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Extended Copy Protection (XCP) is a software package developed by the British company First 4 Internet, (which on 20 November 2006, changed its name to Fortium Technologies Ltd - see links below), and sold as a copy protection or digital rights management (DRM) scheme for compact discs. It was used on some CDs distributed by Sony BMG and sparked the 2005 Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal; in that context it is also known as the Sony rootkit. Image File history File links Xcp-aurora-logo. ...
Image File history File links Xcp-aurora-logo. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Computer program. ...
First 4 Internet is a British company which develops copy protection software used on compact discs, including ones released by Sony. ...
is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Copy prevention, also known as copy protection, is any technical measure designed to prevent duplication of information. ...
Digital rights management (DRM) is an umbrella term that refers to access control technologies used by publishers and other copyright holders to limit usage of digital media or devices. ...
A compact disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ...
The Sony BMG Music Entertainment logo. ...
The 2005 Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal was a public scandal dealing with Sony BMG Music Entertainments surreptitious distribution of rootkit software on audio compact discs. ...
Security researchers beginning with Mark Russinovich in October 2005 have described the program as functionally identical to a rootkit: a software program used by computer hackers to conceal unauthorised activities on a computer system. Russinovich broke the story on his Sysinternals blog, where it gained attention from the media and other researchers. The publicity, which grew to include a civil lawsuit and criminal investigations, soon forced Sony to discontinue use of the system. Wikinews has news related to this article: Sony faces class action lawsuits for DRM Mark Russinovich is a software engineer and writer. ...
A rootkit is a general description of a set of programs which work to subvert control of an operating system from its legitimate operators. ...
While Sony eventually recalled the CDs that contained the XCP system, the web-based uninstaller was investigated by noted security researchers Ed Felten and J. Alex Halderman, who discovered that the ActiveX component used for removing the software exposed users to far more significant security risks, including arbitrary code execution from any site on the internet. Edward William Felten (born March 25, 1963) is a professor of computer science at Princeton University. ...
ActiveX is a series of high-level, Internet/Intranet technologies Microsoft introduced in late 1990s. ...
Description
The version of this software used in Sony CDs is the one marketed as "XCP-Aurora". The first time a user attempts to play such a CD on a Windows system, a program will be installed even before a dialog box prompts the user to accept a license agreement.[6] The EULA did not mention that it installed hidden software. The software will then remain resident in the user's system, intercepting all accesses of the CD drive to prevent any media player or ripper software other than the one included with XCP-Aurora from accessing the music tracks of the Sony CD. No obvious way to uninstall the program is provided. Attempting to remove the software by deleting the associated files manually will render the CD drive inoperable due to registry settings that the program has altered. Windows redirects here. ...
A software license is a type of proprietary or gratiuitious license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software — sometimes called an End User License Agreement (EULA) — that specifies the perimeters of the permission granted by the owner to the...
The included player software will play the songs and allow only a limited degree of other actions such as burning the music onto a certain number of other CDs or loading it onto certain DRM-protected devices such as a few portable music players. The popular iPod, sold by Sony competitor Apple Computer, does not support their DRM format and they could not use FairPlay, Apple's own DRM. iPod is a brand of portable media player designed and marketed by Apple and launched in October 2001. ...
Apple Inc. ...
FairPlay is a digital rights management (DRM) technology created by Apple Inc. ...
XCP conceals itself from the user by installing a patch to the Windows operating system. This patch stops ordinary system tools from displaying processes, registry entries, or files whose names begin with $sys$. Other XCP components include "Plug and Play Device Manager", which continuously monitors all other programs being run on the computer.
Security research In the period that XCP has been publicly known, security researchers have been quick to analyze it and publish their findings. Many of these findings have been highly critical of Sony and First 4 Internet. Specifically, the software has been found to conceal its activity in the manner of a rootkit (a common computer criminal's toolkit for hiding evidence); and moreover has been found to expose users to follow-on harm from viruses and trojans. A rootkit is a general description of a set of programs which work to subvert control of an operating system from its legitimate operators. ...
XCP's cloaking technique, which makes all processes with names starting with $sys$ invisible, can be used by other malware "piggybacking" on it to ensure that it, too, is hidden from the user's view. The first malicious trojan to use this technique was discovered on 10 November 2005 according to a report by the BitDefender antivirus company. A multiple piggyback. ...
is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
BitDefender is the name of a popular antivirus engine, made by SOFTWIN. BitDefender is among the most widely used antivirus programs, with over 50 million users from 100 countries. ...
Follow-up research by Edward Felten and J. Alex Halderman has shown that the Web-based uninstaller Sony later offered for the software contains its own critical security problems. [7] The software installs an ActiveX component which allows any Web site to run software on the user's computer without restriction. This component is used by First 4 Internet's Web site to download and run the uninstaller, but it remains active afterward -- allowing any Web site the user visits to take over the computer. Edward William Felten (born March 25, 1963) is a professor of computer science and public affairs at Princeton University. ...
An uninstaller or deinstaller is a computer program which is designed to remove all or parts of a specific other program or application. ...
ActiveX is a series of high-level, Internet/Intranet technologies Microsoft introduced in late 1990s. ...
Since it is specific to Microsoft Windows, XCP has no effect on all other operating systems such as Linux, BSD, Solaris, or Mac OS X, meaning that users of those systems do not suffer the potential harm of this software, and they also are not impeded from "ripping" (or copying) the normal music tracks on the CD. (Some discs involved in the Sony scandal contained a competing technology, MediaMax from SunnComm, which attempts to install a kernel extension on Mac OS X. However, due to the permissions of Mac OS X, there were no widespread infections among Mac users.) This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ...
BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ...
Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ...
Mac OS X (IPA: ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ...
For the process of sawing wood along the grain, see Rip saw. ...
MediaMax CD-3 is a software package created by SunnComm and sold as a form of copy protection for compact discs. ...
SunnComm International Inc. ...
A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer. ...
Most modern file systems have methods of administering permissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users. ...
Antivirus industry response Shortly after independent researchers broke the story, security software vendors followed up, releasing detailed descriptions of the components of XCP — as well as software to remove the $sys$* cloaking component of it. On the other hand, no software has yet been released to remove the CD-ROM filter driver component. Computer Associates, makers of the PestPatrol anti-spyware software, characterize the XCP software as both a trojan horse and a root kit[8]: CA, Inc. ...
Pestpatrol, acquired by Computer Associates (CA) on August 2004, has billed itself as the Authority in Spyware Protection. ...
In the context of computer software, a Trojan horse is a program that installs malicious software while under the guise of doing something else. ...
A root kit is a set of tools frequently used by an intruder after cracking a computer system. ...
XCP.Sony.Rootkit installs a DRM executable as a Windows service, but misleadingly names this service "Plug and Play Device Manager", employing a technique commonly used by malware authors to fool everyday users into believing this is a part of Windows. Approximately every 1.5 seconds this service queries the primary executables associated with all processes running on the machine, resulting in nearly continuous read attempts on the hard drive. This has been shown to shorten the drive's lifespan.
Furthermore, XCP.Sony.Rootkit installs a device driver, specifically a CD-ROM filter driver, which intercepts calls to the CD-ROM drive. If any process other than the included Music Player (player.exe) attempts to read the audio section of the CD, the filter driver inserts seemingly random noise into the returned data making the music unlistenable.
XCP.Sony.Rootkit loads a system filter driver which intercepts all calls for process, directory or registry listings, even those unrelated to the Sony BMG application. This rootkit driver modifies what information is visible to the operating system in order to cloak the Sony BMG software. This is commonly referred to as rootkit technology. Furthermore, the rootkit does not only affect XCP.Sony.Rootkit's files. This rootkit hides every file, process, or registry key beginning with $sys$. This represents a vulnerability, which has already been exploited to hide World of Warcraft RING0 hacks as of the time of this writing, and could potentially hide an attacker's files and processes once access to an infected system had been gained. World of Warcraft (commonly abbreviated as WoW) is a massive multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Blizzard Entertainment and is the fourth game in the Warcraft series, excluding expansion packs and the cancelled Warcraft Adventures: Lord of the Clans. ...
In processors with memory protection, kernel mode (as opposed to user mode) is the mode in which the operating system kernel runs. ...
Computer Associates announced, on November 2005, that its anti-spyware product, PestPatrol, would be able to remove Sony's software. [9] [10] One month later Microsoft released an update for its Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool which could clean the F4IRootkit malware. [11] CA, Inc. ...
Pestpatrol, acquired by Computer Associates (CA) on August 2004, has billed itself as the Authority in Spyware Protection. ...
Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ...
The Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool is freely-distributed software developed by Microsoft for their Windows operating system. ...
The somewhat slow and incomplete response of some antivirus companies has, however, been questioned by Bruce Schneier "information security expert" at Counterpane and author of security bible Secrets and Lies. In an article for Wired News, Mr Schneier asks, "What happens when the creators of malware collude with the very companies we hire to protect us from that malware?" His answer is that "users lose... A dangerous and damaging rootkit gets introduced into the wild, and half a million computers get infected before anyone does anything."[12] Bruce Schneier Bruce Schneier (born January 15, 1963) is an American cryptographer, computer security specialist, and writer. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Bruce Schneier. ...
Wired News, online at Wired. ...
Impact of XCP Beginning as early as August 2005, Windows users reported crashes related to a program called aries.sys, while inexplicably being unable to find the file on their computers. [13] This file is now known to be part of XCP. Call for Help host Leo Laporte said that he had experienced a rise in reports of "missing" CD-ROM drives, a symptom of unsuccessful attempts to remove XCP. [14] Call for Help (also known as CFH) was a computer-themed television program that first aired exclusively on TechTV (formerly ZDTV), a cable and satellite television network focused on technology, and then aired on G4techTV Canada and the HOW TO Channel in Australia. ...
Leo Gordon Laporte (born November 29, 1956 in New York City, New York)[1] is an American technology broadcaster and author. ...
Security researcher Dan Kaminsky used DNS cache analysis to determine that 568,000 networks worldwide may contain at least one XCP-infected computer. Kaminsky's technique uses the fact that DNS nameservers cache recently-fetched results, and that XCP "phones home" to a specific hostname. By finding DNS servers that carry that hostname in cache, Kaminsky was able to approximate the number of networks affected. [15] After the release of the data, Kaminsky learned that an as-yet undetermined number of "Enhanced CD's" without the rootkit also phone home to the same address that rootkit-affected discs use, so infection rates are still under active investigation. It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ...
A hostname (occasionally also, a sitename) is the unique name by which a network attached device (which could consist of a computer, file server, network storage device, fax machine, copier, cable modem, etc. ...
XCP flaw According to analyst firm Gartner, XCP suffers from the same flaw in implementing DRM as any DRM technology current or future that tries to apply DRM to audio CDs designed to be played on stand-alone CD players. According to Gartner, because the installation of XCP or any DRM software relies on the CD being multi-session, the application of a piece of opaque tape to the outer edge of the disk renders the data track of the CD unreadable, causing the PC to treat the disc as an ordinary single-session music CD.
Legal concerns There is much speculation to what extent the actions taken by this software are a violation of various laws against unauthorized tampering with computers, or laws regarding invasion of privacy by "spyware", and how they subject Sony and First 4 Internet to legal liability. The States of California, New York, and Texas, as well as Italy, have already taken legal action against both companies and more class action lawsuits are likely. However, the mere act of attempting to view or remove this software in order to determine or prevent its alteration of Windows would hypothetically constitute a civil or criminal offense under certain anti-circumvention legislation such as the controversial Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the USA. A large number of toolbars, some added by spyware, overwhelm an Internet Explorer session. ...
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a United States copyright law which implements two 1996 WIPO treaties. ...
EFF's Fred von Lohmann also heavily criticised [16] the XCP EULA, shown for acceptance before the software installation, naming it the legalese rootkit. Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ...
Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ...
A software license is a type of proprietary or gratiuitious license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software — sometimes called an End User License Agreement (EULA) — that specifies the perimeters of the permission granted by the owner to the...
One of the primary reasons for the XCP experiment lies in the issue of adding on DRM to a legacy standard. These problems are explored by Professor Randal Picker, Professor of Law for the University of Chicago School of Law, in his article, Mistrust-Based Digital Rights Management, published in Volume 5 of the Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law. CD's by themselves are incapable of updating legacy hardware such as stand alone CD players lack the ability to change or upgrade the firmware in order to read DRM. Thus the DRM must be added on so as not to interfere with the function of the legacy players but still work when the same CD is placed in a computer. Professor Picker analyzes the four main issues with add-on DRM.
The first problem, as demonstrated in the XCP example, is that capable consumers can simply by-pass the DRM. Turning off autorun prevented the rootkit installation and thus invalidated the DRM scheme.
The second problem is consumer reaction. Adding DRM to a legacy product like music CDs, which traditionally had no rights management scheme, will infuriate consumers. Professor Picker points out that in the wake of the negative publicity surrounding the Sony add-on DRM, Amazon began alerting customers as to which Sony CDs contained XCP. Customers could avoid the DRM entirely, negating the effectiveness.
The third problem lies in the legal response. The EFF, as well as state attorney generals, investigated and brought suit against Sony for the XCP program. Professor Picker does not analyze the legal merits of such suits, but the cost of litigation potentially outweighs the benefit of attempting to add-on DRM.
The fourth and final problem lies in the End User License Agreement attempted to be enforced by the add-on DRM. The ability to actually enforce these agreements on add-on DRM is limited by the mere fact that without active registration and tracking of the CDs, the company will have no one to enforce against. Thus, the benefit, enforcing the EULA against violators, is non-existent without tracking, is limited or non-existent; however, the costs of implementing the add-on DRM, found in the lawsuits, negative publicity, consumer backlash and the technical limitations, far outweighs the benefits.
GPL and LGPL violations Researcher Sebastian Porst[1]], Matti Nikki[2] and a number of software experts have published evidence that the XCP software infringes on the copyright of the LAME mp3 encoder, mpglib[3], FAAC[4] id3lib[5] (ID3 tag reading and writing), mpg123 and the VLC media player[6]. Look up lame in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see MP3 (disambiguation). ...
mpg123 is a fast, free, minimalist, console MPEG audio player software program for UNIX and Linux operating systems. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
mpg123 is a fast, free, minimalist, console MPEG audio player software program for UNIX and Linux operating systems. ...
VLC media player is a free software media player by the VideoLAN project. ...
Princeton researcher Alex Halderman discovered[17] that on nearly every XCP CD, code which uses a modified version from Jon Johansen's DRMS software which allows to open Apple Computer's FairPlay DRM is included. He found the code to be inactive, but fully functional as he could use it to insert songs into Fairplay. DRMS, mpg123 and VLC are licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The other software found, like LAME is licensed under the Lesser General Public License (LGPL), also as free software. If the claims are correct, then Sony/BMG was distributing copyrighted material illegally. Jon Lech Johansen (born November 18, 1983), also known as DVD Jon, is a Norwegian who was involved in the release of the DeCSS software. ...
DRMS (abbreviation for Distributed Ressource Management System) is a (usually software) system that manages a set of networked computers and associated resources. ...
Apple Inc. ...
FairPlay is a digital rights management (DRM) technology created by Apple Inc. ...
GNU (pronounced ) is a computer operating system composed entirely of free software. ...
GPL redirects here. ...
GNU logo The GNU Lesser General Public License (formerly the GNU Library General Public License) is an FSF approved Free Software license designed as a compromise between the GNU General Public License and simple permissive licenses such as the BSD license and the MIT License. ...
This article is about free software as used in the sociopolitical free software movement; for non-free software distributed without charge, see freeware. ...
Sony BMG Music Entertainment is the result of a 50/50 joint venture between Sony Music Entertainment (part of Sony) and BMG Entertainment (part of Bertelsmann) completed on August 5, 2004. ...
Jon Johansen wrote in his blog[18] that after talking with a lawyer, he thinks that he cannot sue; however, there are opinions that the advice he was given is wrong[19]. The LAME developers have put an open letter[20] to Sony/BMG online.
Copyright violations which Sony could be accused[21] of include:
- No "prominent notices" for including of GPL and LGPL software.
- Statically linking GPL code into the program but not providing the source code of the whole program under GPL.
- Statically linking LGPL code but not providing the source of the LGPL parts and the binary code of the non-LGPL parts to allow relinking with updated LGPL code.
- Placing restrictions on the use of the code outside of what GPL/LGPL allow, e.g. not “licensing at no charge to all third parties” under the LGPL and GPL.
Sony already provides[22] a version of id3lib's source code on its web site, but unrelated to XCP.
Sony's response On a National Public Radio program, Thomas Hesse, President of Sony BMG's global digital business division asked "Most people, I think, don't even know what a rootkit is, so why should they care about it?"[23] He explained that "The software is designed to protect our CDs from unauthorized copying and ripping and Rootkit technology is one of the best ways to do just that." Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
{{Infobox musical artist | Name = | Img = SwitchfootConcert1. ...
Nothing is Sound is the fifth studio album by the band Switchfoot. ...
“NPR†redirects here. ...
Thomas Hesse is President of Sony BMG Music Entertainments Global Digital Business and US Sales. ...
For the process of sawing wood along the grain, see Rip saw. ...
Sony also contends that the "component is not malicious and does not compromise security," but "to alleviate any concerns that users may have about the program posing potential security vulnerabilities, this update has been released to enable users to remove [the root kit] component from their computers."
A patch [24] to remove the cloaking of the software has been released; this patch does not completely remove XCP, but disables its technique of hiding itself from view.
First 4 Internet reports that all upcoming versions of XCP will use advanced Rootkit technology techniques. They state that "we know Rootkits. We're #1 in the Rootkit buisness and all future versions will not be easily found by researchers, in fact we'd pay them $1 million if they actually find our Rootkits."
An uninstaller for XCP-Aurora is now available from the Sony-BMG web site [25]. An analysis of this uninstaller has been published by Mark Russinovich — who initially uncovered XCP — entitled "More on Sony: Dangerous Decloaking Patch, EULAs and Phoning Home" [26]. Obtaining the uninstaller requires one to use a specific browser (Microsoft Internet Explorer) and to fill out an online form with their email address, receive an email, install the patch, fill out a second online form, and then they will receive a link to the uninstaller. The link is personalized, and will not work for multiple uninstalls. Furthermore, Sony's Privacy Policy[27] states that this address can be used for promotions, or given to affiliates or "reputable third-parties who may contact you directly". Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer, abbreviated MSIE), commonly abbreviated to IE, is a series of proprietary graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems starting in 1995. ...
It has also been reported that the uninstaller might have security problems which would allow remote code execution[28]. Sony's uninstall page will attempt to install an ActiveX control when it is displayed in Internet Explorer. This ActiveX control is marked "Safe for scripting," which means that any web page can utilize the control and its methods. Some of the methods provided by this control are dangerous, as they may allow an attacker to download and execute arbitrary code.
On 11 November 2005, Sony announced they would suspend manufacturing CDs using the XCP system: is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
"As a precautionary measure, Sony BMG is temporarily suspending the manufacture of CDs containing XCP technology," it said in a statement.
"We also intend to re-examine all aspects of our content protection initiative to be sure that it continues to meet our goals of security and ease of consumer use," Sony BMG added.
This followed comments by Stewart Baker, the Department of Homeland Security's assistant secretary for policy, in which he took DRM manufacturers to task, as reported in the Washington Post: Stewart Abercrombie Baker (born July 17, 1947) is the Assistant Secretary for Policy for the United States Department of Homeland Security (as of 2006). ...
The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet department of the federal government of the United States that is concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ...
In a remark clearly aimed directly at Sony and other labels, Stewart continued: "It's very important to remember that it's your intellectual property — it's not your computer. And in the pursuit of protection of intellectual property, it's important not to defeat or undermine the security measures that people need to adopt in these days. According to the New York Times[29], Sony BMG said "about 4.7 million CDs containing the software had been shipped, and about 2.1 million had been sold." 52 albums were distributed by Sony-BMG that contained XCP.[30] The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...
On 14 November 2005, Sony announced it was recalling the affected CDs and plans to offer exchanges to consumers who purchased the discs. [31] is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Exchange your XCP CDs free of charge
SonyBMG is providing a free UPS service[32] for consumers who have XCP titles to return the CDs to SonyBMG in exchange for a new CD that is DRM-free and does not contain XCP.
Albums with XCP - Full article: List of compact discs sold with XCP
- See also: http://cp.sonybmg.com/xcp/english/titles.html
The Electronic Frontier Foundation published its original list of 19 titles on 9 November 2005[33]. On 15 November 2005 The Register published an article saying there may be as many as 47 titles. Sony BMG says there are 52 XCP CDs.[34] The following compact discs sold by Sony BMG were shipped with the computer software known as Extended Copy Protection (XCP). ...
EFF Logo The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is a non-profit advocacy and legal organization based in the United States with the stated purpose of being dedicated to preserving free speech rights such as those protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution in the context of today...
is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Current logo of The Register. ...
Amazon says it's treating the XCP CDs as defective merchandise and will offer a refund with shipping, as long as the customer specifies the request. [35]
See also Fortium Technologies is a British company based in Bridgend, South Wales that develops copy prevention software used on compact discs, for protecting pre release music CDs prior to commercial release in an attempt to prevent music piracy in the early stages. ...
MediaMax CD-3 is a software package created by SunnComm and sold as a form of copy protection for compact discs. ...
Digital rights management (DRM) is an umbrella term that refers to access control technologies used by publishers and other copyright holders to limit usage of digital media or devices. ...
Copy prevention, also known as copy protection, is any technical measure designed to prevent duplication of information. ...
OpenMG is a SDMI-compliant digital rights management scheme by Sony. ...
Sony Connect The Connect Music Store is Sonys music store built within the SonicStage music management application for Microsoft Windows-based personal computers. ...
The 2005 Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal was a public scandal dealing with Sony BMG Music Entertainments surreptitious distribution of rootkit software on audio compact discs. ...
For the video game, see Star Force. ...
FairPlay is a digital rights management (DRM) technology created by Apple Inc. ...
Janus is the codename for portable version of Windows Media DRM for portable devices, whose marketing name is Windows Media DRM for Portable Devices (or in short form WMDRM-PD) introduced by Microsoft in 2004 for use on portable media devices which store and access content offline. ...
References - ^ [http://www.the-interweb.com/serendipity/index.php?/archives/55-Proof-that-F4I-violates-the-GPL.html
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- Krebs, Brian. "Calif. Lawsuit Targets Sony". Washington Post; 8 November 2005.
is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
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