Numismatics

Terminology

Currency Coins, Banknotes, Forgery Circulating currencies Community currencies Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 2. ... Numismatics is the scientific study of currency and its history in all its varied forms. ... This article is an attempt to combine and condense Numismatic and coin collecting terms into concise, informative explainations for the beginner or professional. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A £20 Bank of England banknote. ... This list of circulating currencies contains the 194 current official or de facto currencies of the 192 United Nations member states, one UN observer state, three partially recognized sovereign states, six unrecognized countries, and 32 dependencies. ... In economics, a local currency, in its common usage, is a currency not backed by a national government (and not legal tender), and intended to trade only in a small area. ... Company scrip, LETS, Time dollars Fictional currencies Company scrip is currency issued in certain industries to pay workers. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Ithaca Hour is an example of time-based currency. ... Fictional currency is currency in works of fiction. ...

Ancient currencies Greek, Roman, Byzantine Medieval currencies Modern currencies Africa, The Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania

Production Mint, Designers Coining, Milling, Hammering

Exonumia Credit cards, Medals, Tokens Notaphily A mint is a facility which manufactures coins for currency. ... Coining is a form of precision stamping. ... The term milled coinage is used to describe coins which are produced by some form of machine, rather than by manually hammering coin blanks between two dies (hammered coinage) or casting coins from dies. ... Hammered coinage describes the commonest form of coins produced since the invention of coins in the first millennium BC until the early modern period of ca. ... Credit cards A credit card is a system of payment named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. ... A Medal is a word used for various types of compact objects: a wearable medal awarded by an authority government for services redered, especially to a country (such as Armed force service); strictly speaking this only refers to a medal of coin-like appearance, but informally the word also refers... A rare and historic Bechuanaland Border Police canteen token. ... Notaphily is the study of paper money or banknotes. ... Banknotes Scripophily A £20 Bank of England banknote. ... Scripophily is the study and collection of stocks and Bonds. ... Stocks, Bonds

Exonumia is the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counterstamped coins, wooden nickels and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been legal tender), and many coin collectors are also exonumists. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... In finance, a bond is a debt security, in which the issuer owes the holders a debt and is obliged to repay the principal and interest (the coupon) at a later date, termed maturity. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A rare and historic Bechuanaland Border Police canteen token. ... A Medal is a word used for various types of compact objects: a wearable medal awarded by an authority government for services redered, especially to a country (such as Armed force service); strictly speaking this only refers to a medal of coin-like appearance, but informally the word also refers... Elongated coins are coins that have been flattened, stretched and imprinted with a new design with the purpose of creating a commemorative or souvenir token. ... In the study of numismatics tokens are coin-like objects used instead of coins. ... Numismatics is the scientific study of currency and its history in all its varied forms. ... Legal tender or forced tender is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt denominated in the same currency by virtue of law. ... Coin collecting is the hobby of collecting coins. ...

Besides the above strict definition, others extend it to include non-coins which may or may not be legal tenders such as cheques, credit cards and similar paper. These can also be considered notaphily or scripophily. Credit cards A credit card is a system of payment named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. ... Notaphily is the study of paper money or banknotes. ... Scripophily is the study and collection of stocks and Bonds. ...

The noun exonumia is derived from two classical roots: exo, meaning "out-of" in Greek, and nummus, meaning "coin" in Latin; thus, "out[side]-of-[the category]coins". Usually, the term "exonumia" is applied to these objects in the United States, while the equivalent British term is paranumismatica. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

The words exonumist and exonumia were coined in July 1960 by Russell Rulau, a recognized authority and author on the subject, and accepted by Webster's dictionary in 1965. 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... 1888 advertisement for Websters Dictionary Websters Dictionary is the common title given to English language dictionaries in the United States, derived from American lexicographer Noah Webster. ...

Items such as bus tokens (transportation tokens), bar or pub tokens, and casino tokens or chips are some of the more common forms of exonumia. Related, but normally considered to be a different branch of numismatics, is odd and curious money. Another important area of token collecting is Latin American coffee or plantation tokens. Many but not all of these tokens were made in the states while others were made in Europe and England. You will find these tokens circulated in more than one language although Spanish is the prevalent one. Plantation tokens can have an array of denominations and names. The name can be the owner or their relatives. Sometimes the token can have the name of the farm or finca. Lastly, tokens had allegorical symbols to identify the owner. Very little documentation exists since the inception of Latin American tokens, therefore, many tokens cannot be verified as to who the real owner is or what the symbol or symbols meant. One dollar chips from various Las Vegas casinos. ...

Tokens in Latin America were used as currency since there wasn't enough official currency available. Customarily, workers could convert the tokens to official currency on Saturdays. It is widely understood that many plantation owners in Latin America had their own commissaries, therefore, the workers were able to use the farm owners tokens to pay for provisions. It is important to note that in the 19th century many of the plantation workers and families lived on the farm they worked on.

Latin American tokens were made in all types of base metals and alloys plus plastic, celluloid and bakelite. Unique to Costa Rica were tokens made in paper fashion, either uniface or printed on both sides. Many people call these paper chits. The word "Boleto" is used solely in Costa Rica for the word token whereas "ficha" is used in the rest of Latin America. Bakelite is a material based on the thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride developed in 1907–1909 by Dr. Leo Baekeland. ... This British Army Forces Voucher, issued to soldiers in Germany following World War II, specifies that in may only be used in canteens or other specified transactions. ...

Sources and references

• Coin-Gallery.com glossary
• é'carat.co.UK Numismatic jargon - Coin terms
• Canaciancoin.com - dictionary
• Australianstamp.com - Glossary of Numismatic terms
• CostaRicaTokens.com - Costa Rica Tokens

Numismatics Portal