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Encyclopedia > Exploration of Mars
It has been suggested that Mars landing be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
Computer-generated image of one of the two Mars Exploration Rovers which touched down on Mars in 2004.
Computer-generated image of one of the two Mars Exploration Rovers which touched down on Mars in 2004.

The exploration of Mars has been an important part of the space exploration programs of the Soviet Union (later Russia), the United States, Europe, and Japan. Dozens of robotic spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been launched toward Mars since the 1960s. These missions were aimed at gathering data about current conditions and answering questions about the history of Mars. The questions raised by the scientific community are expected to not only give a better appreciation of the red planet but also yield further insight into the past, and possible future of Earth. Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... A Mars landing is when a spacecraft lands on the surface of Mars. ... MER computer generated image, from http://marsrovers. ... MER computer generated image, from http://marsrovers. ... Artists Concept of Rover on Mars NASAs Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission (since 2003) is a unmanned Mars exploration mission that includes sending two Rovers (robots) to explore the Martian surface and geology. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Space exploration is the physical exploration of outer space, both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... An artists interpretation of the MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury A robotic spacecraft is a spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. ... An orbiter is a spacecraft that orbits a planet or moon without landing on it in order to study the objects surface from a safe distance. ... A lander is a type of spacecraft which descends to come to rest on the surface of an astronomical body. ... Two different Mars rover designs. ... Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system, named after the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color as viewed in the night sky. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ...


The exploration of Mars has come at a considerable financial cost with roughly two-thirds of all spacecraft destined for Mars failing before completing their missions, with some failing before they even begin. Such a high failure rate can be attributed to the complexity and large number of variables involved in an interplanetary journey, and has led researchers to jokingly speak of The Great Galactic Ghoul [1] which subsists on a diet of Mars probes. This phenomenon is also informally known as the Mars Curse. [2]

Contents

The Planet Mars

Mars has long been the subject of human fascination. Early telescopic observations revealed color changes on the surface which were originally attributed to seasonal vegetation as well as linear features which were ascribed to intelligent design. These early and erroneous interpretations led to widespread public interest in Mars. Further telescopic observations found Mars' two moons - Phobos and Deimos, dry channels and depressions, polar ice caps, Olympus Mons, the solar system's tallest mountain, and Valles Marineris, the solar system's largest canyon system. These discoveries have only piqued further interest in the study and exploration of the red planet. Mars is a rocky planet, like Earth, that formed around the same time, yet with only half the diameter of Earth, and a far thinner atmosphere, it has a cold and desert-like surface. (It is notable, however, that although the planet has only one quarter of the surface area of the Earth, it has about the same land area, since only one quarter of the surface area of the Earth is land). In Greek mythology, Phobos is one of the sons of Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus). ... Deimos, a Greek word for fear or terror, may refer to: Deimos (mythology), one of the sons of Ares and Aphrodite in Greek mythology. ... This article is about the volcano on Mars and Solar Systems tallest mountain in Latin, For other uses, see Olympus (disambiguation). ... Valles Marineris cuts a wide swath across the face of Mars Valles Marineris (Latin for Mariner Valley, named after the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter of 1971-72 which discovered it. ...


Launch windows

In order to understand the history of the robotic exploration of Mars it is important to note that minimum-energy launch windows occur at intervals of 2.135 years, i.e. 780 days (the planet's synodic period) with respect to Earth. This is a consequence of the Hohmann transfer orbit for minimum-energy interplanetary transfer. Launch windows were / will be in: Launch window is a term used in aerospace to describe a time period in which a particular rocket must be launched. ... The orbital period is the time it takes a planet (or another object) to make one full orbit. ... In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an orbital maneuver that, under standard assumption, moves a spacecraft from one circular orbit to another using two engine impulses. ...

  • November to December 1996
  • December 1998 to January 1999
  • April 2001
  • June to July 2003
  • August 2005
  • October 2007
  • December 2009
  • February 2012

Like the outbound launch windows, minimum energy inbound (Mars to Earth) launch windows also occur at intervals of 780 (Earth) days.


In addition to these minimum-energy trajectories, which occur when the planets are aligned so that the Earth to Mars transfer trajectory goes halfway around the sun, an alternate trajectory which has been proposed goes first inward toward Venus orbit, and then outward, resulting in a longer trajectory which goes about 360 degrees around the sun ("opposition-class trajectory"). Although this transfer orbit takes longer, and also requires more energy, it is sometimes proposed as a mission trajectory for human missions. For other uses, see Venus (disambiguation). ...


Early flyby probes and orbiters

Early Soviet missions

Main article: Marsnik program
Marsnik spacecraft
Marsnik spacecraft

The Marsnik program, was the first Soviet unmanned spacecraft interplanetary exploration program, which consisted of two flyby probes launched towards Mars in October 1960, Marsnik 1 and 2 dubbed Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B (also known as Korabl 4 and Korabl 5 respectively). After launch, the third stage pumps on both Marsnik launchers were unable to develop enough thrust to commence ignition, so Earth parking orbit was not achieved. The spacecraft reached an altitude of 120 km before reentry. The Marsnik program of unmanned spacecraft were the Soviet Unions first attempt at interplanetary exploration. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Marsnik program of unmanned spacecraft were the Soviet Unions first attempt at interplanetary exploration. ... The Marsnik program of unmanned spacecraft were the Soviet Unions first attempt at interplanetary exploration. ... The Marsnik program of unmanned spacecraft were the Soviet Unions first attempt at interplanetary exploration. ...


Mars 1962A a Mars fly-by mission, launched on October 24, 1962 and Mars 1962B a lander mission, launched in late December of the same year both failed from either breaking up as they were going into Earth orbit or having the upper stage explode in orbit during the burn to put the spacecraft into the Mars trajectory. Sputnik 22 (also known as Korabl 11 and Mars 1962A) was an attempted Mars flyby mission, presumably similar to the Mars 1 mission launched 8 days later. ... Sputnik 24 (also known as Beta Xi 1, Korabl 13, and Mars 1962B) was an attempted Mars lander mission. ...


Mars 1 (1962 Beta Nu 1) an automatic interplanetary station launched to Mars on November 1, 1962 was the first probe of the Soviet Mars probe program. Mars 1 was intended to fly by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km and take images of the surface as well as send back data on cosmic radiation, micrometeoroid impacts and Mars' magnetic field, radiation environment, atmospheric structure, and possible organic compounds. Sixty-one radio transmissions were held, initially at two day intervals and later at 5 days in which a large amount of interplanetary data was collected. On 21 March 1963, when the spacecraft was at a distance of 106,760,000 km from Earth, on its way to Mars, communications ceased, due to failure of the spacecraft's antenna orientation system. Mars 1 spacecraft Mars 1 (1962 Beta Nu 1) was an automatic interplanetary station launched in the direction of Mars on November 1, 1962, the first of the Soviet Mars probe program, with the intent of flying by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... A Micrometeoroid (also micrometeorite, micrometeor) is a tiny meteoroid; a small particle of rock from space, usually weighing less than a gram, that poses a threat to space exploration. ... For the indie-pop band, see The Magnetic Fields. ...


In 1964, both Soviet probe launches, of Zond 1964A on June 4, and Zond 2 on November 30, (part of the Zond program), resulted in failures. Zond 1964A had a failure at launch, while communication was lost with Zond 2 en route to Mars after a mid-course maneuver, in early May 1965. Mars 3MV-4A Zond 2, a member of the Soviet Zond program, was the second Soviet spacecraft to attempt a flyby of Mars. ... The name Zond (meaning probe in Russian) is the name given to two series of Soviet unmanned space missions from 1964 to 1970 to gather information about nearby planets and test spacecraft. ...


Mariner program

Main article: Mariner program
Taken from Mariner 4, the first close-up image ever taken of Mars shows an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame.
Taken from Mariner 4, the first close-up image ever taken of Mars shows an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame.

In 1964, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory made two attempts at reaching Mars. Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 were identical spacecraft designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars. Mariner 3 was launched on November 5, 1964, but the shroud encasing the spacecraft atop its rocket failed to open properly, and it failed to reach Mars. Three weeks later, on November 28, 1964, Mariner 4 was launched successfully on an 7½-month voyage to the red planet. Launch of Mariner 1 (NASA) The Mariner program was a program conducted by the American space agency NASA that launched a series of robotic interplanetary probes designed to investigate Mars, Venus and Mercury. ... Caption: Mariner 4 image, the first close-up image ever taken of Mars. ... Caption: Mariner 4 image, the first close-up image ever taken of Mars. ... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... For the singer/songwriter, see Jon Peter Lewis. ... Mariner 3 and 4 were identical spacecraft of the Mariner program designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars. ... Mariner 4 (Mariner-Mars 1964) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in a flyby mode and performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface. ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ...


Mariner 4 flew past Mars on July 14, 1965, providing the first close-up photographs of another planet. The pictures, gradually played back to Earth from a small tape recorder on the probe, showed lunar-type impact craters. is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ...


NASA continued the Mariner program with another pair of Mars flyby probes, Mariner 6 and 7, at the next launch window. These probes reached the planet in 1969. During the following launch window the Mariner program again suffered the loss of one of a pair of probes. Mariner 9 successfully entered orbit about Mars, the first spacecraft ever to do so, after the launch time failure of its sister ship, Mariner 8. When Mariner 9 reached Mars, it and two Soviet orbiters (Mars 2 and Mars 3, see Mars probe program below) found that a planet-wide dust storm was in progress. The mission controllers used the time spent waiting for the storm to clear to have the probe rendezvous with, and photograph, Phobos. When the storm cleared sufficiently for Mars' surface to be photographed by Mariner 9, the pictures returned represented a substantial advance over previous missions. These pictures were the first to offer evidence that liquid water might at one time have flowed on the planetary surface. As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 ( Mariner Mars 69A / 69B) completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. ... Mariner 9 launch Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars 71 / Mariner-I) was a NASA space probe orbiter that helped in the exploration of Mars and was part of the Mariner program. ... Mariner 8. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mars 2. ... Phobos (IPA: or [ˈfoʊ.bəs]) (systematic designation: ) is the larger and closer of Mars two moons (the other being Deimos). ...


Surface missions

Main article: Mars landing

The following is a map of landings on Mars. (When viewing this page on-line, the Mars lander icons will link to the corresponding articles.) A Mars landing is when a spacecraft lands on the surface of Mars. ...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The launch patch for Spirit, featuring Marvin the Martian. ... The launch patch for Opportunity, featuring Duck Dodgers (Daffy Duck). ... The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor was launched. ... Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASAs Viking program, and holds the record for the longest Mars surface mission. ... Frost on Mars. ...

Mars Curse

The high failure rate of missions launched from Earth attempting to explore Mars has become informally known as the Mars Curse. See below for a full list of launch attempts to Mars. Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ...


As of the end of 2006, of 37 launches from Earth in an attempt to reach the planet, only 18 succeeded, a success rate of under 50%. Eleven of the missions included attempts to land on the surface, but only six transmitted data once after landing. Some suggest, mostly in jest, that there is actually some force trying to prevent or punish the exploration of Mars. The Galactic Ghoul is a fictional space monster that consumes Mars probes, a term coined in 1997 by Time Magazine journalist Donald Neff.[3][4][5] It has been suggested that Space probe be merged into this article or section. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... Donald Neff has been a journalist for forty years. ...


The U.S. (NASA) Mars exploration program has had a somewhat better record of success in Mars exploration, achieving success in 12 out of 17 missions launched (about 71% success rate), and succeeding in five out of six of the launches of Mars landers.

v • d • e
Failed and cancelled missions to the planet Mars
Failed at launch

Marsnik program · Sputnik 22 · Sputnik 24 · Mariner 3 · Mars 1969A · Mars 1969B · Mariner 8 · Cosmos 419 · Mars 96 This article is about the astronomical term. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... The Marsnik program of unmanned spacecraft were the Soviet Unions first attempt at interplanetary exploration. ... Sputnik 22 (also known as Korabl 11 and Mars 1962A) was an attempted Mars flyby mission, presumably similar to the Mars 1 mission launched 8 days later. ... Sputnik 24 (also known as Beta Xi 1, Korabl 13, and Mars 1962B) was an attempted Mars lander mission. ... Mariner 3 and 4 were identical spacecraft of the Mariner program designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars. ... Mars 1969A, also known as Mars 69A in Soviet documentation, was one of two identical probes (the other being Mars 1969B), each consisting of an orbiter and an atmospheric probe. ... Mars 1969B, also known as Mars 69BA in Soviet documentation, was one of two identical probes (the other being Mars 1969A), each consisting of an orbiter and an atmospheric probe. ... Mariner 8. ... Cosmos 419 This launch was intended to be a Mars orbiting mission. ... Mars 96 (sometimes called Mars 8) was an orbiter launched in 1996 by Russia and not directly related to the Soviet Mars probe program of the same name. ...

Failed en route

Mars 1 · Zond 2 · Mars 6 · Mars 7 · Phobos 1 · Mars Observer · Nozomi · Mars Climate Orbiter · Mars Polar Lander · Deep Space 2 · Beagle 2 Mars 1 spacecraft Mars 1 (1962 Beta Nu 1) was an automatic interplanetary station launched in the direction of Mars on November 1, 1962, the first of the Soviet Mars probe program, with the intent of flying by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km. ... Mars 3MV-4A Zond 2, a member of the Soviet Zond program, was the second Soviet spacecraft to attempt a flyby of Mars. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... Illustration of the Phobos spacecraft Image of Phobos taken by Phobos 2 spacecraft The Phobos program was an unmanned space mission consisting of two probes launched by the Soviet Union to study Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. ... An artists concept of the Mars Observer in orbit around Mars. ... Nozomi at Mars Nozomi (のぞみ) (Japanese for Hope and known before launch as Planet-B) was planned as a Mars-orbiting aeronomy probe. ... Artists conception of the Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Climate Orbiter during tests The Mars Climate Orbiter (formerly the Mars Surveyor 98 Orbiter) was one of two spacecraft in the Mars Surveyor 98 program, the other being the Mars Polar Lander (formerly the Mars Surveyor 98 Lander). ... Conceptual drawing of the Mars Polar Lander on the surface of Mars. ... The Deep Space 2 mission, which launched in January 1999 as part of NASAs New Millennium Program, consisted of two highly advanced miniature probes to Mars. ... Beagle 2 was an unsuccessful British landing spacecraft that formed part of the European Space Agencys 2003 Mars Express mission. ...

Cancelled

Voyager (Mars) · Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander · NetLander · Mars Telecommunications Orbiter The Voyager program was a planned series of unmanned NASA probes to Mars. ... Conceptual drawing Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander was a planned NASA Mars probe which was cancelled in May 2000 in the wake of the failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander missions in late 1999. ... For late 2007 (or 2009) CNES (French Space Agency) and ESA (European Space Agency) had planned to send to Mars remote sensing orbiter and four small Netlanders. ... Introduction NASA planned to establish a so-called interplanetary Internet with the launch of the Mars Telecommunications Orbiter in 2009. ...

Manned missions

Main article: Manned mission to Mars

Many people have long advocated a manned mission to Mars as the next logical step for a manned space program after lunar exploration. Aside from the prestige such a mission would bring, advocates argue that humans would be easily able to outperform robotic explorers, justifying the expenses. Critics contend, however, that robots can perform better than humans at a fraction of the expense. Artists conception of a human mission on the surface of Mars A human mission to Mars (sometimes, manned mission to Mars) refers to humans going to the planet Mars, including orbiting Mars, landing on the surface, or walking on the surface. ...


Timeline of Mars exploration

Mission Launch Arrival at Mars Termination Objective Result
Flag of the Soviet Union Marsnik 1 (Mars 1960A) 10 October 1960 10 October 1960 Flyby Launch failure
Flag of the Soviet Union Marsnik 2 (Mars 1960B) 14 October 1960 14 October 1960 Flyby Launch failure
Flag of the Soviet Union Sputnik 22 (Mars 1962A) 24 October 1962 24 October 1962 Flyby Broke up shortly after launch
Flag of the Soviet Union Mars 1 1 November 1962 21 March 1963 Flyby Some data collected, but lost contact before reaching Mars
Flag of the Soviet Union Sputnik 24 (Mars 1962B) 4 November 1962 19 January 1963 Lander Failed to leave Earth's orbit
Flag of the Soviet Union Zond 1964A 4 June 1964 4 June 1964 Flyby Launch Failure
Flag of the United States Mariner 3 5 November 1964 5 November 1964 Flyby Failure during launch ruined trajectory. Currently in solar orbit.
Flag of the United States Mariner 4 28 November 1964 14 July 1965 21 December 1967 Flyby Success (first successful flyby)
Flag of the Soviet Union Zond 2 30 November 1964 May 1965 Flyby Lost contact
Flag of the United States Mariner 6 25 February 1969 31 July 1969 August 1969 Flyby Success
Flag of the United States Mariner 7 27 March 1969 5 August 1969 August 1969 Flyby Success
Flag of the Soviet Union Mars 1969A 27 March 1969 27 March 1969 Orbiter Launch failure
Flag of the Soviet Union Mars 1969B 2 April 1969 2 April 1969 Orbiter Launch failure
Mission (1970-1989) Launch Arrival at Mars Termination Objective Result
Flag of the United States Mariner 8 8 May 1971 8 May 1971 Orbiter Launch failure
Flag of the Soviet Union Cosmos 419 10 May 1971 12 May 1971 Orbiter Launch failure
Flag of the United States Mariner 9 30 May 1971 13 November 1971 27 October 1972 Orbiter Success (first successful orbit)
Flag of the Soviet Union Mars 2 19 May 1971 27 November 1971 22 August 1972 Orbiter Success
27 November 1971 Rover[6] Crash landed on surface of Mars
Flag of the Soviet Union Mars 3 28 May 1971 2 December 1971 22 August 1972 Orbiter Success
2 December 1971 Rover[6] Landed softly, but ceased transmission within seconds
Flag of the Soviet Union Mars 4 21 July 1973 10 February 1974 10 February 1974 Orbiter Did not enter orbit, but made a close flyby
Flag of the Soviet Union Mars 5 25 July 1973 2 February 1974 21 February 1974 Orbiter Partial success. Entered orbit, and returned data, but failed within 9 days
Flag of the Soviet Union Mars 6 5 August 1973 12 March 1974 12 March 1974 Lander Partial success. Data returned during descent, but not after landing on Mars
Flag of the Soviet Union Mars 7 9 August 1973 9 March 1974 9 March 1974 Lander Landing probe separated prematurely; entered heliocentric orbit.
Flag of the United States Viking 1 20 August 1975 20 July 1976 17 August 1980 Orbiter Success
13 November 1982 Lander Success (first successful landing)
Flag of the United States Viking 2 9 September 1975 3 September 1976 25 July 1978 Orbiter Success
11 April 1980 Lander Success
Flag of the Soviet Union Phobos 1 7 July 1988 2 September 1988 Orbiter Contact lost while on route to Mars
Phobos lander Not deployed
Flag of the Soviet Union Phobos 2 12 July 1988 29 January 1989 27 March 1989 Orbiter Partial success: entered orbit and returned some data. Contact lost just before deployment of landers
2 Phobos landers Not deployed
Mission (1990-1999) Launch Arrival at Mars Termination Objective Result
Flag of the United States Mars Observer 25 September 1992 24 August 1993 21 August 1993 Orbiter Lost contact just before arrival
Flag of the United States Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 11 September 1997 5 November 2006 Orbiter Success
Mars 96 16 November 1996 17 November 1996 Orbiter / landers Launch failure
Flag of the United States Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 4 July 1997 27 September 1997 Lander / rover Success
Nozomi (Planet-B) 3 July 1998 9 December 2003 Orbiter Complications while on route; Never entered orbit
Flag of the United States Mars Climate Orbiter 11 December 1998 23 September 1999 23 September 1999 Orbiter Crash landed on surface due to metric-imperial mix-up
Flag of the United States Mars Polar Lander 3 January 1999 3 December 1999 3 December 1999 Lander Lost contact just before arrival
Flag of the United States Deep Space 2 (DS2) Landers
Mission (2000-) Launch Arrival at Mars Termination Objective Result
Flag of the United States 2001 Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 24 October 2001 Currently operational Orbiter Success
Mars Express Orbiter 2 June 2003 25 December 2003 Currently operational Orbiter Success
Beagle 2 6 February 2004 Lander Lost contact while landing; Assumed to have crash landed
Flag of the United States Spirit rover 10 June 2003 4 January 2004 Currently operational Rover Success
Flag of the United States Opportunity rover 7 July 2003 25 January 2004 Currently operational Rover Success
Rosetta 2 March 2004 February 25, 2007 Currently operational Flyby Success
Flag of the United States Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 10 March 2006 Currently operational Orbiter Success
Flag of the United States Phoenix Spacecraft 4 August 2007 (25 May 2008) Currently operational Lander (Successful launch; currently on route to Mars)
Flag of the United States Dawn Spacecraft 27 September 2007 (2009) Currently operational Flyby on way to Vesta (Successful launch; currently on route to Mars)

Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... The Marsnik program of unmanned spacecraft were the Soviet Unions first attempt at interplanetary exploration. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... The Marsnik program of unmanned spacecraft were the Soviet Unions first attempt at interplanetary exploration. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Sputnik 22 (also known as Korabl 11 and Mars 1962A) was an attempted Mars flyby mission, presumably similar to the Mars 1 mission launched 8 days later. ... is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Mars 1 spacecraft Mars 1 (1962 Beta Nu 1) was an automatic interplanetary station launched in the direction of Mars on November 1, 1962, the first of the Soviet Mars probe program, with the intent of flying by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Sputnik 24 (also known as Beta Xi 1, Korabl 13, and Mars 1962B) was an attempted Mars lander mission. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... The name Zond (meaning probe in Russian) is the name given to two series of Soviet unmanned space missions from 1964 to 1970 to gather information about nearby planets and test spacecraft. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Mariner 3 and 4 were identical spacecraft of the Mariner program designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars. ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Mariner 4 (Mariner-Mars 1964) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in a flyby mode and performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Mars 3MV-4A Zond 2, a member of the Soviet Zond program, was the second Soviet spacecraft to attempt a flyby of Mars. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying by over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying by over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Mars 1969A, also known as Mars 69A in Soviet documentation, was one of two identical probes (the other being Mars 1969B), each consisting of an orbiter and an atmospheric probe. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Mars 1969B, also known as Mars 69BA in Soviet documentation, was one of two identical probes (the other being Mars 1969A), each consisting of an orbiter and an atmospheric probe. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Mariner 8. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Cosmos 419 This launch was intended to be a Mars orbiting mission. ... is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Mariner 9 launch Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars 71 / Mariner-I) was a NASA space probe orbiter that helped in the exploration of Mars and was part of the Mariner program. ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mars 2. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASAs Viking program, and holds the record for the longest Mars surface mission. ... is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Frost on Mars. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Illustration of the Phobos spacecraft Image of Phobos taken by Phobos 2 spacecraft The Phobos program was an unmanned space mission consisting of two probes launched by the Soviet Union to study Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Phobos (IPA: or [ˈfoʊ.bəs]) (systematic designation: ) is the larger and closer of Mars two moons (the other being Deimos). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Illustration of the Phobos spacecraft Image of Phobos taken by Phobos 2 spacecraft The Phobos program was an unmanned space mission consisting of two probes launched by the Soviet Union to study Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Phobos (IPA: or [ˈfoʊ.bəs]) (systematic designation: ) is the larger and closer of Mars two moons (the other being Deimos). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... An artists concept of the Mars Observer in orbit around Mars. ... is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was a US spacecraft developed by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Mars 96 (sometimes called Mars 8) was an orbiter launched in 1996 by Russia and not directly related to the Soviet Mars probe program of the same name. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor was launched. ... is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan. ... Nozomi at Mars Nozomi (のぞみ) (Japanese for Hope and known before launch as Planet-B) was planned as a Mars-orbiting aeronomy probe. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Artists conception of the Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Climate Orbiter during tests The Mars Climate Orbiter (formerly the Mars Surveyor 98 Orbiter) was one of two spacecraft in the Mars Surveyor 98 program, the other being the Mars Polar Lander (formerly the Mars Surveyor 98 Lander). ... is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Conceptual drawing of the Mars Polar Lander on the surface of Mars. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Deep Space 2 mission, which launched in January 1999 as part of NASAs New Millennium Program, consisted of two highly advanced miniature probes to Mars. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Artists concept of the 2001 Mars Odyssey Spacecraft 2001 Mars Odyssey is an unmanned spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Oblique view of the Reull Vallis near the Hellas basin, rendered from data obtained by the Mars Express orbiters High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) The Mars Express Orbiter is part of the Mars Express program, a European Space Agency (ESA) mission to Mars. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Beagle 2 was an unsuccessful British landing spacecraft that formed part of the European Space Agencys 2003 Mars Express mission. ... is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The launch patch for Spirit, featuring Marvin the Martian. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The launch patch for Opportunity, featuring Duck Dodgers (Daffy Duck). ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Rosetta is a European Space Agency-led unmanned space mission launched in 2004 intended to study the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... NASAs Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... For the Star Trek spacecraft, see Phoenix (Star Trek). ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Dawn Mission is a NASA mission that will send the Dawn spacecraft, a robotic space probe, to the asteroid belt. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... 2009 (MMIX) will be a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 4 Vesta (ves-ta) is the second most massive asteroid in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of about 530 km and an estimated mass 12% the mass of the entire asteroid belt. ...

Cancelled missions

  • Voyager - 1970s - Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.
  • Mars Aerostat - Russian/French balloon mission[7], originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled [8].
  • Mars-98 - Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity
  • Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander - October 2001 - Mars lander
  • NetLander - 2007 or 2009 - Mars netlanders
  • Mars Telecommunications Orbiter - September 2009 - Mars orbiter for telecommunications
  • Wright Flyer Mars airplane micromission, proposed for December 17, 2003, the centennial of the Wright brother's first flight.

The Voyager program was a planned series of unmanned NASA probes to Mars. ... For the moon designated Saturn V, see Rhea. ... Conceptual drawing Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander was a planned NASA Mars probe which was cancelled in May 2000 in the wake of the failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander missions in late 1999. ... For late 2007 (or 2009) CNES (French Space Agency) and ESA (European Space Agency) had planned to send to Mars remote sensing orbiter and four small Netlanders. ... Introduction NASA planned to establish a so-called interplanetary Internet with the launch of the Mars Telecommunications Orbiter in 2009. ...

Mars Science Questions

 This section does not cite any references or sources. (July 2007)
Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Among the questions asked by scientists are the following: Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...

  1. How does the composition of Mars differ from the Earth's and how have the two planets evolved differently?
  2. How does the composition and state of the interior of Mars differ from the Earth's?
  3. Is Mars still geologically active?
  4. Does Mars have a liquid core?
  5. What natural resources are available at the surface for future human use?
  6. Was there an early dense atmosphere on Mars?
  7. How did Mars lose its atmosphere?
  8. Did Mars once have oceans?
  9. What changes in climate has Mars experienced over its geologic history and what caused those changes?
  10. How stable is the climate of Mars today?
  11. Did chemical evolution take place on Mars, leading to the formation of prebiotic organic molecules?
  12. Did chemical evolution lead to the formation of replicating molecules, i.e. life?
  13. If life once arose, is it to be found anywhere on Mars today?
  14. How did Phobos and Deimos come to be where they are? What geology and resources do they possess?

An electron microscope reveals bacteria-like structures in meteorite fragment ALH84001 For other uses of Life on Mars, see Life on Mars (disambiguation). ...

See also

v • d • e
Spacecraft missions to Mars
Flybys Mariner 4 · 6 · 7 · Mars 4 · Rosetta · Dawn
Orbiters Mariner 9 · Mars 2 · 3 · 5 · 6 · Viking 1 · 2 · Phobos 2 · Mars Global Surveyor · 2001 Mars Odyssey · Mars Express Orbiter · Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Landers / Rovers Mars 3 · Viking 1 · 2 · Mars Pathfinder · Spirit · Opportunity · Phoenix
Future missions Mars Science Laboratory (2009) · Phobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 (2009) · MetNet (2009-2019) · Mars Scout (2013) · Mars Science and Telecommunications Orbiter (2013) · ExoMars (2013) · Astrobiology Field Laboratory (2016) · Mars Sample Return Mission (2024?)
See also Mars · Exploration · Colonization · Failed Mars missions
Bold italics indicates active missions

“Reentry” redirects here. ... Artificial objects on Mars that are currently in use are the MER-A Spirit rover and the MER-B Opportunity rover. ... The Mars Scout Program is a new NASA program of small, low-cost missions to Mars, selected from innovative proposals by the scientific community. ... Artists conception of a space habitat called the Stanford torus, by Don Davis Space colonization (also called space settlement, space humanization, space habitation, etc. ... NASAs New Frontiers Program is a series of medium-cost (not to exceed 700 million), highly focused scientific space missions. ... Aurora australis observed by Discovery, May 1991. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Mariner 4 (Mariner-Mars 1964) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in a flyby mode and performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface. ... As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 ( Mariner Mars 69A / 69B) completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. ... As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 ( Mariner Mars 69A / 69B) completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... Rosetta is a European Space Agency-led unmanned space mission launched in 2004 intended to study the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. ... The Dawn Mission, launched on September 27, 2007, is NASAs mission to send a robotic space probe to the two most massive members of the asteroid belt: the asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Mariner 9 launch Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars 71 / Mariner-I) was a NASA space probe orbiter that helped in the exploration of Mars and was part of the Mariner program. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mars 2. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASAs Viking program, and holds the record for the longest Mars surface mission. ... Frost on Mars. ... Illustration of the Phobos spacecraft Image of Phobos taken by Phobos 2 spacecraft The Phobos program was an unmanned space mission consisting of two probes launched by the Soviet Union to study Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. ... The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was a US spacecraft developed by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996. ... Artists concept of the 2001 Mars Odyssey Spacecraft 2001 Mars Odyssey is an unmanned spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars. ... Oblique view of the Reull Vallis near the Hellas basin, rendered from data obtained by the Mars Express orbiters High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) The Mars Express Orbiter is part of the Mars Express program, a European Space Agency (ESA) mission to Mars. ... NASAs Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit. ... A lander is a type of spacecraft which descends to come to rest on the surface of an astronomical body. ... Two different Mars rover designs. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mars 2. ... Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASAs Viking program, and holds the record for the longest Mars surface mission. ... Frost on Mars. ... The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor was launched. ... The launch patch for Spirit, featuring Marvin the Martian. ... The launch patch for Opportunity, featuring Duck Dodgers (Daffy Duck). ... Phoenix is a robotic spacecraft on a space exploration mission to Mars under the Mars Scout Program. ... 2007 Mars Science Laboratory concept Schematic diagram of the planned rover components The Mars Science Laboratory (or MSL for short) is a NASA rover scheduled to launch in September 2009 and perform a precision landing on Mars in July-September 2010. ... Phobos-Grunt (rus. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Mars Science and Telecommunication Orbiter or MSTO is a proposal for what would be primarily an infrastructure component for future missions, but also perform some yet to be determined science activities of its own. ... ExoMars model at ILA 2006 (Berlin) ExoMars. ... The Astrobiology Field Laboratory is a proposed NASA unmanned planetary spacecraft to explore the planet Mars. ... The Mars Return Sample Mission is a joint project between NASA and ESA to collect rock and dust samples from Mars and to return them to Earth for analysis. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Mars Mars is the focus of much speculation and serious study about possible human colonization. ...

Further reading

  • Mars - A Warmer, Wetter Planet by Jeffrey S. Kargel (published July 2004; ISBN 978-1-85233-568-7)
  • The Compact NASA Atlas of the Solar System by Ronald Greeley and Raymond Batson (published January 2002; ISBN 0-5218-0633-X)

2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December See also: July 2004 in sports Deaths in July • 31 David B. Haight • 29 Francis Crick • 29 Nafisa Joseph • 23 Joe Cahill • 23 Mehmood • 23 Illinois Jacquet • 23 Carlos Paredes • 22 Sacha Distel • 21 Jerry Goldsmith • 21... 2002 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December A timeline of events in the news for January, 2002. ...

References

  1. ^ Dinerman, Taylor (September 27, 2004). Is the Great Galactic Ghoul losing his appetite?. The space review. Retrieved on 2007-03-27.
  2. ^ Knight, Matthew. Beating the curse of Mars. Science & Space. Retrieved on 2007-03-27.
  3. ^ "The Depths of Space: The Story of the Pioneer Planetary Probes (2004)" from The National Academies Press. URL accessed April 7, 2006.
  4. ^ "Uncovering the Secrets of Mars" (first paragraph only). Time July 14, 1997 Vol. 150 No. 2. URL accessed April 7, 2006.
  5. ^ Matthews, John & Caitlin. "The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures",Barnes & Noble Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-7607-7885-X
  6. ^ a b "The First Rover on Mars - The Soviets Did It in 1971" The Planetary Report July/August 1990 issue. URL accessed March 30, 2006.
  7. ^ C. Tarrieu, "Status of the Mars 96 Aerostat Development", Paper IAF-93-Q.3.399, 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, 1993.
  8. ^ P.B. de Selding, "Planned French Balloon May Be Dropped", Space News, 17-23 April 1995, pp. 1, 20

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... “TIME” redirects here. ...

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v • d • e
Exploration of the Solar System
Exploration of other planets: Exploration of the Moon · Exploration of Mercury · Exploration of Venus · Exploration of Mars · Exploration of Jupiter · Exploration of Saturn · Exploration of Uranus · Exploration of Neptune
Lists: Landings on other planets · List of planetary probes · List of objects at Lagrangian points  · Timeline of Solar System exploration
Objects on other planets List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces · List of artificial objects on the Moon · List of artificial objects on Venus · List of artificial objects on Mars
v • d • e
Mars
Geography
General Albedo features (Solis Lacus) · Atmosphere · Canals (list) · Climate · Life · North Polar Basin · Chaos terrain
Regions Cydonia Mensae · Planum Boreum · Planum Australe · Cerberus Hemisphere · Vastitas Borealis · Iani Chaos · Quadrangles · Tharsis · Ultimi Scopuli · Eridania Lake · Olympia Undae
Mountains Listed by height · Echus Montes · Elysium Planitia
Volcanoes Alba Patera · Albor Tholus · Arsia Mons · Ascraeus Mons · Biblis Patera · Elysium Mons · Hecates Tholus · Olympus Mons · Pavonis Mons · Syrtis Major · Tharsis · Tharsis Montes
Craters Catenae · Hellas Planitia · Argyre Planitia · Schiaparelli · Gusev · Eberswalde · Eagle
Geology Carbonates · Spherules · Spiders · Swiss cheese features
Mars as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope
Mars Portal
Moons Phobos · Deimos
Discovery · Features · Stickney crater (Phobos) · Phobos and Deimos in fiction
Meteorites ALH84001 · Chassigny · Kaidun · Shergotty · Nakhla
Exploration Colonization · Phobos program · Spirit-observed features · Opportunity-observed features · HiRISE · Manned mission · Mars landing · Mars rover · Artificial objects on Mars · Terraforming
Eclipses and transits
Eclipses Solar eclipses on Mars
Transits Deimos · Phobos · Earth · Mercury · Venus
Other topics Mars-crosser asteroid · Astronomy on Mars · Darian calendar · Timekeeping on Mars · Haughton-Mars Project · Martian · Mars Society · Flag of Mars · Mars in fiction
is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the singer/songwriter, see Jon Peter Lewis. ... Space exploration is the physical exploration of outer space, both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. ... This article is about the Solar System. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The exploration of Mercury has taken only a minor role in the space interests of the world. ... The planet Venus has been explored several times. ... The exploration of Jupiter has consisted of a number of automated spacecraft visiting the planet since 1973. ... The exploration of Saturn has been soley through unmanned spacecraft. ... Uranus viewed from 18 million kilometers. ... The exploration of Neptune has only begun with one expolorer, Voyager 2, which visited on August 25, 1989. ... This is a list of all spacecraft landings on other planets and bodies in the solar system, including both intended and unintended crash-landings. ... For a list of probes organized by functional status and mission completion, see List of probes by operational status. ... This is a list of known objects which have been, are or are planned to occupy any of the five Lagrangian points of two-body systems in space. ... Timeline of solar system exploration organized by date of launch. ... Artists Concept of Rover on Mars (credit: Maas Digital LLC) Huygens probe which landed on Titan List of artificial objects on the Moon List of artificial objects on Mars List of artificial objects on Venus Artificial objects on other solar-system bodies In 1995 the Galileo spacecraft released a... Map of the moon showing some landing sites. ... List of artificial objects on Venus. ... Artificial objects on Mars that are currently in use are the MER-A Spirit rover and the MER-B Opportunity rover. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... The classical albedo features of Mars are those light and dark features which can be seen on the planet Mars through an Earth-based telescope. ... Solis Lacus (85° W, 26° S) is a dark feature on Mars. ... Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has a very different atmosphere from that of Earth. ... For a time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was believed that there were canals on Mars. ... The canals were named, by Schiaparelli and others, after real and legendary rivers of various places on Earth or the mythological underworld. ... An electron microscope reveals bacteria-like structures in meteorite fragment ALH84001 For other uses of Life on Mars, see Life on Mars (disambiguation). ... The North Polar Basin is a large basin in the northern region on Mars. ... This is a list of areas of chaos terrain officially named by the International Astronomical Union on the planet Mars. ... The Cydonia Region taken by the Viking 1 orbiter and released by NASA/JPL on July 25, 1976 (north is to the upper right). ... Viking mosaic of Planum Boreale and surrounds. ... Planum Australe, taken by Mars Global Surveyor. ... Mosaic of the Cerberus hemisphere of Mars Cerberus Hemisphere is a part of Mars geography and refers to the area approximately of Latitude: 20° South to 55° North and Longitude: 150° to 230°. Prominent features of the Cerberus Hemisphere include: Amazonis Planitia Cerberus Mangala Valles Utopia Planitia. ... Vastitas Borealis is the largest lowland region of Mars. ... Aram Chaos is the circular depression in the top left. ... Clouds hover over the volcano peaks of the Tharsis region in this color mosaic image. ... Ultimi Scopuli is a region near the south pole of Mars. ... Eridania Lake is a theorized ancient lake on Mars with a surface area of roughly 1. ... Olympia Undae is a large dune field on the planet Mars, located next to the north polar region of Planum Boreum and covering from 100°E to 240°E. In 2006 rich gypsum deposits were detected there by the Mars Express orbiter, suggesting that the region had been wet at... This is a list of all the named mountains on Mars. ... Olympus Mons 27km Ascraeus Mons 11km Pavonis Mons 7km Alba Patera 3km Categories: Lists of mountains by height | Mars ... Echus Montes is a large mountain on Mars at 6. ... Elysium Planitia is the second largest volcanic region on Mars, after Tharsis Montes. ... Alba Patera is a unique volcanic feature to the north of the Tharsis region of Mars, an enormous shield volcano roughly 1600 kilometers in diameter but only ~3 kilometers tall at its highest point. ... topography of Albor Tholus and its neighbourhood Albor Tholus is an extinct volcano in the Elysium Planitia area on Mars. ... Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech Arsia Mons is the southernmost of three volcanos (collectively known as Tharsis Montes) on the Tharsis bulge near the equator of the planet Mars. ... Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech Ascraeus Mons is the northernmost of three volcanos (collectively known as Tharsis Montes) on the Tharsis bulge near the equator of the planet Mars. ... Biblis Patera is an extinct Martian volcano located at 2. ... Elysium Mons is a volcano on Mars located in the Elysium Planitia, at 25°N, 213°W, in the Martian eastern hemisphere. ... Hecates Tholus is a Martian volcano, notable for results from the European Space Agencys Mars Express mission which indicate a major eruption took place 350 million years ago. ... This article is about the volcano on Mars and Solar Systems tallest mountain in Latin, For other uses, see Olympus (disambiguation). ... Pavonis Mons is the middle of three volcanos (collectively known as Tharsis Montes) on the Tharsis bulge near the equator of the planet Mars. ... Syrtis Major is a dark spot (an albedo feature) located in the boundary between the northern lowlands and southern highlands of Mars. ... Clouds hover over the volcano peaks of the Tharsis region in this color mosaic image. ... The three volcanoes that comprise Tharsis Montes: Arsia Mons is southernmost; Pavonis Mons is at center; Ascraeus Mons is at north. ... There are hundreds of thousands of craters on Mars, but only some of them have names. ... This is a list of named catenae on Mars. ... NASA image of Hellas Planitia Hellas Planitia, also known as the Hellas Impact Basin, is a roughly circular impact crater located in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. ... Argyre Planitia is a plain located in the Argyre impact basin in the southern highlands of Mars between -35 and -61 deg S and 27 and 62 deg W. The basin is approximately 1120 miles (1800 kilometers) wide, the second-largest impact basin on Mars after Hellas Planitia, and drops... Elevation map of Schiaparelli crater, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. ... Gusev Crater is a meteor crater in Russia. ... Eberswalde crater, formerly known as Holden NE crater, is a partially buried impact crater in Margaritifer Terra, Mars. ... Eagle Crater is the small crater in which the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity found itself after landing on Mars in 2004. ... False colour view of a landslide in Zunil crater The geology of Mars, also known as areology (from Greek: Ἂρης, ArÄ“s, Ares; and λόγος, logos, knowledge), refers to the study of the composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape the planet Mars. ... Evidence for carbonates on Mars has remained elusive. ... Spheules still in their originating strata Martian spherules, also known as blueberries, are the abundant spherical hematite inclusions discovered by the Mars rover Opportunity at Meridiani Planum on the planet Mars. ... Martian spiders are geological formations thus far unique to the south polar region of Mars. ... Pits in south polar ice cap, taken in consecutive southern hemesphere summers, the first of which was in 1999, the second in 2001. ... Image File history File links Mars_Hubble. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... The relative sizes of and distance between Mars, Phobos, and Deimos, to scale : Phobos (top) and Deimos (bottom). ... Phobos (IPA: or [ˈfoÊŠ.bÉ™s]) (systematic designation: ) is the larger and closer of Mars two moons (the other being Deimos). ... Deimos (IPA or ; Greek Δείμος: Dread), is the smaller and outermost of Mars’ two moons, named after Deimos from Greek Mythology. ... The discovery of the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, occurred in 1877 when American astronomer Asaph Hall, Sr. ... This is a list of geological features on Phobos and Deimos, the moons of Mars. ... Stickney crater (at left), with radiating grooves Stickney at top in sunlight, imaged by Mars Global Surveyor Stickney crater is the largest crater on Phobos, which is a satellite of Mars. ... Phobos and Deimos, the two moons of Mars, are locations frequently mentioned in works of science fiction. ... A Martian meteorite is a meteorite, that has landed on Earth but is believed to have originated from Mars. ... Meteorite fragment ALH84001 ALH 84001 (Allan Hills 84001) is a meteorite found in Allan Hills, Antarctica in December 1984 by a team of US meteorite hunters from the ANSMET project. ... Thin section of Chassigny under cross-polarized light (JPL) Chassigny is a Mars meteorite that was seen to fall on October 3rd, 1815 at about 8:00 am in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France[1][2]. Chassigny is the meteorite for which the Chassignites are named and gives rise to the... The Kaidun meteorite is a meteorite that fell on March 12, 1980 on a Soviet military base in Yemen. ... The Shergotty meteorite is the first example of the shergottite Mars meteorite family. ... The Nakhla meteorite, the first and eponymous example of a Nakhlite type meteorite of the SNC Group type of meteorites, fell to Earth on the 28th of June, 1911, at approximately 09:00 in the Nakhla region of Abu Hommos, Alexandria, Egypt. ... Mars Mars is the focus of much speculation and serious study about possible human colonization. ... Illustration of the Phobos spacecraft Image of Phobos taken by Phobos 2 spacecraft The Phobos program was an unmanned space mission consisting of two probes launched by the Soviet Union to study Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. ... The following is a list of surface features of Mars seen by the Spirit rover: // Apollo 1 Hills Columbia Hills Grissom Hill Husband Hill McCool Hill Bonneville (crater) Gusev crater Thira (crater) Adirondack (Mars) Home Plate (Mars) Pot of Gold (Mars) Larrys Lookout Sleepy Hollow (Mars) List of surface... The following is a list of surface features of Mars seen by the Opportunity rover: // Argo (crater) Eagle (crater) Emma Dean (crater) Endurance (crater) Erebus (crater) Fram (crater) Victoria (crater) Vostok (crater) Bounce Rock El Capitan Heat Shield Rock Last Chance Cape Verde (Mars) Meridiani Planum Terra Meridiani List of... HiRISE The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera is a camera onboard the Mars Reconaissance Orbiter. ... Artists conception of a human mission on the surface of Mars A human mission to Mars (sometimes, manned mission to Mars) refers to humans going to the planet Mars, including orbiting Mars, landing on the surface, or walking on the surface. ... A Mars landing is when a spacecraft lands on the surface of Mars. ... A Mars Rover is an unmanned land vehicle for exploration of the planet Mars. ... Artificial objects on Mars that are currently in use are the MER-A Spirit rover and the MER-B Opportunity rover. ... Artists conception of the process of terraforming Mars Since the origin of the idea of terraforming, or changing a planets environment to produce a world that is habitable by humans, one of the primary subjects of study for potential terraforming has been the planet Mars. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... 2003 Transit of Mercury The term transit or astronomical transit has two meanings in astronomy: A transit is the astronomical event that occurs when one celestial body appears to move across the face of another celestial body, as seen by an observer at some particular vantage point. ... Deimos transits the Sun, as seen by Mars Rover Opportunity on March 4, 2004 A transit of Deimos across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when Deimos passes directly between the Sun and a point on the surface of Mars, obscuring a small part of the Suns... Phobos transits the Sun, as seen by Mars Rover Opportunity on March 10, 2004 A transit of Phobos across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when Phobos passes directly between the Sun and a point on the surface of Mars, obscuring a large part of the Suns... Earth and Moon transiting the Sun in 2084, as seen from Mars Earth and Moon from Mars, as imaged by Mars Global Surveyor A transit of Earth across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when the planet Earth passes directly between the Sun and Mars, obscuring a small... A transit of Mercury across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when the planet Mercury passes directly between the Sun and Mars, obscuring a small part of the Suns disc for an observer on Mars. ... A transit of Venus across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Mars, obscuring a small part of the Suns disc for an observer on Mars. ... A Mars-crosser asteroid is an asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Mars. ... This article presents information and images about viewing astronomical phenomena from the planet Mars. ... The Darian Calendar is a system of time-keeping designed to serve the needs of any possible future human settlers on the planet Mars. ... Various schemes have been used or proposed to keep track of time and date on the planet Mars independently of Earth time and calendars. ... The Haughton-Mars Project (HMP) is an international interdisciplinary field research project being carried out near the Haughton impact crater on Canadas northern Devon Island. ... This article is about hypothetical native inhabitants of the planet Mars. ... Mars Society logo. ... Mars flag While not official in any legal sense, the Mars tricolor has not only been approved by the Mars Society and The Planetary Society, it has also flown in space. ... Fictional representations of Mars have been popular for over a century. ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
Mars Exploration Rationale (1245 words)
The human exploration of Mars will be an enterprise that confirms the potential for humans to leave their home planet and make their way outward into the cosmos.
Mars' atmosphere consists largely of carbon dioxide, with a typical surface pressure of about.01 Earth atmospheres, and surface temperatures that may reach 25 C on the equator in mid-summer, but are generally much colder.
The Reference Mission is not a program to settle Mars; however, the objectives of the Reference Mission are to establish the feasibility of and the technological basis for human settlement of the planet.
Exploration of Mars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (3657 words)
In order to understand the history of the robotic exploration of Mars it is important to note that launch windows occur at intervals of 2.135 years, i.e.
Mars Climate Orbiter is infamous for Lockheed Martin engineers mixing up the usage of imperial units with metric units, causing the orbiter to burn up while entering Mars' atmosphere.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit.
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