Exodusters was a name given to black Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many former slaves to seek a new place in which to live. Many settled in Kansas because of its fame as the land of the abolitionist John Brown (1800–1859). The state was reputed to be more progressive and tolerant than most others, and was well known among black Americans because of the efforts of such separatist leaders as Benjamin "Pap" Singleton. An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... This article is 88 kilobytes or more in size. ... Official language(s) English[2] Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Area  Ranked 15th  - Total 82,277 sq mi (213,096 km²)  - Width 211 miles (340 km)  - Length 417 miles (645 km)  - % water 0. ... For other uses, see Reconstruction (disambiguation). ... Slave redirects here. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This English poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery. ... John Brown John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was the first white American abolitionist to advocate and practice insurrection as a means to the abolition of slavery. ... Benjamin Pap Singleton (1809-1892) was a significant figure in nineteenth century African American history. ...

The Kansas Exodus was an unorganized mass migration, which began in 1879. Local relief agencies, such as the Kansas Freedman's Relief Association, did try to provide aid; but it was never enough to meet the needs of the impoverished migrants. The Exodusters continued coming to Kansas through the summer of 1880, after which year the movement died out.

Academic references

• Athearn, Robert G. "Black Exodus: The Migration of 1879." The Prairie Scout 3 (1975): 86-97.

• Athearn,* Schwendemann, Glen. "Nicodemus: Negro Haven on the Solomon." Kansas Historical Quarterly 34 (spring 1968): 10-31.

• Campney, Brent M. S. This is Not Dixie Southern Spaces 6 September 2007

• Schwendemann, Glen. "St. Louis and the 'Exodusters' of 1879." Journal of Negro History 46 (January 1961): 32-46.

• Schwendemann, Glen. "Wyandotte and the First 'Exodusters' of 1879." Kansas Historical Quarterly 26 (autumn 1960): 233-249.

• Strickland, Arvarh E. "Toward the Promised Land: The Exodus to Kansas and Afterward." Missouri Historical Review 69 (July 1975): 376-412.

• Van Deusen, John G. "The Exodusters of 1879." Journal of Negro History 21 (April 1936): 111-129.

• Williams, Nudie E. "Black Newspapers and the Exodusters of 1879." Kansas History 8 (winter 1985/86): 217-225.

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Exodusters in Fiction

• Gabriel's Story, by David Anthony Durham.

Gabriels Story is an award winning 2001 novel by American author David Anthony Durham. ... David Anthony Durham is an American historical fictionalist, writing about the American Civil War and Ancient Carthage and Hannibal Barca. ...

External links

• (PBS The West "Exodusters")
• (Kansas State Historical Society, Exoduster Flier)

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