Native American peoples, the Athapaskan-speaking Navajos and Apaches, on Arizonan soil. To Coronado, much of what later became the Apache territory was an unpopulated, rugged terrain of pine forests and rushing rivers. Verde Valley is a valley in central Arizona in the United States of America. ... An anachronous map of the overseas Spanish Empire (1492-1898) in red, and the Spanish Habsburg realms in Europe (1516-1714) in orange. ... The Gila River, a tributary of the Colorado, is shown highlighted on a map of the United States The Gila River (Oodham [Pima]: Hila Akimel) is a tributary of the Colorado River, 630 mile (1,014 km) long, in the southwestern United States. ... 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Sobaipuri Indians were an Upper Piman group who occupied southern Arizona and northern Sonora (the Pimería Alta) in the 1400-1800s. ... Map of the Navajo Nation The Navajo Nation (Diné in Navajo language) encompasses all things important to the Navajo. ...

It is possible that the ancestors of the Apaches and Navajos simply stayed out of Coronado's way. Coronado crossed paths with the Apachean Querechos in northeastern New Mexico, and Espejo fought people who were probably Athapaskans in northwestern New Mexico, but apparently Apaches did not move south of the Little Colorado until the 1600s. Like the Spaniards, the Athapaskans were relative latecomers to the Southwest. Many inventions and institutions are created, including Hans Lippershey with the telescope (1608, used by Galileo the next year), the newspaper Avisa Relation oder Zeitung in Augsburg, and Cornelius Drebbel with the thermostat (1609). ...

They were also opportunists. Linguists have shown that all Navajo and Apache groups spoke dialects of a single language, one related to those spoken by Athapaskan hunters and gatherers in northern Canada, meaning that the people who later became the Navajos and Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Kiowa, and Western Apaches migrated south along the western edge of the Great Plains at about the same time. They used coyote- and wolf-sized dogs to carry their belongings and used bison for meat and hides. Oñate dubbed them the "Vaquero Apache." For other uses, see Chiricahua (disambiguation). ... Jicarilla Apache refers to an Apache people currently living in New Mexico and to the Southern Athabaskan language they speak. ... the apaches are freaking awesome!!! oH sNap its morgan<3 ... Gorgonia, Mescalero Medicine Man This article is about the Native American tribe; for other uses of the word see Mescalero (disambiguation). ... This article is about the tribe. ... Links Western Apache-English Dictionary (White Mountain) White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council) San Carlos Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council) Tonto Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council) Yavapai-Apache Nation Official Website Yavapai-Apache Nation (Arizona Intertribal Council) White Mountain Apache Tribe White Mountain Apache photographs map of Fort Apache... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Subspecies B. b. ...

Once they reached the Southwest, the Athapaskans diverged and absorbed many of the traits of their neighbors. Some groups established strong trading relationships with the Pueblo peoples, exchanging salt, bison hides, and deer skin for cotton blankets and agricultural produce. They also began farming in well-watered locations throughout the Four Corners area, including Arizona. By the 1630s, Spaniards in New Mexico were referring to them as Apaches de Nabajú. Edible salt is mostly sodium chloride (NaCl). ... For other uses, see Blanket (disambiguation). ... Produce on display at La Boqueria market in Barcelona, Spain. ... The Four Corners region is in the red area on this map The Four Corners Monument, placed by the Interior Department at the exact point. ... Great Migration (Puritan) Thirty Years War in full swing in Europe 1632 - Just a couple of months before his death in battle, Swedish king Gustav II Adolf The Great ratifies the establishment of University of Tartu, the second university in the Swedish Empire September 8, 1636 - A vote of the...

Pueblo influences deepened after the 1680 Pueblo Revolt, which temporarily drove the Spaniards out of northern New Mexico. When the Spaniards reconquered the area in 1692, many rebels took refuge among the Apaches de Nabajú, teaching them how to make pottery, weave close-coiled baskets, perform complex ceremonies, and inspiring them to organize themselves into matrilineal clans. Puebloan and Athapaskan elements fused to create a new system of action and belief that became the Navajo culture. Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ... 1680-The Pueblo Revolt, by George Chacón, Taos Mural Project The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or Popés Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico. ... Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ... Four styles of household basket. ... A ceremony is an activity, infused with ritual significance, performed on a certain occasion. ... See also Clan (computer gaming) A clan is a group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ...

The Navajos also took a thorough knowledge of domestic animals from the Spanish. Horses enabled them to raid their neighbors. Sheep and goats allowed them to fan out across the mesa and canyon country of the Colorado Plateau. By the end of the eighteenth century, they were even carrying a trade in woolen blankets with Spanish communities in New Mexico. Hunters and gatherers by origin, the Navajos quickly became the greatest Indian pastoralists in North America. For other uses, see Knowledge (disambiguation). ... Species See text. ... This article is about the domestic species. ... For other uses, see Mesa (disambiguation). ... Pastoralists are people whose main source of livelihood is livestock with which they move seasonally in search of fresh pasture and water. ...

Contacts with the Pueblo peoples and the Spaniards revolutionized Apache society as well. During the seventeenth century, small Apache groups continued their southward migrations. As bands splintered and drifted away from one another, cultural and linguistic differences developed. The Western Apaches, who settled in the White Mountains, adopted matrilineal clans and ceremonial masked dancers from their Pueblo neighbors. The Chiricahua Apaches, on the other hand, never organized themselves into clans, indicating that their relationships with the Pueblo Indians were more tenuous. The White Mountains of Arizona are a small mountain range in the eastern part of the state, near the border with New Mexico. ...

The Chiricahuas did ally themselves with small groups of Uto-Aztecan hunters and gatherers in southeastern Arizona and northern Mexico known as the Sumas, Mansos, Janos, and Jocomes. When the Spaniards appeared, these groups and Apache newcomers joined together to raid Spanish herds. The Sumas and Mansos died out or were absorbed into Apache society, but the Chiricahuas prospered. Over the next two hundred years, the Chircahua Indians would become known for frightening Hispanic settlers. The Uto-Aztecan languages are a Native American language family. ... Hispanic (Spanish: ; Portuguese: ; Latin: , adjective from Hispānia, the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically denoted relation to the ancient Hispania and its peoples. ...

San Xavier del Bac was a Spanish mission in Arizona founded by Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino.

By the late 1600s, the Apaches and their allies had begun praying upon the Piman communities of southern Arizona. In March 1699, the Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino and Juan Mateo Manje, the second-highest civil official in Sonora, visited Sobaipuri (an important early subgroup of the O'odham) settlements in the Tucson Basin. Manje reported that Sobaipuri along the San Pedro River had "just finished devastating a rancheria of Apaches, capturing some children and other booty. This was a response to an Apache attack on the pueblo of Santa Maria three weeks earlier, when the enemies ran off the few horses the community had. The people of Humari [a Pima chief] has gone forth to avenge that raid, just as these Pimans would do now." Mission San Xavier del Bac, Arizona. ... Mission San Xavier del Bac, Arizona. ... San Xavier del Bac (Papago Va:k) is a historic Spanish mission about 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown Tucson, Arizona on the Tohono Oodham Reservation. ... Community is a set of people (or agents in a more abstract sense) with some shared element. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... Bronze by Suzanne Silvercruys. ... The Sobaipuri Indians were an Upper Piman group who occupied southern Arizona and northern Sonora (the Pimería Alta) in the 1400-1800s. ... The Tohono Oodham are a Native American tribe formerly known as the Papago who reside primarily in the Sonoran Desert of the southwest United States and northwest Mexico. ... Look up booty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Earlier, the Spaniards had tried to bring the Hopis back into their sphere of influence. In 1629 the Franciscans founded a mission at Awatovi, followed by additional missions at Shongopovi and Oraibi. The Hopis began to resist in a variety of ways, poisoning one of the first missionaries and protesting the abuses of others. When the Pueblo Revolt broke out, the Hopis swiftly dispatched the four Franciscans living among them. Then, in 1700, to make sure the missionaries never regained a foothold in their territory, they destroyed the Christian village of Awatovi and killed its men. Both the Franciscans and the Jesuits made sporadic attempts to return to the Hopi mesas, but their attempts failed. Events March 4 - Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal charter. ... Shongopovi (Hopi Songòopavi) is a census-designated place located in Navajo County, Arizona. ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...

As a result, the Sonoran Desert rather than the Colorado Plateau became the focus of missionary activity in Arizona for the rest of the colonial period. Missionaries and Spanish officials alike dreamed of extending the empire to the Gila River, to Hopi country, and beyond, but the Apache resistance halted the Spanish advance in what came to be called the Pimería Alta. An area of 18th century New Spain, the Pimería Alta (upper land of the Pimas) encompassed modern southern Arizona in the United States and northern Sonora in Mexico. ...

Even there the European presence was dangerously lacking in security and stability. Beginning in 1698, Kino and his colleagues established missions among O'odham living in the river valleys of northern Sanora. Some of the new converts rebelled in 1695, but the missions withstood the rebellion and Kino pushed onward. He explored Tohono O'odham (Papago) country as far west as the Colorado River, visited the Sobaipuri Pimas along the Santa Cruz and San Pedro, and traveled as far north as the Salt River Valley, where he preached to the Gileños, as the Akimel O'odham living along the Salt and Gila rivers were called. Nearly everywhere he and his companions went, the O'odham welcomed them with food, arches made of branches, and simple wooden crosses. It was generally thought among the Pimas that Kino was charismatic and energetic. They responded to his warmth and his drive. For other uses, see Security (disambiguation). ... Events January 4 - Palace of Whitehall in London is destroyed by fire. ... Religious conversion is the adoption of new religious beliefs that differ from the converts previous beliefs; in some cultures (e. ... Jan. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      A... The Santa Cruz River is a river in southern Arizona, United States. ... The Salt River, a tributary of the Gila, is shown highlighted on a map of the United States and Mexico The Salt River along side State Route 77 The Salt River as seen in Salt River Canyon The Salt River (Oodham [Pima]: Onk Akimel) is a tributary of the... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

They also appreciated the material gifts he gave them: grain seeds, vegetables, fruit trees, and small herds of livestock. Kino and his fellow missionaries knew that in order to convert the Indians, they had to change the way they lived as well. The foundation of their efforts therefore became the policy of reducción, which involved "reducing" the Indians to village life, in which they could easily become catechized and controlled. The O'odham moved to gathering camps each year to harvest mesquite pods, cholla buds, saguaro fruit, and other wild foods. It was part of their seasonal round, but Jesuits feared such movement because they believed that the Indians reverted to their "pagan" habits away from mission discipline. A gift or present is the transfer of money or goods without requiring something in return (at least not immediately); by extension it can be anything that makes the other more happy or less sad, especially as a favor, including forgiveness, and kindness (even when the other is not kind). ... Vegetables on a market Vegetable is a nutritional and culinary term denoting any part of a plant that is commonly consumed by humans as food, but is not regarded as a culinary fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain. ... A fruit tree is a tree bearing fruit — the structures formed by the ripened ovary of a flower containing one or more seeds. ... Codex Manesse, fol. ... Species Many, see text Opuntia is a genus in the cactus family Cactaceae. ...

In northern Sonora, most Pimas accepted, or were forced to accept, Spanish ideas about the way civilized people should live. In Arizona, on the other hand, missionization proceeded more slowly. Kino founded missions San Xavier and San Miguel at the Piman communities of Bac and Guevavi along the Santa Cruz, but the Jesuits soon abandoned those northern outposts. They were not staffed until 1732, twenty-one years after Kino died. San Xavier del Bac San Xavier del Bac is a historic Spanish mission about 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown Tucson, Arizona on the Tohono Oodham San Xavier Indian Reservation, also known as the white dove of the desert or place where the water appears because the Santa... Events February 23 - First performance of Handels Orlando, in London June 9 - James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of Georgia. ...

The rest of Pimería Alta never came under Spanish control. Nonetheless, both the Sobaipuris along the San Pedro River and the Gileños along the Gila became staunch allies of the Spaniards, fighting with the Apaches and trading with the communities of Tucson and Tubac. According to historian Kieran McCarty, the Pimas served as the perennial listening post during both the Spanish and Mexican periods for situations developing beyond the frontier. Without the O'odham allies, Hispanic Arizona would not have survived. Nickname: The Old Pueblo Location in Pima County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: Country United States State Arizona Counties Pima Mayor Bob Walkup (R) Area    - City 505. ... A frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature. ...

Mexican Period

With the independence of Mexico, the European colonization continued.

Territorial Period

Manifest Destiny, prospectors, California expedition, Apache Wars, reservations, are part of the European colonization of Arizona. This article is about the history and influence of the concept. ... Geronimo, before surrender to General Crook, 17 Apr 1886 The Apache Wars were fought during the nineteenth century between the U.S. military and many western tribes. ...

The Depression and World Wars Period

Hopi education revolt, Navajo Livestock Reduction, and gentrification of the Colorado River. The Navajo Livestock Reduction was imposed upon the Navajo by the federal government in the 1930s. ...

References

• Brasher, Nugent. (2007) "The Chichilticale Camp of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado: The Search for the Red House". New Mexico Historical Review, Volume 82, No. 4.
• Seymour, Deni J. (2008) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts Of Native Peoples Along The Coronado Trail from the International Border To Cibola". New Mexico Historical Review.
• Compiled (1974). in Roessel, Ruth: Navajo Livestock Reduction: A National Disgrace. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press. ISBN 0-912586-18-4. 
• Forbes, Jack D. (1960). Apache, Navajo and Spaniard. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. LCCN 60-13480. 

External links

• http://chichilticale.com/

v • d • e   State of Arizona Phoenix (capital) Topics Climate | Culture | Economy | Education | Geography | History | People | Transportation Image File history File links Flag_of_Arizona. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... Nickname: Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State County Maricopa Incorporated February 25, 1881 Government  - Type Council-Manager  - Mayor Phil Gordon (D) Area  - City  515. ... Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, site of first U.S. capital. ... This is a list of articles that have something substantive to do with the state of Arizona. ... The first Native Americans arrived in Arizona between 16,000 BC and 10,000 BCE, while the history of Arizona as recorded by Europeans began when Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan, explored the area in 1539. ... Regions Arizona Strip | Coconino Plateau | Colorado Plateau | Grand Canyon | Kaibab Plateau | Mogollon Plateau | Mogollon Rim | Mojave Desert | Monument Valley | North Central Arizona | Northeast Arizona | Northern Arizona | Oak Creek Canyon | Phoenix Metropolitan Area | San Francisco Volcanic Field | Sonoran Desert | Southern Arizona | Verde Valley | White Mountains Present-day Regions of Arizona. ... The Arizona Strip is that part of the US state of Arizona lying north of the Colorado River and south of the state of Utah. ... The Coconino Plateau is found north and northwest of Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. ... The Colorado Plateau, also called the Colorado Plateaus Province, is a physiographic region of the Intermontane Plateaus, roughly centered on the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States. ... This article is about the canyon in the southwestern United States. ... The Kaibab Plateau is located in northern Arizona in the United States. ... The Mogollon Plateau (also Mogollon Mesa) is a pine-covered southern plateau section of the larger Colorado Plateau in east-central Arizona. ... The Mogollon Rim is a topographical and geological feature running across Arizona, extending approximately 400 miles (650 km) from northern Yavapai County eastward to the Mogollon Mountains in southwest New Mexico. ... For the indigenous American tribe, see Mohave. ... Monument Valley from the valley floor. ... North Central Arizona is a geographical region of Arizona. ... Northeast Arizona, sometimes referred to by local people as The Rez, is a region of the U.S. state of Arizona commonly including Apache County and Navajo County. ... Northern Arizona is dominated by the Colorado Plateau, the southern border of which in Arizona is called the Mogollon Rim. ... Oak Creek Canyon is a 1000-2000 foot deep gorge in northern Arizona located between the cities of Flagstaff and Sedona. ... The Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, is a metropolitan area that includes the City of Phoenix, much of the rest of Maricopa County, a large section of Pinal County, and small parts of southern Yavapai County. ... SP Crater in the field is a cinder cone with a basalt lava flow that extends for 4 miles (6 km) The San Francisco volcanic field is an area of volcanoes in northern Arizona, USA. The field covers 1800 square miles (4700 km2) the southern boundary of the Colorado Plateau. ... Map of the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. ... Southern Arizona is a region of the United States. ... Verde Valley is a valley in central Arizona in the United States of America. ... The White Mountains of Arizona are a small mountain range in the eastern part of the state, near the border with New Mexico. ... Counties Apache | Cochise | Coconino | Gila | Graham | Greenlee | La Paz | Maricopa | Mohave | Navajo | Pima | Pinal | Santa Cruz | Yavapai | Yuma List of the 15 counties in the U.S. state of Arizona: Arizona county map Apache County formed in 1879 from part of Yavapai County. ... Apache County includes the Arizona section of the Four Corners Monument. ... Cochise County is located in the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Coconino County is located in the north central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Location in the state of Arizona Formed 1881 Seat Globe Area  - Total  - Water 12,421 km² (4,796 mi²) 73 km² (28 mi²) 0. ... Graham County is located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Greenlee County is located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... La Paz County is located in the western part of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Maricopa County is located in the central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Mohave County is located in the northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Navajo County is located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Pima County is located in the south central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Pinal County is located in the central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Santa Cruz County is located in the south of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Yavapai County is located in the center of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Yuma County is located in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona. ... Cities Chandler | Flagstaff | Gilbert | Glendale | Lake Havasu City | Mesa | Peoria | Phoenix | Prescott | Scottsdale | Sierra Vista | Tempe | Tucson | Yuma A list of cities in Arizona (by population*) is below. ... Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country United States State Arizona Counties Maricopa Government  - Mayor Boyd W. Dunn (R) Area  - City  58. ... Nickname: Location in Coconino County the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State County Coconino County Government  - Mayor Joseph C. Donaldson Area  - City  98. ... Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State Counties Maricopa Government  - Mayor Steven M. Berman Area  - City  43. ... Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State Counties Maricopa Government  - Mayor Elaine Scruggs (R) Area  - City  55. ... Lake Havasu City is a city in Mohave County, Arizona, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 41,938. ... Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State County Maricopa Government  - Mayor Keno Hawker (R) Area  - City  125. ... Peoria is a city located in Maricopa County, Arizona. ... Nickname: Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State County Maricopa Incorporated February 25, 1881 Government  - Type Council-Manager  - Mayor Phil Gordon (D) Area  - City  515. ... Prescott (pronounced by some locals as press-kit instead of press-cot) is a city in Yavapai County, Arizona, USA. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 40,360. ... For other uses, see Scottsdale . ... Location in Cochise County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: , Country State County Cochise Incorporated 1956 Government  - Mayor Bob Strain Area  - Total 153. ... Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: Country United States State Arizona Counties Maricopa Incorporated November 29, 1894 Government  - Mayor Hugh Hallman Area  - City  39. ... Tucson (pronounced ) is the seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. ... Yuma is a city in and the county seatGR6 of Yuma County, Arizona, United States. ...