? Oenothera
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Myrtales Family: Onagraceae Genus: Oenothera L.
Species
Oenothera biennis Oenothera fruticosa Oenothera speciosa et al

Oenothera is a genus of about 125 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs. It is the type genus of the family Onagraceae. They are known as evening primroses, and are native to North and South America (i.e. Blackfoot tribe). Download high resolution version (856x1092, 145 KB)Photo of an evening primrose, showing the flower, leaves and seed pods in the background. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum (a fern... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ... Families See text The Myrtales are an order of flowering plants placed within the rosid group of dicotyledons. ... Genera Boisduvallia Calylophus Camissonia Chamerion Circaea Clarkia Epilobium Eucharidium Fuchsia Gaura Gayophytum Gongylocarpus Hauya Hemifuchsia Heterogaura Isnardia Jussiaea Lopezia Ludwigia Oenothera Stenosiphon Xylonagra Zauschneria The Onagraceae or Willowherb family (or Evening Primose family) is a family of flowering plants. ... A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (   listen?), and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ... Binomial name Oenothera biennis L. The Common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), also known as the Evening star, is a biennial wildflower growing to 1. ... Binomial name Oenothera speciosa Nutt. ... Annual, from the Latin annuum, or year means pertaining to a year or happening every year. ... Look up Biennial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Biennial is a term referring to a period of two years, much in the same way centennial refers to 100 years. ... A Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... A herb (pronounced urb in American English and hurb in most varieties of Commonwealth English) is a plant grown for culinary, medicinal, or in some cases even spiritual value. ... Type specimens When a new species is discovered, more important than creating a new and unique name for the species is developing a reasonably detailed description. ... Genera Boisduvallia Calylophus Camissonia Chamerion Circaea Clarkia Epilobium Eucharidium Fuchsia Gaura Gayophytum Gongylocarpus Hauya Hemifuchsia Heterogaura Isnardia Jussiaea Lopezia Ludwigia Oenothera Stenosiphon Xylonagra Zauschneria The Onagraceae or Willowherb family (or Evening Primose family) is a family of flowering plants. ... The Americas (sometimes referred to as America) is the area including the land mass located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, generally divided into North America and South America. ... Bear Bull Blackfoot Confederacy is a name applied to four Native American tribes in the Northwestern Plains. ... Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. ...

They open in the evening, hence the name "evening primrose", and are pollinated by Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies) and bees. Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). ... Super Families Butterflies Hesperioidea Papilionoidea Moths Micropterigoidea Heterobathmioidea Eriocranioidea Acanthopteroctetoidea Lophocoronoidea Neopseustoidea Mnesarchaeoidea Hepialoidea Nepticuloidea Incurvarioidea Palaephatoidea Tischeriodea Simaethistoidea Tineoidea Gracillarioidea Yponomeutoidea Gelechioidea Zygaenoidea Sesioidea Cossoidea Tortricoidea Choreutoida Urodoidea Galacticoidea Schreckensteinioidea Epermenioidea Pterophoroidea Aluctoidea Immoidea Axioidea Hyblaeoidea Thyridoidea Whalleyanoidea Pyraloidea Mimallonoidea Lasiocampoidea Geometroidea Drepanoidea Bombycoidea Calliduloidae Hedyloidea Noctuoidea Families About... Families Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae Heterogynaidae Megachilidae Melittidae Oxaeidae Sphecidae Stenotritidae bee or bees, see bee (disambiguation). ...

The seeds of the evening primrose ripen from August to October. For propagation, sow seeds in situ from late spring to early summer. The plant will grow successfully in fertile soils if competing species are kept at bay. In the wild, evening primrose acts as a primary coloniser, springing up wherever a patch of bare, undisturbed ground may be found. This means that it tends to be found in poorer environments such as dunes, roadsides, railway embankments and wasteland. It often occurs as a casual, eventually being out-competed by other species. It grows as far north as 65° N in Finland. A seed is the ripened ovule of gymnosperm or angiosperm plants. ... Sowing is the process of planting seeds. ... Mesquite Flat Dunes in Death Valley National Park In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand built by eolian (wind-related) processes. ...

Evening primrose species can be planted in any ordinary, dry, well-drained garden soil (preferly sandy loam) in an open site that is sunny to partly shady. They are fairlydrought resistant. For the heavy metal band see Soil (band) Soil is unconsolidated rock particle that lies on the surface of the earth, supporting the growth of plants, and serving as a habitat for animal life from microorganisms to small animals. ... Patterns in the sand Sand is an example of a class of materials called granular matter. ... Loam is soil composed of sand, silt, and clay, with particles of various sizes, evenly mixed. ... A drought is an extended period where water availability falls below the statistical requirements for a region. ...

The genus Oenothera originated in Mexico and Central America some 70,000 years ago. During the Pleistocene era a succession of ice ages swept down across North America, with intervening warm periods. This was repeated for four ice ages, with four separate waves of colonisation, each hybridising with the remnants of the previous waves. This generated a present day population that is enormously rich in genetic diversity, spread right across the North American continent. It's very popular in gardens, and is now also naturalised in parts of Europe and Asia. The first plants to arrive in Europe reached Padua from Virginia in 1614 and were described by the English botanist John Goodyer in 1621. The plant is also now naturalised in several parts of Great Britain. Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America. ... The Pleistocene Epoch is part of the geologic timescale, usually dated as 1. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west... Genetic diversity is a characteristic of ecosystems and gene pools that describes an attribute which is commonly held to be advantageous for survival -- that there are many different versions of otherwise similar organisms. ... Naturalization is the process whereby a person becomes a national of a nation, or a citizen of a country, other than the one of his birth. ... World map showing location of Europe When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia, defined by subtracting Europe from Eurasia. ... Location within Italy Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua The city of Padua (Lat. ... State nickname: Old Dominion Other U.S. States Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Governor Mark R. Warner (D) Official languages English Area 110,862 km² (35th)  - Land 102,642 km²  - Water 8,220 km² (7. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ...

It was originally assigned to the genus Onagra, which gave the family Onagraceae its name. Onagra -- meaning "(food of) onager" -- was first used in botany in 1587 and in an English publication in P. Miller's 1754 Gardeners Dictionary: Abridged. Its modern name Oenothera -- first used by Carolus Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae -- also has a donkey-related origin, meaning "ass-catcher". In Greek oeno means "donkey", while thera means "to catch, trap, pursue". It is believed that the name refers to the toxicity of the plant that can be used to trap donkeys and other animals.William Baird suggests, however, that oeno could be interpreted as "wine" in Greek. He believes that it refers to the fact that the root of the edible Oenothera biennis was used as a wine flavour additive. Binomial name Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775 The Onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the horse family and native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, India, and Tibet. ... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (   listen?), and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ... Systema Naturae, first published in 1735, is a book by the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (Carol von Linne) in which he outlines his ideas for the hierachical classification of species that are still used today and thus is the most important work in taxonomy. ... Binomial name Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758 The donkey (Equus asinus, hence also ass) is a domesticated animal of the horse family, Equidae. ... For a list of biologically injurious substances, including toxins and other materials, as well as their effects, see poison. ...

Young roots can be eaten like a vegetable (with a peppery flavour), or the shoots can be eaten as a salad. The whole plant was used to prepare an infusion with astringent and sedative properties. It was considered to be effective in healing asthmatic coughs, gastro-intestinal disorders, whooping cough and as a sedative pain-killer. Poultices containing O. biennis were at one time used to ease bruises and speed wound healing. One of the common names for Oenothera, "Kings cureall", reflects the wide range of healing powers ascribed to this plant, although it should be noted that its efficacy for these purposes has not been demonstrated in clinical trials. Primary and secondary roots in a cotton plant In vascular plants, the root is that organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil (compare with stem). ... Look up Pepper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary There are several completely different plants referred to by the name of pepper; most are used in food for the hot sensation that the chemical piperine or capsaicin induces on the tongue. ... A shoot is the fresh young growth of a plant stem. ... A salad is a food item generally served either before or after the main dish as a separate course, as a main course in itself, or as a side dish accompanying the main dish. ... An infusion is a beverage made by steeping a flavoring substance in hot or boiling water. ... An astringent is a chemical substance that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. ... A sedative is a drug that depresses the central nervous system (CNS), which causes calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. ... Asthma is an immunological disease which causes difficulty in breathing. ... Digestion is the process whereby a biological entity processes a substance, in order to chemically convert the substance into nutrients. ... A bruise or contusion or ecchymosis is a kind of injury, usually caused by blunt impact, in which the capillaries are damaged, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding tissue. ... A wound is a physical trauma where the skin is torn, cut or punctured. ...

The mature seeds contain approximately 7-10% gamma-linolenic acid (gamma-linolenic acid), a rare essential fatty acid. The O. biennis seed oil is used to reduce the pains of premenstrual stress syndrome. A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion or a fraction as a whole number. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... GLA means: Gamma-linolenic acid. ... Essential fatty acids are fatty acids that are required in the human diet. ... Premenstrual stress syndrome (PMS, also called Premenstrual stress, Premenstrual tension, PMT, premenstrual syndrome,Perodic Mood Swing) is stress which is a physical symptom prior to the onset of menstruation. ...

Pollen of Oenothera fruticosa Scanning electron microscope image

Oenothera erythrosepala

The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens, based at Wisley, maintains a national Oenothera collection as part of its National Collections scheme. Download high resolution version (1228x960, 307 KB)Scanning electron microscope image of pollen from Oenothera fruticosa (primrose). ... Download high resolution version (1228x960, 307 KB)Scanning electron microscope image of pollen from Oenothera fruticosa (primrose). ... Wisley, England is a small village in Surrey, between Cobham, Surrey and Ripley, Surrey. ...

External links

• http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/onagraceae/index.htm
• http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/primro70.html
• http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Oenothera+biennis
• http://www.birthscene.com/content.cfm?contentID=379
• http://permaculture.info/cgi-bin/eden?plant=4389
• http://forums2.gardenweb.com/forums/load/seed/msg1017271914130.html?1
• http://www.crocus.co.uk/?ContentType=Plant_Card&ClassID=1000000973&affiliate=td