NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Events of September 11, 2001

The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a set of coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States of America carried out on Tuesday, September 11, 2001, in which a total of nineteen Arab hijackers simultaneously took control of four U.S. domestic commercial airliners. The hijackers crashed two planes into the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City — one into each of the two tallest towers, about 18 minutes apart. Within two hours, both towers had collapsed. The hijackers crashed the third aircraft into the U.S. Department of Defense headquarters, the Pentagon, in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth plane crashed into a rural field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, following passenger resistance. The official count records 2,986 deaths in the attacks, including the nineteen hijackers. Image File history File links Story. ... Image File history File links Story. ... A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who knows the explosion will cause his or her own death (see suicide, suicide weapons). ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... The Arabs (Arabic: Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ Ê»arab) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... Aircraft hijacking (also known as Skyjacking) is the take-over of an aircraft, by a person or group, usually armed. ... Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA), based in Chicago, Illinois, is a unit of The Boeing Company, consisting of the Seattle-based former Boeing Airplane Company (the civil airliner division,) as well as the Long Beach-based Douglas Aircraft division of the former McDonnell Douglas Corporation. ... The World Trade Center in New York City (sometimes informally referred to as the WTC) was a complex of seven buildings designed by Japanese-American architect Minoru Yamasaki and leased by Larry Silverstein from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey around a central plaza, near the south... Manhattan Borough,highlighted in yellow, lies between the East River and the Hudson River. ... The Empire State Building (right) and the Chrysler Building (left) are easily recognized symbols of New York City to the world. ... Taipei 101, considered the worlds tallest skyscraper. ... A Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400. ... The United States Department of Defense, abbreviated as DoD or DOD and sometimes called the Defense Department is a civilian Cabinet organization of the United States government. ... A pre-9/11 view of The Pentagon, looking east with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in the distance. ... Arlington County is an urban county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the U.S. , directly across the Potomac River from Washington, DC. Originally part of the District of Columbia, by an act of Congress July 9, 1846, the area south of the Potomac was returned (retroceded) to Virginia... Somerset County is a county located in the state of Pennsylvania. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 33rd 119,283 kmÂ² 255 km 455 km 2. ...

The hijackers were determined to be associated with Al-Qaeda, a well-organized Islamic terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi national. Fifteen of the hijackers were from Saudi Arabia, two were from the United Arab Emirates, and one each came from Egypt and Lebanon. American investigators concluded that it was Khalid Shaikh Mohammed who lead the planning of the attacks. He was captured in 2003. Bin Laden initially denied ^[1] but later admitted to involvement in the attacks, and he is still at large. Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Osama bin Laden in a photo from the 1990s UsÄmah bin Muhammad bin `Awad bin LÄdin (born March 10, 1957; Arabic: ), commonly known as Osama bin Laden, or Usama bin Laden, (Arabic: ), is an Islamic fundamentalist and the founder of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. ... Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (Arabic: Ø®Ø§Ù„Ø¯ Ø´ÙŠØ® Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯; also transliterated as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, and other ways) (b. ...

The September 11th attacks are among the most significant events to have occurred so far in the 21st century in terms of the profound political, psychological, and economic effects that followed in the United States and many other parts of the world. The attacks, and the subsequent US-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have made United States homeland security concerns much more prominent than they were in the previous decade. Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. ... Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the study of mind, thought, and behaviour. ... Economics (deriving from the Greek words Î¿Î¯ÎºÏ‰ [okos], house, and Î½ÎÎ¼Ï‰ [nemo], rules hence household management) is the social science that studies the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. ... Geopolitics analyses politics, history and social science with reference to geography. ...

The attacks

The attacks started with the hijacking of four commercial airliners. With jet fuel capacities of nearly 24,000 U.S. gallons (91,000 litres) per aircraft [2], the aircraft were turned into flying incendiary bombs. American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the north side of the north tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) at 8:46:40 AM local time (12:46:40 UTC). At 9:03:11 AM local time (13:03:11 UTC), United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the south tower, an event covered live by television broadcasters that had their cameras trained on the North Tower. American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37:46 AM local time (13:37:46 UTC). The fourth hijacked plane, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in a field near Shanksville and Stonycreek Township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania at 10:03:11 AM local time (14:03:11 UTC), with parts and debris found up to eight miles away. The crash in Pennsylvania is believed to have resulted from the hijackers either deliberately crashing the aircraft or losing control of it as they fought with the passengers. No one survived in any of the hijacked aircraft. September 11, 2001 attacks timeline Background History 1972: One World Trade Center completed. ... At the beginning of the 21st century, the United States strongest allies in west Asia are Turkey (a member of NATO), Israel and Egypt. ... The Planning of the September 11, 2001 attacks was a complex, lengthy, and highly studied series of events. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks, often referred to simply as 9/11 (spoken as Nine Eleven), in addition to being traumatic for those directly involved, caused extreme tension for the United States as a nation and many others around the world. ... All times, except where otherwise noted, in New York Time (EDT). ... All times, except where otherwise noted, in New York Time (EDT). ... This article talks about the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... Any tributes to the individuals hurt or injured in this tragedy are welcome and encouraged at our memorial site // New York City According to the 9/11 Commisson, approximately 16,400 to 18,800 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. ... Any tributes to the individuals lost in this tragedy are welcome and encouraged at our memorial site Australia: 10 Belarus: 1 [1] Belgium: 1 Bermuda: 1 Brazil: 3 Canada: 24 Chile: 2 China: 4 CÃ´te dIvoire: 1 Colombia: 17 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2 Dominican Republic: 1... American Airlines Flight 11 was an American Airlines flight aboard a Boeing 767-223ER, N334AA aircraft. ... United Airlines Flight 175 was a morning flight that regularly flew from Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, to LAX in Los Angeles, California (Boston-Los Angeles route). ... Security Camera image of the moment that American Airlines Flight 77 hit the Pentagon American Airlines Flight 77 was a morning flight that routinely flew from Washington Dulles International Airport in Fairfax and Loudoun Counties, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., to LAX in Los Angeles, California (IAD-LAX). ... For Flight 93, the 2006 film, see Flight 93 (film) United Airlines Flight 93 was a flight that regularly flew from Newark International Airport (now known as Newark Liberty International Airport) in Newark, New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport. ... The World Trade Center in New York City (sometimes informally referred to as the WTC) was a complex of seven buildings designed by Japanese-American architect Minoru Yamasaki and leased by Larry Silverstein from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey around a central plaza, near the south... A pre-9/11 view of The Pentagon, looking east with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in the distance. ... Photo of George W. Bush and Laura Bush visiting Shanksville on September 11, 2002 Shanksville is a borough located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. ... The following worldwide effects arose from the September 11, 2001 attacks: All United Kingdom military bases increased their level of security awareness. ... It is usually claimed that the September 11, 2001 attacks had immediate and far-ranging economic effects. ... Soon after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. government began detaining people who fit the profile of the suspected hijackers: mostly male, Arabic or Muslim non-citizens. ... Box-cutter knives were apparently used in the September 11, 2001 attacks, though such knives are not usually considered weapons. ... Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, several institutions responded with closures, cancellations, and postponements. ... The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 had an important impact on the audiovisual entertainment business, not just in terms of television coverage. ... // Military response The United States government has announced its intentions to engage in a protracted war against terrorists and states which aid terrorists in response to the attacks. ... The area surrounding the World Trade Center became the site of the greatest number of casualties and missing, and physical destruction. ... Charities and relief agencies raised over $657 million in the three weeks following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the vast bulk going to immediate survivors and victims families. ... The first memorials to the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks began to take shape online, as hundreds of webmasters posted their own thoughts, links to the Red Cross, and other rescue agencies, photos and eyewitness accounts. ... Responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks has been found to lie with Osama bin Laden and his organization al-Qaeda. ... Many individuals were directly responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... Communications problems and successes played an important role in the September 11, 2001 attacks and their aftermath. ... A New York City firefighter looks up at the remains of the World Trade Center, two days after its collapse The collapse of the World Trade Center was caused by the September 11, 2001 attacks that sent one hijacked airliner into each of the main towers of the World Trade... Various terms and catchphrases Nine-eleven (or 9/11 in the US date notation for September 11th) Lets rollâ€”the last known words of Todd Beamer. ... CNN broadcast of September 11 destruction when the second plane struck the south tower of the WTC. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial aircraft on the morning of September 11, 2001. ... There were isolated cases of commercial opportunism following the September 11, 2001 attacks and subsequent 2001 anthrax attacks. ... The Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 is the official name of the inquiry conducted by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence into the activities of the U.S. Intelligence Community in... The Commissions seal The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up in late 2002 to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 attacks including preparedness for and the immediate response... Hijacking or highjacking is the forcible robbery from, or seizure of, a vehicle in transit. ... Jet aircraft with condensation trail Jet aircraft are aircraft with jet engines. ... The gallon (abbr. ... Incendiary bombs are bombs designed to start fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as napalm, thermite, or white phosphorus. ... American Airlines Flight 11 was an American Airlines flight aboard a Boeing 767-223ER, N334AA aircraft. ... The World Trade Center in New York City (sometimes informally referred to as the WTC) was a complex of seven buildings designed by Japanese-American architect Minoru Yamasaki and leased by Larry Silverstein from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey around a central plaza, near the south... EDT can stand for: Eastern Daylight Time Eau de toilette electrodynamic tether. ... UTC also stands for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Coordinated Universal Time or UTC, also sometimes referred to as Zulu time, the basis for civil time, differs by an integral number of seconds from atomic time and a fractional number of seconds from UT1. ... United Airlines Flight 175 was a morning flight that regularly flew from Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, to LAX in Los Angeles, California (Boston-Los Angeles route). ... Security Camera image of the moment that American Airlines Flight 77 hit the Pentagon American Airlines Flight 77 was a morning flight that routinely flew from Washington Dulles International Airport in Fairfax and Loudoun Counties, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., to LAX in Los Angeles, California (IAD-LAX). ... For Flight 93, the 2006 film, see Flight 93 (film) United Airlines Flight 93 was a flight that regularly flew from Newark International Airport (now known as Newark Liberty International Airport) in Newark, New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport. ... Photo of George W. Bush and Laura Bush visiting Shanksville on September 11, 2002 Shanksville is a borough located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. ... Stonycreek Township is a township located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. ... Somerset County is a county located in the state of Pennsylvania. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 33rd 119,283 kmÂ² 255 km 455 km 2. ...

The fatalities were in the thousands: 265 on the four planes; 2,595, including 343 New York City firefighters, 23 NYPD police officers, and 37 Port Authority police officers in the WTC; and 125 civilians and military personnel at the Pentagon. At least 2,986 people were killed in total. In addition to the 110-floor Twin Towers of the World Trade Center itself, five other buildings at the WTC site, including WTC building 7, a 48-story steel-frame skyscraper which stood about a block away from the twin towers and was not hit by any airplane, and four subway stations were destroyed or badly damaged. In total, on Manhattan Island, 25 buildings were damaged. Communications equipment such as broadcast radio, television and two way radio antenna towers were damaged beyond repair. In Arlington, a portion of the Pentagon was severely damaged by fire and one section of the building collapsed. The New York City Fire Department or the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) has the responsibility of protecting citizens and property in New York Citys five boroughs from fires and fire hazards, as well as first response to biological, chemical and radioactive hazards. ... The New York City Police Department (NYPD), the largest police department in the United States, has primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the five boroughs of New York City. ... The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is a bi-state agency (operated pursuant to an interstate compact) that runs most of the regional transportation infrastructure including the bridges, tunnels, airports and seaports within the New York-New Jersey Port District. ... A metro station is a train station for a metro. ... For other uses, see Manhattan (disambiguation). ... A two-way radio is simply a radio that can both transmit and receive (a transceiver). ... Arlington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia (which calls itself a commonwealth), directly across the Potomac River from Washington, DC. By an act of Congress July 9, 1846, the area south of the Potomac was returned to Virginia effective in 1847 As of 2000...

Some passengers and crew members were able to make phone calls from the doomed flights. They reported that multiple hijackers were aboard each plane. A total of 19 were later identified by the FBI, four on United 93 and five each on the other three flights. Many individuals were directly responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks. ...

For a short period, the precise identity of the 19 hijackers was uncertain. For example, the BBC reported 14 days after the attack that 4 of the 19 were alive based upon the initial identification supplied by the FBI. [3]. Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national public service broadcaster of the United Kingdom (see British television). ...

The hijackers reportedly took control of the aircraft by using box cutter knives to kill flight attendants and at least one pilot or passenger. The 9/11 Commission could only establish that two of the hijackers had recently purchased Leatherman multi-function hand tools [4], but some form of noxious chemical spray, such as tear gas or pepper spray, was reported to have been used on American 11 and United 175 to keep passengers out of the first-class cabin. Bomb threats were made on three of the aircraft, but not on American 77. Disassembled, blade partly retracted Utility knife A utility knife or box cutter is a common tool used in various trades and crafts for a variety of purposes. ... Leatherman multi-tool Leatherman and belt holster Leatherman is a trademark for a line of multi-function hand tools produced by the Leatherman Tool Group. ... A riot control agent is a type of lachrymatory agent (or lacrimatory agent). ... Pepper spray is a chemical agent which is used in riot control, crowd control and personal self-defense, including defense against dogs. ... A bomb threat is a form of terrorism -- a threat to detonate an explosive. ...

The fourth aircraft

It has been speculated that the hijackers of the fourth hijacked aircraft, United Airlines Flight 93, intended to crash into the U.S. Capitol or the White House in Washington, D.C. Black box recordings reportedly revealed that passengers, led by Todd Beamer, Jeremy Glick and Mark Bingham, attempted to seize control of the plane from the hijackers, who then rocked the plane in a failed attempt to subdue the passengers. According to 911 tapes, one of the passengers had asked for the operator to pray with him before the passengers attempted to retake the aircraft. After praying, he simply said "let's roll." The term "let's roll" would later become the war cry for those fighting Al Qaeda in Afghanistan. Soon afterwards, the aircraft crashed in a field near Shanksville in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania at 10:03:11 AM local time (14:03:11 UTC). There is a dispute about the exact timing of the crash, founded on the seismic evidence which indicates that the impact actually occurred at 10:06. [5] The 9/11 Panel reports that captured al-Qaeda mastermind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed said that Flight 93's target was the U.S. Capitol, which was given the code name "The Faculty of Law". For Flight 93, the 2006 film, see Flight 93 (film) United Airlines Flight 93 was a flight that regularly flew from Newark International Airport (now known as Newark Liberty International Airport) in Newark, New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport. ... United States Capitol The United States Capitol is the capitol building which serves as home for Congress, the legislative branch of the United States federal government. ... The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States of America. ... Nickname: the District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Official website: http://www. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Todd Morgan Beamer (November 24, 1968 â€“ September 11, 2001) was a victim of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... Jeremy Logan Glick was a Strategic Account Manager for Vividence, Inc who died in the September 11, 2001 attacks, on board United Airlines Flight 93. ... Mark Kendall Bingham (May 22, 1970 - September 11, 2001) was an American public relations executive who founded his own company, the Bingham Group. ... Photo of George W. Bush and Laura Bush visiting Shanksville on September 11, 2002 Shanksville is a borough located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. ... Stonycreek Township is a township located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. ... Somerset County is a county located in the state of Pennsylvania. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (Arabic: Ø®Ø§Ù„Ø¯ Ø´ÙŠØ® Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯; also transliterated as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, and other ways) (b. ...

9/11

The attacks are often referred to simply as September 11th, 9/11, or 9-11. The latter two are from the U.S. style for writing short dates, in which the month precedes the day. Both are pronounced "nine-eleven". With the Madrid attacks on March 11, 2004 called "M11" or "311" and the 7 July 2005 London bombings called "7/7" , the convention has been extended. The scene of one of the Madrid bombings. ... 11 March is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of co-ordinated suicide bombings that struck Londons public transport system during the morning rush hour. ...

Fatalities

At the World Trade Center, faced with a desperate situation of smoke and burning heat from the jet fuel, an estimated 200 people jumped to their deaths from the burning towers [6], landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below (a reaction to the attacks similar to the effects of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and the burning of the General Slocum). In addition, some of the occupants of each tower above its point of impact made their way upward towards the roof in hope of helicopter rescue. No rescue plan existed for such an eventuality. By some accounts, fleeing occupants instead encountered locked access doors upon reaching the roof. As many as 1,366 people were trapped at and above the floors of impact in the North Tower (1 WTC). None of them survived. As many as 600 people were trapped at and above the floors of impact in the South Tower (2 WTC). Only about 18 managed to escape in time from above the impact zone and out of the South Tower before it collapsed. The Triangle Factory fire in New York City on March 25, 1911 was a major public-affairs crisis in the United States which led to improved working conditions for sweatshop workers as well as better fire inspections. ... Wreckage of the General Slocum Victims of the General Slocum washed ashore at North Brother Island The General Slocum was a steamship launched in 1891. ...

As the suburbs around New York City learned of the destruction so close to home, many schools closed for the day, evacuated, or were locked-down. Other school districts shielded students from watching television because many of their parents held jobs in the World Trade Center towers. In New Jersey and Connecticut, private schools were evacuated. Scarsdale, New York schools closed for the day. In Greenwich, Connecticut, about 15 miles north of the city, hundreds of students had direct ties to victims of the attacks. Greenwich, one of the wealthiest towns in the world, had more residents killed than any other town in the area.

According to Associated Press, the city identified over 1,600 bodies but was unable to identify the rest of the bodies (about 1,100 people). They report that the city has "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead" (AP, 23 February 2005). Associated Press logo This article concerns the news service. ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Responsibility

The United States government has blamed al-Qaeda for the 9/11 attacks. al-Qaeda claims responsibility for several attacks on U.S. military and civilian targets in Africa and the Middle East. Osama bin Laden, a leader of al-Qaeda initially denied involvement and knowledge of the incidents. Bin Laden earlier declared a holy war against the United States. Shortly after the attacks, the United States government declared al-Qaeda and bin Laden the prime suspects. Image File history File links WTC1_on_fire. ... Image File history File links WTC1_on_fire. ... Manhattan Borough,highlighted in yellow, lies between the East River and the Hudson River. ... A map highlighting Brooklyn and the rest of New York City. ... Download high resolution version (1824x1226, 842 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1824x1226, 842 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... --24. ... --24. ... Official language(s) None defined, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 47th 22,608 kmÂ² 110 km 240 km 14. ... Image File history File links The Shanksville crash site (USGS) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links The Shanksville crash site (USGS) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For Flight 93, the 2006 film, see Flight 93 (film) United Airlines Flight 93 was a flight that regularly flew from Newark International Airport (now known as Newark Liberty International Airport) in Newark, New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport. ... Photo of George W. Bush and Laura Bush visiting Shanksville on September 11, 2002 Shanksville is a borough located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. ... The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A pre-9/11 view of The Pentagon, looking east with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in the distance. ... Responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks has been found to lie with Osama bin Laden and his organization al-Qaeda. ... The government of the United States, established by the United States Constitution, is a federal republic of 50 states, a few territories and some protectorates. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Osama bin Laden in a photo from the 1990s UsÄmah bin Muhammad bin `Awad bin LÄdin (born March 10, 1957; Arabic: ), commonly known as Osama bin Laden, or Usama bin Laden, (Arabic: ), is an Islamic fundamentalist and the founder of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Holy war may refer to: A war led by or authorized by God, see religious war. ... The government of the United States, established by the United States Constitution, is a federal republic of 50 states, a few territories and some protectorates. ...

In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan which showed Osama bin Laden talking to Khaled al-Harbi. [7] In the tape, bin Laden admits to planning the attacks. The factuality of the tape is questioned in the Muslim world: "But the BBC's Middle East correspondent, Frank Gardner, says that at street level in the Arab world, many believe the tape is a fake, a PR gimmick dreamed up by the US administration." [8]. The tape was broadcast on various news networks in December 2001. Jalalabad (Persian: Jalālābād) is the capital of Nangarhar province in Afghanistan, 150 km east of Kabul near the Khyber Pass. ... Although not thought to be an al-Qaida leader, Khaled al-Harbi (right) appears in this al-Qaida video alongside Osama bin Laden. ...

Osama bin Laden responded by reading a statement on September 16, 2001, "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation," which was broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel. [9][10][11] This denial was broadcast on U.S. news networks and worldwide. The second public response was read on September 28 by Daily Ummat, a Pakistani newspaper. In it, bin Laden stated "I have already said that I am not involved in the 11 September attacks in the United States. As a Muslim, I try my best to avoid telling a lie. I had no knowledge of these attacks, nor do I consider the killing of innocent women, children and other humans as an appreciable act. Islam strictly forbids causing harm to innocent women, children and other people. Such a practice is forbidden even in the course of a battle." [12][13] Osama bin Laden in a photo from the 1990s UsÄmah bin Muhammad bin `Awad bin LÄdin (born March 10, 1957; Arabic: ), commonly known as Osama bin Laden, or Usama bin Laden, (Arabic: ), is an Islamic fundamentalist and the founder of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. ... September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Al Jazeera logo Al Jazeera (الجزيرة), meaning The Island or The (Arabian) Peninsula (whence also Algiers) is an Arabic television channel based in Qatar. ... September 28 is the 271st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (272nd in leap years). ... The Daily Ummat is a Karachi based Urdu conservative Islamist newspaper, which has become famous for its investigative reporting, rare in Urdu journalism. ...

Shortly before the US presidential election in 2004 in a taped statement, bin Laden publicly acknowledged al-Qaida's involvement in the attacks on the U.S, and admitted his direct link to the attacks. He said that the attacks were carried out because "we are a free people who do not accept injustice, and we want to regain the freedom of our nation." A still of 2004 Osama bin Laden video. ...

A United States government task force known as the 9-11 Commission, and calling itself "The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States", released its report on July 22, 2004, concluding that the attacks were conceived and implemented by al-Qaeda operatives. The Commission stated that "9/11 plotters eventually spent somewhere between $400,000 and $500,000 to plan and conduct their attack", but that the specific origin of the funds used to execute the attacks remained unknown. To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted in connection with the attacks. 22 July is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Motive

According to official US Government sources, the September 11th attacks were consistent with the mission statement of Al-Qaeda. The group's involvement in the bombing of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania is widely suspected, and Al-Qaeda had declared responsibility for the 2000 USS Cole attack in Yemen. Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Damage to USS Cole The USS Cole bombing was a suicide bombing attack against the guided missile destroyer USS Cole (DDG 67) on October 12, 2000. ...

The motivation for this campaign was set out in a 1998 fatwa [14] issued by bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir Hamzah, and Fazlur Rahman. The fatwa states that the United States: A fatwa (Arabic: ) plural fatÄwa (ÙØªØ§ÙˆÙ‰), is a legal pronouncement in Islam, issued by a religious law specialist on a specific issue. ... Ayman al-Zawahiri Ayman al-Zawahiri (Arabic: ) (born June 19, 1951) is a prominent member of the al-Qaeda group and formerly the head of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, a terrorist organization. ...

The Gulf War and the ensuing sanctions against and bombing of Iraq by the United States, were cited, in 1998, as further proof of these allegations. To the disapproval of moderate Muslims, the fatwa uses Islamic texts to explain violent action against American military and citizenry until the alleged grievances are reversed: stating "ulema have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries". The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the peaceful submission to the will of God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Statements of Al-Qaeda recorded after 9/11 are suggested to add weight to this speculation. In a 2004 video, apparently acknowledging responsibility for the attacks, bin Laden stated that he was motivated to "restore freedom to our nation", to "punish the aggressor in kind", and to inflict economic damage on America. He declared that a continuing objective of his holy war was to "[bleed] America to the point of bankruptcy". [15] A still of 2004 Osama bin Laden video. ... Holy war may refer to: A war led by or authorized by God, see religious war. ...

Both the United States and Al-Qaeda present the conflict as a battle between Good and Evil.

The 9/11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the so-called "principal architect" of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed "by his own account ... from his violent disagreement with U.S. foreign policy favoring Israel." The same motivation has been imputed to the two pilots who flew into the WTC: Mohamed Atta was described by one Ralph Bodenstein - who traveled, worked and talked with him - as "most imbued actually about... US protection of these Israeli politics in the region." Marwan al-Shehhi is said to have explained his humorless demeanour with the words: "How can you laugh when people are dying in Palestine?" However, bin Laden's 1998 fatwa against the United States (see above) was issued during the highpoint of the Israel-Palestine Oslo agreement era, when all parties believed the conflict was rapidly vanishing. The cover of the final 9/11 report, which can be purchased in bookstores across the United States and around the world The 9/11 Commission Report, formally titled The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report on the events... Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (Arabic: Ø®Ø§Ù„Ø¯ Ø´ÙŠØ® Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯; also transliterated as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, and other ways) (b. ... This photograph of Mohamed Atta was released by the FBI in the days following the attack. ... Al-Shehhi, here in a rare undated photograph Marwan al-Shehhi (Arabic: Ù…Ø±ÙˆØ§Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø´ØÙŠ, also transliterated Alshehhi) (May 9, 1978 - September 11, 2001) was named by the FBI as the suicide pilot aboard United Airlines flight 175 that crashed into the second World Trade Center tower on September 11, 2001. ...

By contrast, the Bush administration says that Al-Qaeda was motivated by hatred of the freedom and democracy exemplified by the United States, and independent analysts say that one major Al-Qaeda motive is to encourage Islamic solidarity focussed on a common enemy, and thus in the long term help pave the way for an Islamic world order.

Further information: 9/11 conspiracy theories CNN broadcast of September 11 destruction when the second plane struck the south tower of the WTC. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial aircraft on the morning of September 11, 2001. ...

Aftermath

Download high resolution version (1262x1938, 1895 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1262x1938, 1895 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article talks about the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ...

International reaction

The attacks had major global political ramifications. They were denounced by mainstream media and governments world-wide, with the headline of Paris, France's Le Monde newspaper summing up the international mood of sympathy [16]: "Today We Are All Americans". Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad coalition of international forces into Afghanistan in pursuit of al-Qaeda forces in order to topple the Taliban Government for harboring what it referred to as a terrorist organization. [17] The Pakistani authorities moved decisively to align themselves with the United States in a war against Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda. It gave the U.S. a number of military airports and bases for its attack on Afghanistan, and arrested over six hundred supposed al-Qaeda members, whom it handed over to the U.S. [18] The following worldwide effects arose from the September 11, 2001 attacks: All United Kingdom military bases increased their level of security awareness. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Le Monde is a French daily evening newspaper with a circulation in 2002 of 389,200. ... (Redirected from 2001 invasion of Afghanistan) The United States, with support from the United Kingdom, Australia and the Northern Alliance, Afghanistan in October 2001 as part of its War on Terrorism campaign. ...

Numerous countries, including the UK, France, Germany, Indonesia, China, Russia, Pakistan, Jordan, Mauritius, Uganda and Zimbabwe [19] (PDF), introduced "anti-terrorism" legislation and froze the bank accounts [20] of businesses and individuals they suspected of having al-Qaeda ties. Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries, including Italy [21], Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines [22] arrested people they labeled terrorist suspects for the stated purpose of breaking up militant cells around the world. This process aroused controversy, as critics such as the Bill of Rights Defense Committee argued that traditional restrictions on federal surveillance (e.g. COINTELPRO's monitoring of public meetings) were "dismantled" by the USA PATRIOT Act [23] (PDF); civil liberty organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union [24] and Liberty [25] argued that certain civil rights protections were also being circumvented. The United States set up a detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba to hold "illegal enemy combatants". The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by, among others, member states of the European Union, the Organization of American States, and Amnesty International. (See Camp X-Ray for further details.) Download high resolution version (400x666, 100 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... Download high resolution version (400x666, 100 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... The Honolulu Advertiser is the largest newspaper in the U.S. state of Hawaiâ€˜i and has a morning circulation of 143,983 and a Sunday edition of 165,481 copies. ... Listen to this article (2 parts) Part 1 Â· Part 2 This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2006-01-12, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Bank (disambiguation). ... The National Bill of Rights Defense Committee (BORDC) encourages local communities to take an active role in an ongoing national debate about anti-terrorism measures that threaten civil liberties guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, such as the USA PATRIOT Act. ... COINTELPRO is an acronym (Counter Intelligence Program) for a program of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation aimed at investigating and disrupting dissident political organizations within the United States. ... President George W. Bush signing the Patriot Act in the White Houses East Room on October 26, 2001. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Civil liberties are protections from the power of governments. ... The American Civil Liberties Union, or ACLU, is a non-governmental organization (NGO) whose stated goal is to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person . ... Liberty is a pressure group based in the United Kingdom. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... It has been suggested that the corresponding part of this article or section be merged into Camp Delta. ... Unlawful combatant (also illegal combatant or unprivileged combatant) describes a person who engages in combat without fulfilling the conditions that confer lawful combatant status according to the laws of war. ... The Organization of American States (OAS; OEA in the other three official languages) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., USA. Its members are the 35 independent nations of the Americas. ... Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization with the stated purpose of promoting all the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international standards. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...

In September, 2004 Yusuf Islam, a British Muslim previously known as the singer Cat Stevens, was barred from entering the U.S. and was subsequently extradited to the UK after his flight was briefly diverted to Maine. [26] Yusuf Islam's expulsion led British foreign secretary, Jack Straw, to complain to the U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, who ordered a review of restrictions placed on people entering the United States. Cat Stevens (born Stephen Demetre Georgiou on July 21, 1948, and now named Yusuf Islam) is best known for his tenure as a popular British singer-songwriter. ... Cat Stevens (born Stephen Demetre Georgiou on July 21, 1948, and now named Yusuf Islam) is best known for his tenure as a popular British singer-songwriter. ... Official language(s) None Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 39th 86,542 kmÂ² 305 km 515 km 13. ... The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (colloquially called the Foreign Secretary) is a member of the British Government responsible for relations with foreign countries, heading the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (often called simply the Foreign Office). ... Jack Straw The Right Honourable John Whitaker Jack Straw (born August 3, 1946, Buckhurst Hill) is a British Labour Party politician. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... Colin Luther Powell, KCB, (born April 5, 1937) was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving from January 20, 2001 to January 23, 2005 under President George W. Bush. ...

Public response in the United States

The attacks also had immediate and overwhelming effects upon the United States population. Gratitude toward uniformed public-safety workers, and especially toward firefighters, was widely expressed in light of both the drama of the risks taken on the scene and the high death toll among the workers. The number of casualties among the emergency service personnel was unprecedented. The highly visible role played by Rudy Giuliani, then Mayor of New York City, won him high praise nationally. He was named Person of the Year by Time magazine for 2001, and at times has had a higher profile in the U.S. than President George W. Bush. Rudy Giuliani Rudolph William Louis Rudy Giuliani III KBE (born May 28, 1944) served as the Mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2001. ... A mayor (from the Latin maÄ«or, meaning larger,greater) is the politician who serves as chief executive official of some types of municipalities. ... The Empire State Building (right) and the Chrysler Building (left) are easily recognized symbols of New York City to the world. ... Person of the Year is an annual issue of U.S. newsmagazine TIME that features a profile ostensibly on the man, woman, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that for better or worse, has most influenced events in the preceding year. ... A watch Attempting to understand time has long been a prime occupation for philosophers, scientists and artists. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States. ...

New York City bore the brunt of the attacks. Blood donations saw a surge in the weeks after 9/11. According to a report by the Journal of the American Medical Association released on May 7, 2003: "...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001 attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack)." [27] Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World, known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty, is a statue given to the United States by France in the late 19th century, standing at Liberty Island in the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all... JAMA is the acronym for the Journal of the American Medical Association, a leading medical journal. ... May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

There were some incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Middle Easterners and other "Middle Eastern looking" people, particularly Sikhs, due to the fact that Sikh males usually wear turbans, stereotypically associated with Muslims in the United States. A total of nine people were murdered within the United States as part of retaliation. Balbir Singh Sodhi, one of the first victims of this backlash, was shot dead on September 15. He, like many others, was a Sikh yet was mistaken for a Muslim. A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ... The Turban (Arabic عمامة; ‘imamah, Persian dulband) is a headdress, of obscure Oriental origin, consisting of a long scarf wound round the head or an inner hat. ... Balbir Singh Sodhi (1949 - September 15, 2001) was a Phoenix, Arizona gas station owner who was murdered in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... Backlash has meaning in both socio-political and engineering contexts. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... A Sikh man wearing a turban A Sikh is a follower of Sikhism, a religious faith originating in the Punjab. ...

Economic aftermath

The attacks had significant short-term economic impact for the United States and world markets. The New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange and NASDAQ did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) facilities and remote data processing sites were not damaged by the attack, but member firms, customers and markets were unable to communicate due to major damage to the telephone exchange facility near the World Trade Center. When the stock markets reopened on September 17, 2001, after the longest closure since the Great Depression in 1929, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (“DJIA”) stock market index fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8920, its biggest-ever one-day point decline. By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1369.7 points (14.3%), its largest one-week point drop in history. U.S. stocks lost $1.2 trillion in value for the week. As of 2005 Wall and Broad Streets near the New York Stock Exchange remain barricaded and guarded to prevent a physical attack upon the building. New York Stock Exchange (June 2003) The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), also nicknamed the Big Board, is the largest stock exchange in the world (by dollar volume) and second largest by number of listings. ... The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) is a stock exchange operated by American Stock Exchange LLC, a subsidiary of the NASD, in the United States of America. ... NASDAQ (originally an acronym for National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is a U.S. electronic stock market. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Dorothea Langes Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on Florence Owens Thompson, a mother of seven children, age thirty-two, in Nipomo, California, March 1936. ... The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is one of several stock market indices created by Wall Street Journal editor and Dow Jones & Company founder Charles Dow. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Broad Street is located in the Financial District in New York City, stretching from South Street to Wall Street. ...

The economy of Lower Manhattan, which by itself is the third-largest business district in the United States (after Midtown Manhattan and the Chicago Loop) was devastated in the immediate aftermath. 30% (28.7 million sq. ft) of Lower Manhattan office space was either damaged or destroyed. Much of what was destroyed was valuable Class-A space. The pre-2001 trend of moving jobs out of Lower Manhattan to Midtown and New Jersey was accelerated. Many questioned whether this loss of jobs and its associated tax base would ever be restored. [28] [29] [30] [31] Woolworth Building, looking south along Broadway The Lower Manhattan skyline as viewed from Hoboken, New Jersey. ... View of Midtown from Empire State Building. ... The Loop is what locals call the downtown neighborhood of Chicago. ... Class A Office Space describes the highest quality office space locally available. ...

The rebuilding has been inhibited by a lack of agreement on priorities. For example, Mayor Bloomberg had made New York's bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics the core of his capital development plan from 2002 until mid-2005, and Governor Pataki largely delegated his role to the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation [32] which has been widely criticized for doing little with the enormous funding directed to the rebuilding efforts. [33] The 2012 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXX Olympiad, will be held in London, United Kingdom from 27 July to 12 August 2012. ... The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation was formed after the September 11 attacks to plan the reconstruction of Lower Manhattan. ...

On the sites of the totally destroyed buildings, one, 7 World Trade Center, has a new office tower. Only Ameriprise Financial, Inc., a spinoff of American Express Financial Advisors has been named as a potential tenant for it[34]. There is no consensus regarding the demand for office space looking forward to 2010, so the market for 7 WTC and other new construction in the financial district is soft. The south facade of the old WTC7 with reflections of the Twin Towers. ... Ameriprise logo Ameriprise Financial, Inc. ... A spin-off (or spinoff) is a new organization or entity formed by a split from a larger one such as a new company formed from a university research group. ... American Express NYSE: AXP is a diversified global financial services company headquartered in the United States. ... A tenant (from the Latin tenere, to hold), in legal contexts, holds real property by some form of title from a landlord. ... A view up Broad Street in the Financial District in Manhattan Federal Hall The Financial District is the neighborhood in New York City on the southernmost section of the island of Manhattan which comprises the offices and headquarters of many of the citys major financial institutions, including the New...

North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased significantly upon its reopening. The attacks led to nearly a 20% cutback ^[35] in air travel capacity, and exacerbated financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry. A Boeing 747-400 belonging to Virgin Atlantic Airways, one of the UKs largest airlines. ...

Many towers in the United States metropolitan areas were evacuated hours after the attacks, including Los Angeles, where traffic was at its lowest volume ever for that city, and the major downtown business district was virtually deserted. This article is about the largest city in California. ...

Rescue, recovery, and compensation

Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to simply put out the fires burning in the rubble of the WTC, and the clean-up was not completed until May 2002. Temporary wooden "viewing platforms" were set up for tourists to view construction crews clearing out the gaping holes where the towers once stood. These platforms were closed on May 30, 2002. [36][37] [38] The area surrounding the World Trade Center became the site of the greatest number of casualties and missing, and physical destruction. ... Charities and relief agencies raised over $657 million in the three weeks following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the vast bulk going to immediate survivors and victims families. ...

Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks. The task of providing financial assistance to the survivors and the families of victims. At the deadline for victim's compensation, September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications were received from the families of those killed (from an official death toll of 2,986). [39] Charities and relief agencies raised over $657 million in the three weeks following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the vast bulk going to immediate survivors and victims families. ... Any tributes to the individuals hurt or injured in this tragedy are welcome and encouraged at our memorial site // New York City According to the 9/11 Commisson, approximately 16,400 to 18,800 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. ...

Potential health effects

Thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers included asbestos, lead, and mercury, as well as unprecedented levels of dioxin and PAHs from the fires which burned for three months. This has led to debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers, as well as some residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown. ^[40] Fibrous asbestos on muscovite Asbestos Asbestos Asbestos (a misapplication of Latin: asbestos quicklime from Greek á¼„ÏƒÎ²ÎµÏƒÏ„Î¿Ï‚: a-, not; sbestos, extinguishable) describes any of a group of fibrous metamorphic minerals of the hydrous magnesium silicate variety. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds that consist of fused aromatic rings and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents. ... Mott Street in Manhattans Chinatown in 2004. ...

There is scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products and the pollutants in the air surrounding the Towers after the WTC collapse may have negative effects on fetal development. Due to this potential harm, a notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers. The staff of this study assess the children using psychological testing every year and interview the mothers every six months. The purpose of the study is to determine whether there is significant difference in development and health progression of children whose mothers were exposed versus those who were not exposed after the WTC collapse.

Collapse of the World Trade Center

There has been much speculation on the "performance" of the Twin Towers after the impacts, and the reasons for the collapse are under active debate by structural engineers, architects, and the relevant U.S. government agencies. The design of the WTC included many basic innovations distinguishing it from all previous skyscrapers and from many built since. Although the kinetic energy of the jetliner impacts and the resulting fires were unprecedented in the history of building disasters, some engineers strongly believe skyscrapers of more traditional design (such as New York City's Empire State Building and Malaysia's Petronas Towers) would have fared much better under the circumstances, perhaps standing indefinitely. If they are correct, supertall buildings that share the WTC's major design elements (for example, Chicago's Sears Tower and John Hancock Center) could be considered particularly vulnerable. A New York City firefighter looks up at the remains of the World Trade Center, two days after its collapse The collapse of the World Trade Center was caused by the September 11, 2001 attacks that sent one hijacked airliner into each of the main towers of the World Trade... Download high resolution version (750x1143, 153 KB)Caption: 010913-N-1350W-003 New York, N.Y. (Sept. ... Download high resolution version (750x1143, 153 KB)Caption: 010913-N-1350W-003 New York, N.Y. (Sept. ... September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Download high resolution version (750x938, 166 KB)Caption: 010917-N-7479T-511 Ground Zero, New York City, N.Y. (Sept. ... Download high resolution version (750x938, 166 KB)Caption: 010917-N-7479T-511 Ground Zero, New York City, N.Y. (Sept. ... Structural engineering is the field of civil engineering particularly concerned with the design of load-bearing structures. ... An architect is a person licensed in the art of planning, designing and overseeing the construction of buildings, or more generally, the designer of a scheme or plan. ... The Empire State Building, a 102-story contemporary Art Deco style building in New York City, was designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon and finished in 1931. ... The Petronas Towers The Petronas Towers (also known as the Petronas Twin Towers), in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (, ), were once the worlds tallest buildings when measured from the level of the main entrance to the structural or architectural top. ... The Sears Tower is a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. ... Several buildings bear this name. ...

7 World Trade Center collapsed in the late afternoon of September 11. For details on its collapse see: 7 World Trade Center. The south facade of the old WTC7 with reflections of the Twin Towers. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... The south facade of the old WTC7 with reflections of the Twin Towers. ...

A federal technical building and fire safety investigation of the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC has been conducted by the United States Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The goals of this investigation — completed on April 6, 2005 — were to investigate the building construction, the materials used, and the technical conditions that contributed to the outcome of the WTC disaster. The investigation [41] was to serve as the basis for: The United States Department of Commerce is a Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting economic growth. ... The National Institute of Standards and Technology (or NIST) formerly known as The National Bureau of Standards is a non regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerceâ€™s Technology Administration. ... As a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The report concludes that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that if this had not occurred the WTC would likely have remained standing. In addition, the report asserts that the Towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide emergency escape for people above the impact zones. NIST stated that the final report on the collapse of WTC 7 will appear in a separate report. [42].

Survivors

Further information: Survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks Any tributes to the individuals hurt or injured in this tragedy are welcome and encouraged at our memorial site // New York City According to the 9/11 Commisson, approximately 16,400 to 18,800 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. ...

Congressional inquiries

Further information: 9/11 Commission Report The cover of the final 9/11 report, which can be purchased in bookstores across the United States and around the world The 9/11 Commission Report, formally titled The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report on the events...

Speculation, alternative theories, and claims of further conspiracies

Since the attacks, there has been much speculation concerning their planning and execution. A Zogby International Poll published August 30, 2004 reported that half (49.3%) of New York City residents and 41% of New York citizens overall believe that some U.S. leaders "knew in advance that attacks were planned on or around September 11, 2001, and that they consciously failed to act[43]." There are stories of phone call warnings, even weeks in advance that went unheeded. Some theories include the President's behavior during the event as evidence. Others say the damage at the Pentagon and WTC does not correspond to the official narrative. Gaps within the public record, the lack of explanation for particular details, such as the collapse of WTC building 7, and firefighter testimonials] reporting a series of explosions inside the twin towers, continue to fuel speculation [44]. Some skeptics worldwide have formed what they call a "9/11 Truth Movement." CNN broadcast of September 11 destruction when the second plane struck the south tower of the WTC. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial aircraft on the morning of September 11, 2001. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... CNN broadcast of September 11 destruction when the second plane struck the south tower of the WTC. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial aircraft on the morning of September 11, 2001. ... The 9/11 Truth Movement is a collection of groups and individuals who disagree to varying degrees with the mainstream media account of what occurred during the September 11, 2001 attacks, believe that the truth is not yet known by the general public, and state that they wish to bring...

There have been several books published detailing alternative narratives of the 9/11 attacks, and there are a large number of websites devoted to explaining and continuing to examine alternative theories of the September 11th attacks. Reasons behind questioning the official story derive from perceived benefits to the US: as justification for U.S. invasion and occupation of Middle East countries to gain control of oil; to increase the popularity of the President; to make money for the oil and defense industries. Others investigating alternative theories of the 9/11 attacks are concerned by what they see as a series of 'incompetent' or uninvestigated events and coincidences during the Bush Administration which they believe are not all without intention - they see the attacks of 9/11 as the original or largest 'lie,' (or misleading event) that promoted a wartime mentality which subsequently allowed otherwise contentious legislation (i.e., USA PATRIOT Act), authorizations of military force (Iraq War and U.S. invasion of Afghanistan), and even confirmations of what they consider to be questionable US elections (U.S. presidential election, 2004), to be more easily accepted. Gore Vidal has been highly critical of the Bush Administration. In his book Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta, he compares their behaviour before the attacks to that of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration before the attack on Pearl Harbor, claiming both attacks were more or less provoked by the United States' government and were allowed to happen to justify going to war. The Bush administration is a group of people that includes President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard Cheney, Bushs Cabinet, and other select officials and advisors. ... President George W. Bush signing the Patriot Act in the White Houses East Room on October 26, 2001. ... It has been suggested that 2003 Invasion of Iraq be merged into this article or section. ... Combatants al-Qaida, Taliban Northern Alliance, United States, United Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Australia, Germany, Canada, Italy Commanders Mohammed Omar Osama bin Laden Tommy Franks Mohammed Fahim Strength Casualties The United States invasion of Afghanistan occurred in October 2001, in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on... Presidential election results map. ... Gore Vidal, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1948 Eugene Luther Gore Vidal (born October 3, 1925), known better simply as Gore Vidal, is a well-known American writer of novels, plays and essays, and a public figure for over fifty years. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 â€“ April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), is best known for leading the U.S. through the Great Depression via his New Deal, building a powerful political coalition, the New Deal Coalition, that dominated American politics for decades, and for... Listen to this article (2 parts) Part 1 Â· Part 2 This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2006-01-12, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...

Critics across the political spectrum dismiss much of this speculation about 9/11 as Conspiracy theories that range from the dubious to the fantastic. A conspiracy theory is a theory that defies common historical or current understanding of events, under the claim that those events are the result of manipulations by two or more individuals or various secretive powers or conspiracies. ...

20th hijacker

Allegedly twenty-seven members of al-Qaeda attempted to enter the United States to take part in the September 11 attacks. In the end, only nineteen allegedly participated. Other would-be hijackers are often referred to as the 20th hijackers. A 20th hijacker is a hypothetical additional terrorist in the September 11, 2001 attack who was not able to participate. ...

Ramzi Binalshibh allegedly meant to take part in the attacks, but he was repeatedly denied a visa for entry into the U.S. Mohamed al-Kahtani, a Saudi Arabian citizen, may also have been planning to join the hijackers but U.S. Immigration authorities at Orlando International Airport refused his entry into the U.S. in August 2001. He was later captured in Afghanistan and imprisoned at the U.S. military prison known as Camp X-Ray at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Zacarias Moussaoui was reportedly considered as a replacement for Ziad Jarrah, who at one point threatened to withdraw from the scheme because of tensions amongst the plotters. Plans to include Moussaoui were allegedly never completed because the al-Qaeda hierarchy allegedly had doubts about his reliability. However, in April 2005, Moussaoui pled guilty to involvement in the hijacking and al-Qaeda, a plea which made him eligible for the death penalty. He has yet to be sentenced. Ramzi Binalshibh (Arabic: رمزي بن الشيبة; also transliterated as Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Ramzi bin al-Shaibah, and several other ways; born 1973), is a citizen of Yemen and according to the United States, Germany, and several other countries, a key al-Qaida member who helped in planning the September... An entry visa valid in all Schengen treaty countries Visas for Laos, Thailand, and Sri Lanka A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit. ... Mohamed Mani Ahmad al-Kahtani (sometimes transliterated Muhammed Al Kahtani or other ways) is a member of the terrorist group al-Qaida. ... The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country on the Arabian Peninsula. ... The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was a part of the United States Department of Justice which used to handle legal and illegal immigration and naturalization. ... Orlando International Airport (IATA: MCO, ICAO: KMCO) is an airport located in Orlando, Florida. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Camp Delta. ... It has been suggested that the corresponding part of this article or section be merged into Camp Delta. ... Moussaoui mugshot Zacarias Moussaoui (born May 30, 1968) is a French terrorist of Moroccan descent involved in the conspiracy that resulted in the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... Jarrah grew up in a wealthy, secular family Born on May 11, 1975, Ziad Samir Jarrah (Arabic: Ø²ÙŠØ§Ø¯ Ø³Ù…ÙŠØ± Ø¬Ø±Ø§Ø), was named by the FBI as being the pilot of the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 as part of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ...

Other al-Qaeda members who allegedly may have attempted, but were unable, to take part in the attacks include Saeed al-Ghamdi (not to be confused with the successful hijacker of the same name), Mushabib al-Hamlan, Zakariyah Essabar, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, and Tawfiq bin Attash. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the attack's mastermind, wanted to remove at least one member — Khalid al-Mihdhar — from the operation, but he was overruled by Osama bin Laden. Zakariyah Essabar is a known member of al-Qaida Zakariyah Essabar (Arabic: زكريا الصبار) is, according to the governments of the United States, Germany, and other countries, a member of al-Qaida and an associate of many of the organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... Ali Abdul Aziz Ali (Arabic: علي عبدالعزيز علي) is a member of the al-Qaida terrorist organization and reportedly a nephew or cousin of Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, an important leader in the organization. ... Tawfiq bin Attash, aka Khallad, is an Al Qaeda member of long standing. ... The cover of the final 9/11 report, which can be purchased in bookstores across the United States and around the world The 9/11 Commission Report, formally titled The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report on the events... Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (Arabic: خالد شيخ محمد; also transliterated as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, and other ways) (March 1, 1964 or April 14, 1965 – present) was an important figure in Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda organization, where he masterminded numerous plans and came to head the group... This photograph of Khalid al-Midhar was released by the FBI in the days following the attack. ... Osama bin Laden in a photo from the 1990s UsÄmah bin Muhammad bin `Awad bin LÄdin (born March 10, 1957; Arabic: ), commonly known as Osama bin Laden, or Usama bin Laden, (Arabic: ), is an Islamic fundamentalist and the founder of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. ...

Other planned attacks

According to Mohammed Afroze, a planned simultaneous attack in London, on the House of Commons and Tower Bridge, was aborted at the last minute, when the would-be hijackers, waiting to board the planes they were to hijack, saw the damage in the USA, panicked, and fled. Similar attacks may also have been planned in New Delhi, Melbourne, and Montreal. Mohammed Afroze is an Al-Qaida operative and Lashkar-e-Taiba militant. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... British House of Commons Canadian House of Commons In some bicameral parliaments of a Westminster System, the House of Commons has historically been the name of the elected lower house. ... Tower Bridge Sequence showing the bridge opening Tower Bridge in its river setting, looking east from the viewing platform of The Monument. ... The Humayuns Tomb, situated in New Delhi, has an architectural design similar to the Taj Mahal. ... Melbourne is the state capital and largest city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-largest city in Australia (after Sydney), with a population of approximately 3. ... City motto: Concordia Salus (Latin: Well-being through harmony) Province Quebec Mayor GÃ©rald Tremblay Area - % water 366. ...

The "War on Terrorism"

In the aftermath of the attacks, many U.S. citizens held the view that they had "changed the world forever": that the United States was now vulnerable to terrorist attacks in a way that it had not yet experienced. The United States declared a war on terrorism, with the stated goals of bringing Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda to justice, and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks. These goals would be accomplished by means including economic and military sanctions against states perceived as harboring terrorists, and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing. The second-biggest operation outside of the United States was the invasion of Afghanistan, by U.S.-led coalitions. The U.S. was not the only nation to increase its military readiness, with other notable examples being the Philippines and Indonesia, countries that have their own internal conflicts with terrorists. The U.S. government has asserted that 9/11 is connected to the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Indeed, President Bush said "The battle of Iraq is one victory in a war on terror that began on September the 11, 2001..."[45]. Also, the U.S. government has continued to maintain that the war on Iraq is critical to the American "War on Terrorism". "In the war on terror, Iraq is now the central front..." said President Bush on December 14, 2005, [46]. The War on terrorism or War on terror (abbreviated in policy circles as GWOT for global war on terror) is a global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to destroy international groups it deems as terrorist (primarily radical Islamist terrorist groups... The War on Terrorism or War on Terror (in U.S. foreign policy circles, the global war on terrorism or GWOT ) is a controversial campaign by the United States government and some of its allies with the stated goal of ending worldwide terrorism by stopping terrorist groups and ending state... December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Two years after the attacks, the Program on International Policy Attitudes reported on an opinion poll they conducted of the American public from January through September 2003. They asked "How likely it is that Saddam Hussein was personally involved in the September 11th Terrorist attacks?" The response was 32% very likely, 37% somewhat likely, 12% not very likely and 3% not at all likely^[47]. The White House never maintained that such a connection existed, and as of 2005 no clear evidence has emerged to support the claim. (Unsubstantiated claims to the contrary include: (1) allegations by Czech intelligence of a meeting between 9/11 ringleader Mohammed Atta and an Iraqi intelligence official in Prague on the same day Atta was seen in Florida; and (2) evidence that Ahmed Hikmat Shakir, allegedly a contact of Iraqi intelligence, was present at a meeting in Malaysia where future 9/11 hijacker Khalid al Mihdhar is believed by the CIA to have attended.) The Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) is an institution devoted to research on the public opinion of international politics. ... Opinion polls are surveys of opinion using sampling. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mohammed Atta is a name commonly used to refer to the following individuals: Mohamed Atta al Sayed was the Al-Qaeda suicide pilot of the first plane to crash into the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. ... Prague (Czech: Praha, German: Prag, see also other names) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

Within the United States, President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security, representing the largest re-structuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history. Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, stating that it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other alleged future crimes. Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying that it allows law enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and eliminates Judicial oversight over law-enforcement and domestic intelligence gathering. The Bush Administration also invoked 9/11 as the reason to initiate a secret National Security Agency operation "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant." [48]. The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet department of the federal government of the United States that is concerned with protecting Americas people from harm and its property from damage. ... President George W. Bush signing the Patriot Act in the White Houses East Room on October 26, 2001. ... NSA seal The National Security Agency / Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) is believed to be the largest United States government intelligence agency. ...

Memorials

Memorials to the victims and heroes of the attacks of September 11 have been planned for the three sites. An outdoor memorial at the Pentagon, for the public, has been designed by Keith Kaseman and Julie Beckman of KBAS of New York City. [49] Construction of the memorial is scheduled for completion in Fall 2006. Within the Pentagon itself, the America's Heroes Memorial was added in September 2002, when the building repairs were completed. Public access to this memorial is restricted to group tours, such as veteran's groups. The first memorials to the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks began to take shape online, as hundreds of webmasters posted their own thoughts, links to the Red Cross, and other rescue agencies, photos and eyewitness accounts. ... Pentagon Memorial is the memorial design by Julie Beckman and Keith Kaseman of New York, NY chosen from a design competition. ...

The proposed design for Flight 93 National Memorial is called Crescent of Embrace, and it has created some controversy due to its large red crescent plan which also points toward Mecca. Recently, due to the amount of public pressure, it has been announced that the memorial will be redesigned as to avoid any confusion with the sign of Islam. Flight 93 National Memorial protects the site of the crash of hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 on September 11, 2001, west of Sky Line Road in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania. ... A crescent is the shape produced when from a circular disk the disk of a circle which is a little smaller and tangent on the inside to the larger circle, is cut. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the peaceful submission to the will of God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ...

Currently, there is no memorial at the World Trade Center site. There is one planned called Reflecting Absence, which was designed by Michael Arad and selected through a design competition. This memorial design been generally praised, while other proposed elements for the site have drawn controversy. Among these were the The Drawing Center and the International Freedom Center (IFC). The Drawing Center withdrew its proposal for the site, and in consideration of objections raised by some victims' families, New York Governor George Pataki has barred the IFC from building at the site. The site before it was cleared. ... Reflecting Absence is the winning proposal for the World Trade Center site memorial. ... Michael Arad is an Israeli citizen and architect who was selected to design the World Trade Center Memorial in New York City. ... The World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was an open, international memorial contest, initiated by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), as per the specifications of architect Daniel Libeskind, to design a World Trade Center Site Memorial (later renamed the World Trade Center Memorial) on a portion of the reconstructed... The Drawing Center is a museum and educational center located in Lower Manhattan in New York City (USA). ... The International Freedom Center (IFC) was a proposed museum to be located adjacent to the site of Ground Zero at the former Twin Towers in New York City, US. It was selected in 2004 to comprise a cultural space near to the memorial for victims of the September 11, 2001... George E. Pataki George Elmer Pataki (born June 24, 1945) is the current Governor of New York State since January 1995. ...

In addition to physical monuments, a number of September 11th family members and friends have set up memorial funds, scholarships, and charities in honor of lost loved ones.

Further information: Financial assistance following the September 11, 2001 attacks Charities and relief agencies raised over $657 million in the three weeks following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the vast bulk going to immediate survivors and victims families. ...

Arts and literature

11'09"01 — September 11, a 2002 film where 11 directors present 11 stories (each of 11 minutes, 9 seconds, and 1 frame) of the event’s impact around the world.

Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, a 2005 novel by Jonathan Safran Foer, was one of the first books to deal with the attacks. The book follows the narrator, 9-year old Oskar Schell, whose father was in the upper floors of the World Trade Center when the jets crashed into the Twin Towers. To fight his unresolvable grief and quell his terrifying imagination, Oskar embarks on a quixotic quest to find what he hopes is his father's most illuminating secret. In service of this quest Oskar conquers many of his irrational fears and comforts other damaged souls. Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by New York writer Jonathan Safran Foer is a novel published in 2005, and is notable for being one of the first to deal with the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. ... Jonathan Safran Foer (born 1977) is a Jewish-American writer who lives in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, with his wife, novelist Nicole Krauss, and their dog, George. ...

"The Guys", a play by Anne Nelson, explores the memories and emotions of a surviving fire captain and a writer who helps him writing eulogies for his lost comrades. The play was first performed on December 4, 2001.

World Trade Center, a film by Oliver Stone, tells the story of two Port Authority police officers, John McLoughlin (played by Nicolas Cage) and Will Jimeno (played by Michael Peña), who were the last two rescue workers pulled from ground zero alive. It is billed as an uplifting story about everyday New Yorkers helping one another amid a cataclysmic tragedy. It is scheduled for release in August 2006. World Trade Center, a film by Oliver Stone, tells the story of two Port Authority police officers, John McLoughlin (played by Nicolas Cage) and Will Jimeno (played by Michael PeÃ±a), who were the last two rescue workers pulled from ground zero alive. ... Oliver Stone William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946), known simply as Oliver Stone, is an Academy Award-winning American film director. ... Nicolas Cage on the cover of the March 1997 edition of GQ magazine. ... Michael PeÃ±a (born 1976 in Chicago, Illinois) is a Hispanic American actor. ...

Media

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Image File history File links Gnome-speakernotes. ... George W. Bush Speech - September 12, 2001. ...

Contents

The attacks

The fourth aircraft

9/11

Fatalities

Responsibility

Motive

Aftermath

International reaction

Public response in the United States

Economic aftermath

Rescue, recovery, and compensation

Potential health effects

Collapse of the World Trade Center

Survivors

Congressional inquiries

Speculation, alternative theories, and claims of further conspiracies

20th hijacker

Other planned attacks

The "War on Terrorism"

Memorials

Arts and literature

Media

See also

Victims

External links

Memoirs

Video

Photos

Books

Victims and damage

Further reading

References

Contents

The attacks GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

The fourth aircraft

9/11

Fatalities

Responsibility

Motive

Aftermath

International reaction

Public response in the United States

Economic aftermath

Rescue, recovery, and compensation

Potential health effects

Collapse of the World Trade Center

Survivors

Congressional inquiries

Speculation, alternative theories, and claims of further conspiracies

20th hijacker

Other planned attacks

The "War on Terrorism"

Memorials

Arts and literature

Media

See also

Victims

External links

Memoirs

Video

Photos

Books

Victims and damage

Further reading

References

The attacks