An extract consists of a certain percentage of true essence, or its chemical imitation, in an alcoholic solution. For other uses, see Essence (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Note: The information in this article is primarily from an old reference.^[1] Some of the names for chemical compounds and processes are a bit dated, and some of the techniques may have been superseded. However, the article is generally valid.

The aromatic principles of many spices, nuts, herbs, fruits, etc., and some flowers, are thus marketed, among the best known of true extracts being almond, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, lemon, nutmeg, orange, peppermint, pistachio, rose, spearmint, vanilla, violet, and wintergreen. An aroma compound, also known as odorant, aroma, fragrance, flavor, is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor. ... Binomial name (Mill. ... Binomial name J.Presl Cassia (Chinese cinnamon) is also commonly called (and sometimes sold as) cinnamon. ... This article is about spices, the word clove is also used to describe a segment of a head of garlic and a clove hitch is a useful kind of knot. ... For other uses, see Ginger (disambiguation). ... This article is about the fruit. ... It has been suggested that Legal drugs#Nutmeg be merged into this article or section. ... Binomial name (L.) Osbeck Orange—specifically, sweet orange—refers to the citrus tree Citrus sinensis (syn. ... Binomial name Mentha × piperita L. Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) is a (usually) sterile hybrid mint, a cross between watermint (Mentha aquatica) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). ... Binomial name L. The pistachio (Pistacia vera L., Anacardiaceae; sometimes placed in Pistaciaceae) is a small tree up to 10 m tall, native to mountainous regions of Iran, Turkmenistan and western Afghanistan. ... For other uses, see Rose (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Mentha spicata Crantz Spearmint (Mentha spicata, syn ) is a species of mint native to central and southern Europe, where it grows in wet soils. ... Vanilla pods Vanilla is a flavouring derived from orchids in the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. ... Species List of Viola species Violets (Viola) are a genus of flowering plants in the family Violaceae, with around 400-500 species throughout the world, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere but also in Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes in South America. ... Wintergreen is a term that can refer to various groups of plants: Wintergreen once commonly referred to plants that continue photosynthesis (remain green) throughout the winter. ...

Extraction techniques

A majority of natural essences are obtained by extracting the essential oil from the blossoms, fruit, roots, etc., or the whole plants, through four techniques: An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants. ... Alternate meanings: See Blossom (disambiguation) Cherry blossom Blossom is a term given to the flowers of stone fruit trees (Genus Prunus) and of some other small plants with a similar appearance that flower profusely but for a short period of time. ...

• Expression when the oil is very plentiful and easily obtained, as in lemons peel
• Absorption is generally accomplished by steeping in alcohol, as vanilla beans
• Maceration is used to create smaller bits of the whole, as in making peppermint extract, etc
• Distillation is used with maceration, but in many cases, it requires expert chemical knowledge and the erection of costly stills

The distinctive flavors of nearly all fruits, in the popular acceptance of the word, are very desirable adjuncts to many food preparations, but unfortunately there are only a few from which it is practicable to obtain a concentrated flavor extract of the necessary strength. Among those which lend themselves readily to the manufacture of "pure" extracts the most important are lemons, oranges and vanilla beans. Yakima press. ... Steeping may mean: Soaking in liquid until saturated with a soluble ingredient, as in, for example, the steeping of tea. ... Steeping may mean: Soaking in liquid until saturated with a soluble ingredient, as in, for example, the steeping of tea. ... Maceration (from Latin maceratus, past participle of macerare, to soften) may refer to: extreme leanness usually caused by starvation or disease a solution prepared by soaking plant material in vegetable oil or water the steeping of grape skins and solids in must, where alcohol acts as a solvent to extract... יחכיטכיגיגיוגקאטגקעיגקDistillation is a method of separating chemical substances based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. ...

Chemical-created essence

A majority of other, concentrated fruit flavors, as banana, cherry, currant, peach, pineapple, raspberry and strawberry, are produced by chemical combinations of compound ethers, together with special oils, etc, the desired colors being generally obtained by the use of coal-tar dyes. Among the ethers most generally employed are Acetic and Butyric. The chief factors in the production of artificial banana and pineapple extract, and also important in the manufacture of strawberry extract, are amyl-acetate and amyl-butyrate, amyl alcohol being the principal constituent of that part of the alcohol obtained by the distillation of grain and potato starch, etc., which is popularly known in the US as fusel oil and in Europe, generally by the title of potato oil. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Cherry (disambiguation). ... A currant can refer to Redcurrants and blackcurrants, berries of the genus Ribes. ... Binomial name (L.) Batsch Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... For other uses, see Pineapple (disambiguation). ... Cultivated raspberries The raspberry (plural, raspberries) is the edible fruit of a number of species of the genus Rubus. ... For other uses, see Strawberry (disambiguation). ... Ethers can refer to: In internet routing, the term associated with hosts In Organic chemistry, the plural of ether This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of high viscosity, which smells of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. ... A dye can generally be described as a coloured substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , Flash point −4 °C Related Compounds Related carboxylate esters Methyl acetate, Butyl acetate Related compounds Acetic acid, ethanol Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Chemical structure of ethyl butyrate Ethyl butyrate, also known as ethyl butanoate is an ester with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2COO-CH2CH3, with one oxygen having a double bond. ... Amyl acetate (also pentyl ethanoate, pentyl acetate) is an organic compound and an ester with the chemical formula CH3COO(CH2)4CH3 and the molecular weight 130. ... Pentyl butyrate, also known as pentyl butanoate or amyl butyrate, is an ester that is formed when pentanol is reacted with butyric acid, usually in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. ... There are eight isomers of amyl alcohol (C5H11OH): Three of these alcohols, active amyl alcohol, methyl (n) propyl carbinol, and methyl isopropyl carbinol, contain an asymmetric carbon atom and can consequently each exist in two optically active, and one optically inactive form. ... Fusel alcohols, also sometimes called fusel oils, are higher order (more than two carbons) alcohols formed by fermentation and present in cider, mead, beer, wine, and spirits to varying degrees. ...

Artificial extracts do not, as a rule, possess the delicacy of the fruit flavor, but they get sufficiently close to it to be of real service and convenience when true essences are unobtainable.

See also

• Tincture

In medicine, a tincture is an alcoholic extract (e. ...

References

1. ^ This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 edition of The Grocer's Encyclopedia.