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Executive Outcomes was a private military company founded in South Africa by Lieutenant-Colonel Eeben Barlow in 1989. It was controlled by the South Africa-based holding company Strategic Resource Corporation.[1] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
A private military company (PMC) provides specialised expertise or services of a military nature, sometimes called or classified as mercenary (soldiers for hire).[1] Such companies are equally known as Private Military Corporations, Private Military Firms, Military Service Providers, and generally as the Private Military Industry. ...
Lieutenant Colonel (Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grades spelling) is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies and most marine corps and air forces of the world, typically ranking above a Major and below a Colonel. ...
Lt-Col. ...
A holding company is a company that owns part, all, or a majority of other companies outstanding stock. ...
Executive Outcomes provided military personnel, training and logistical support to official recognized governments only. They were however often accused of providing the military strength for corporations to control natural resources in failed states or conflict-ridden areas, because these governments mostly paid for their service's with mining concessions.[2] A corporation (usually known in the United Kingdom and Ireland as a company) is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a Civil law systems may refer to corporations as moral persons; they may also go by the name...
Failed state is a controversial term intended to mean a weak state in which the central government has little practical control over much of its territory. ...
History
Mission statement Executive Outcome's mission statement was promisingly described by the company as[3]: Look up mission statement in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
| “ | To provide a highly professional and confidential military advisory service to legitimate governments.
To provide sound military and strategic advice.
To provide the most professional military training packages currently available to armed forces, covering aspects related to sea, air, and land warfare.
To provide advice to armed forces on weapon and weapon platform selection.
To provide a total apolitical service based on confidentiality, professionalism, and dedication." | ” |
Background In 1989, following the conclusion of South African Border Wars in Angola and Namibia, the apartheid regime in South Africa was beginning to dissolve. The South African Defence Force was looking at broad cuts in its personnel. African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela demander that then South African President Frederik Willem de Klerk dismantle some of the South African and South West African Special Forces units such as 32 Battalion, Koevoet and the Reconnaissance Regiments. One of these was the Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB), a unit that carried out covert assassinations of government opponents, and worked to bypass the United Nations Apartheid sanctions by setting up overseas front companies. Combatants Republic of Angola, Republic of Cuba, SWAPO, USSR, East Germany, Republic of Zambia Republic of South Africa, UNITA Scope of operations Operational Area: The South African Border War The South African Border War refers to the conflict that took place from 1966 to 1989 in South-West Africa (now...
A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ...
The South African Defence Force (SADF) were the South African armed forces from 1957 until 1994. ...
For political parties with similar names in other countries, see Northern Rhodesian African National Congress and Zambian African National Congress. ...
For other people named Mandela, or other uses, see Mandela (disambiguation). ...
== == Frederik Willem de Klerk (born March 18, 1936) was the last State President of Apartheid-era South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994. ...
32 Battalion (sometimes nicknamed Buffalo Battalion or Os Terriveis - Portuguese for The Terrible Ones) was a highly decorated infantry battalion of the South African Army, composed of black and white officers and NCOs. ...
Strategically placed: mineral-rich Namibia, with a long Atlantic coastline, borders Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe Koevoet (Afrikaans for crowbar) was a police counter insurgency unit in South-West Africa (now Namibia) during the 1970s and 1980s. ...
Special Forces insignia - the Compass Rose Official force name South African Special Forces Nickname Recces Branch Joint Operations Chain of Command Chief of Joint Operations, SANDF Description South Africas main Special Operations Force Specialisations Conducting Airborne operations, conducting direct action operations, conducting raids, Counter-Terrorism, underwater reconnaissance, infiltrating and...
The Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) was a covert South African apartheid-era hit squad[1]. Inaugurated in 1986, and fully functional by 1988 it was set up to eliminate anti-apartheid activists, destroy ANC facilities, and find means to circumvent the economic sanctions[1] imposed on that country. ...
UN and U.N. redirect here. ...
A front organization is any entity set up by and controlled by another organization, such as intelligence agencies, criminal organizations, banned organizations, religious or political groups, advocacy groups, or corporations. ...
Only Koevoet — being part of the South West African Police (SWAPOL) — was disbanded as part of the negotiations for South West African (now Namibia) independence. Many members of the other units or simply former national servicemen were recruited by Executive Outcomes.
Formation Eben Barlow, reputedly an officer in the CCB,[1] would become the first leader of Executive Outcomes, and the company would go on to recruit many of their personnel from these units and within a short period could boast of having 500 military advisers and over 3000 highly-trained military personnel at its disposal. Barlow had extensive corporate connections, among which were Tony Buckingham and Simon Mann who helped set up Executive Outcomes. In 1993, the three registered Executive Outcomes in the United Kingdom.[1] Anthony Leslie Rowland Tony Buckingham is an oil industry executive with a corporate empire including mineral and mining concessions, and links to mercenary organisations such as Executive Outcomes, which are now known as private military contractors (PMCs). ...
Simon Mann (1953) is a security expert, mercenary and former British Army officer, now holding South African citizenship. ...
Activities Executive Outcomes fought on behalf of the Angolan government against UNITA after a 1994 peace settlement broke down. In March 1995, it contained an insurrection of guerrillas known as the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone, regained control of the diamond fields, and forced a negotiated peace.[3] In both these instances they are credited with rescuing the official recognized government in both countries from destabilizing forces. In the case of Angola this led to the a cease fire and the Lusaka Protocol which ended the Angolan civil war — albeit only for a few years.[4] A UNITA sticker The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, commonly known by the acronymn, UNITA, derived from its Portuguese name União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, is an Angolan political faction and a former rebel force. ...
The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) was a rebel army that fought a failed ten-year insurrection in Sierra Leone, starting in 1991 and ending in 2002. ...
The Lusaka Protocol, signed in Lusaka, Zambia on October 31, 1994, attempted to end the Angolan Civil War by integrating and disarming UNITA and national reconciliation. ...
Executive Outcomes had contracts with transnational corporations such as De Beers, Chevron, Rio Tinto Zinc and Texaco. The governments of Angola, Sierra Leone, and Papau New Guinea were also clients. Additionally they provided military training in Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, Madagascar, and Algeria.[1][3] A contract is a legally binding exchange of promises or agreement between parties that the law will enforce. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with transnationalism. ...
For other uses, see Corporation (disambiguation). ...
De Beers, founded in South Africa by Cecil Rhodes, comprises companies involved in rough diamond exploration, diamond mining and diamond trading. ...
Chevron Corporation (NYSE: CVX) is one of the worlds largest global energy companies. ...
This article is about the Rio Tinto mining company. ...
Texaco is the name of an American oil retail brand with a strong global presence. ...
The Independent State of Papua New Guinea, often referred to by just the initials PNG, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of Irian Jaya (the Western half is a province of Indonesia). ...
Thanks to the corporate expertise of Barlow and others, Executive Outcomes' operations were cloaked behind a network of shadowy multinational holding entities, mining and oil companies, transportation, and security companies.[5] Together the entire structure engaged in the extraction of mineral and oil resources from the failed states where EO served its clients. The practice was referred to as "predatory capitalism" by Dr. Robert J. Bunker and Steven F. Marin.[5] Failed state is a controversial term intended to mean a weak state in which the central government has little practical control over much of its territory. ...
Key personnel Apart from Eeben Barlow, other Executive Outcome personnel were reported to be Nic Van Der Berg, Tony Buckingham, Michael Grunberg, D.H. Parker, and Simon Mann.[1] Anthony Leslie Rowland Tony Buckingham is an oil industry executive with a corporate empire including mineral and mining concessions, and links to mercenary organisations such as Executive Outcomes, which are now known as private military contractors (PMCs). ...
Simon Mann (1953) is a security expert, mercenary and former British Army officer, now holding South African citizenship. ...
Dissolution Executive Outcomes was dissolved on January 1, 1999 when South Africa introduced the 1998 Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act. The aim of the Act was to stop mercenary activities by the dual actions of: is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the year. ...
For other uses, see Mercenary (disambiguation). ...
- a. preventing direct participation as a combatant in armed conflict for private gain including the training, recruitment and use of mercenaries; and,
- b. requiring approval of the National Conventional Arms Control Committee for offering of military assistance overseas.[6]
However, the company's personnel most likely continued their activities under the names of Lifeguard, Saracen, or another private military company with links to Executive Outcomes, albeit with a much reduced level of visibility.[5]
Sandline International Executive Outcomes was closely linked to the United Kingdom private military company Sandline International. Sandline was founded by Simon Mann and Eben Barlow, and added to the web of companies behind Executive Outcomes. Tim Spicer, a retired Scots Guards officer, was recruited to lead the company. In December 1996, Sandline was officially incorporated by Tony Buckingham, Simon Mann, Eben Barlow, Tim Spicer, Michael Grunberg, and Nic van der Berg, Barlow's successor at Executive Outcomes. Both companies were controlled by shadowy fronts, Plaza 107 in the United Kingdom and the Strategic Resources Corporation in South Africa.[1] Sandline International was a private security (military) company based in London, established in the early 1990s. ...
Tim Spicer is a former Lieutenant-Colonel in the Scots Guards and CEO of the private security company (PSC) Aegis Defence Services. ...
The Scots Guards are a regiment of the British Army, part of the Guards Division, and have a long and proud history stretching back hundreds of years. ...
References - ^ a b c d e f The Privatisation of Violence: New mercenaries and the state Christopher Wrigley CAAT March 1999
- ^ LoBaido, Anthony C.. "EO: A New Kind of Army for Privatized Global Warfare", WorldNetDaily, 1998-08-11.
- ^ a b c The New Mercenaries and the Privatization of Conflict Thomas K. Adams Parameters, Summer 1999
- ^ Conflict, Inc.: Selling the Art of War, Center for Defense Information, December 7, 1997, <http://www.cdi.org/adm/1113/transcript.html>
- ^ a b c Executive Outcomes: Mercenary Corporation OSINT Guide Dr. Robert J. Bunker and Steven F. Marin US Army Foreign Military Studies Office July 1999
- ^ CHAPTER 2—THE PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES PERSPECTIVE Select Committee on Foreign Affairs August 1, 2002
Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...
is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Center for Defense Information, or CDI, is an organization composed partially of academics and a few retired high-ranking military officers formed for the purpose of critical analysis of United States defence policy. ...
is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the band, see 1997 (band). ...
See also Sandline International was a private security (military) company based in London, established in the early 1990s. ...
A private military company (PMC) provides specialised expertise or services of a military nature, sometimes called or classified as mercenary (soldiers for hire).[1] Such companies are equally known as Private Military Corporations, Private Military Firms, Military Service Providers, and generally as the Private Military Industry. ...
For other uses, see Mercenary (disambiguation). ...
At the 72nd plenary meeting on 4 December 1989 the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 44/34, the International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries. ...
The term unlawful combatant (also unlawful enemy combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent) denotes a person denied the privileges of prisoner of war (POW) designation, in accordance with the Geneva Conventions; one to whom protection is recognised as due is a lawful or privileged combatant. ...
The arms industry is a massive global industry. ...
External links - Mirror of Executive Outcomes' official website in 1998, from archive.org
- Licensed to Kill, Hired Guns in the War on Terror by Robert Young Pelton (Crown, Sept 1, 2006)
- Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World's Gone Mad, by Robert Young Pelton (ISBN 1-58574-416-6)
- Executive Outcomes page by GlobalSecurity.org
- Profile: Simon Mann BBC News September 10, 2004
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