NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Extrajudicial punishment

Extrajudicial punishment is physical punishment without the permission of a court or legal authority, and as such, constitutes a violation of basic human rights (such as the right to due process and humane treatment). Agents of a state apparatus may sometimes carry out this type of punishment if they come to the conclusion that a person is an imminent threat to security. The existence of extrajudicial punishment is considered proof that some governments will break their own legal code if deemed necessary. Non-governmental or non-state actors, including private individuals, have also resorted to different forms of extrajudicial punishment, though such actions are more properly called assassination, murder or vigilantism instead. Antonym of psychical. ... In United States law, adopted from English Law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life... ... Look up Agent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary An agent is an autonomous entity with an ontological commitment and agenda of its own. ... A state is a political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. ... A legal code is a moral code enforced by the law of a state. ... A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is not part of a government and was not founded by states. ... It has been suggested that Selective assassination be merged into this article or section. ... For the aircraft, see A-5 Vigilante. ...

Existence

Although the legal use of capital punishment is generally decreasing around the world, individuals or groups deemed immediately threatening — or even, in times of comparative stability, simply "undesirable" — to a government's ability to govern may nevertheless be targeted for killing extra-judicially by some regimes or their representatives. Such killing typically happens quickly, with skilled secret security forces on a covert basis, performed in such a way as to avoid massive public outcry and international criticism that would reflect badly on the state. Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ...

Another possibility is for overt, uniformed security forces to kill the target, but often under circumstances that make it appear as self-defense, such as by planting recently-fired weapons near his body, or fabricating evidence suggesting suicide by cop. In such cases, it can be surprisingly difficult to prove that the shooters acted wrongly. Because of the dangers inherent in any armed confrontation, even police or soldiers who would strongly, genuinely prefer to take their target alive may still kill him to protect themselves or civilians. Only in the most obvious cases, such as the Operation Flavius triple killing or the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes will the authorities admit that "kill or capture" was replaced with "shoot on sight". Wiktionary:Open - definition Open set (mathematics) Open (sport) - A type of competition in tennis and golf (among others) where entry is open to all qualifiers regardless of age. ... Self defense refers to actions taken by a person to defend onself, ones property or ones home. ... Suicide-by-cop is a suicide method in which someone deliberately acts in a threatening way towards a law enforcement officer, with the main goal of provoking a lethal response (e. ... Operation Flavius was the name of an operation by a Special Air Service team in Gibraltar on 6 March 1988. ... Jean Charles de Menezes (7 January 1978â€“22 July 2005) was a Brazilian illegal immigrant living in the Tulse Hill area of south London. ...

Extrajudicial punishment is a typical feature of totalitarian and other politically repressive regimes using death squads for this purpose, but even self-proclaimed or internationally recognized democracies have been known to use extrajudicial punishment under certain circumstances. In some cases, extrajudicial punishment may be planned and carried out covertly by a particular branch of a state and its specific agents, without previously informing other sectors or even without having been secretly ordered to commit such acts. The other branches of the state can tacitly approve of it after the fact, but they can also directly disagree with it depending on the circumstances, especially when complex intragovernment or internal policy struggles exist within a state's policymaking apparatus. Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: Totalitarianism is a term employed by political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ... Political repression is the oppression or persecution of an individual or group for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of society. ... A death squad is an armed squad of men that kills civilians. ...

In times of war, natural disaster, societal collapse, or in the absence of an established system of criminal justice, there may be an increased incidence of extrajudicial punishment. In such extreme circumstances, police or military personnel may be authorised to summarily execute individuals involved in rioting, looting or violent acts, especially if caught in flagrante delicto. Look up war in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (e. ... Societal collapse is the large scale breakdown or long term decline of the culture, civil institutions or other major characteristics of a society or a civilization, on a temporary or permanent basis. ... Criminal justice system flowchart Criminal Justice refers to the system used by government to maintain social control, prevent crime, enforce laws, and administer justice. ... Summary execution of NVA spy during the Vietnam War. ... Categories: Stub | Riots ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ... In flagrante delicto or sometimes simply in flagrante (Latin: while [the crime] is blazing) is a legal term used to indicate that a criminal has been caught in the act of committing an offense (compare corpus delicti). ...

A "disappearance" occurs where someone who is believed to have been targeted for extrajudicial execution does not reappear alive. Their ultimate fate is thereafter unknown or never fully confirmed. Disappear redirects here. ... Extrajudicial execution and extrajudicial punishment are terms to describe death sentences and other types of punishment, respectively, executed without prior proper judicial procedure. ...

Around the world

See NKVD troika and Special Council of the NKVD for examples from the history of the Soviet Union , where extrajudicial punishment "by administrative means" was part of the state policy. Most Latin American dictatorships have regularly instituted extrajudicial killings of their enemies; for one of the better-known examples, see Operation Condor. ^[1] Some consider the killing of Black Panther Fred Hampton to have been an extrajudicial killing ordered by the United States government. Also, the U.S. has been accused of exercising a covert prison system set up by the CIA in several countries, especially Egypt, to evade U.S. jurisdiction. ^[2] The deaths of the leaders of the leftist urban guerilla group Red Army Faction Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe is by some regarded as extrajudicial killings, a theory partly based on the testimony of Irmgard Möller . What does it mean? The Russian word troika (threesome, triumvirate) denoted commissions of three persons as an additional instrument of extrajudicial punishment (Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑƒÐ´ÐµÐ±Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ€Ð°ÑÐ¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð°, Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑƒÐ´ÐµÐ±Ð½Ð¾Ðµ Ð¿Ñ€ÐµÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ) introduced to supplement the legal system with a means for quick punishment of anti-Soviet elements. ... Special Council of the USSR NKVD (Особое Совещание при НКВД СССР, ОСО) was created by the same decree of Sovnarkom of July 10, 1934 that introduced the... By administrative means (В административном порядке, V administrativnom poryadke) was an expression in use in the Soviet Union applied to the cases when some actions that normally required a... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Participating countries of the Operation Condor; in pink those with partial participation (i. ... The Black Panther Party (originally called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was an African American organization founded to promote civil rights and self-defense with a mission of domination in the United States. ... Fred Hampton Fred Hampton (August 30, 1948 â€“ December 4, 1969) was an American activist and deputy chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party (BPP). ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Meinhof as a young journalist. ... Andreas Baader Andreas Baader (May 6, 1943 - October 18, 1977) was the first leader of the German revolutionary organization Red Army Faction, commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof gang. ... Gudrun Ensslin Gudrun Ensslin (August 15, 1940 - October 18, 1977) was a founder of the German terrorist group Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF), better known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang. ... Jan-Carl Raspe Jan-Carl Raspe (July 24, 1944 - October 18, 1977) was a member of the German militant group, the Red Army Faction. ... Mugshot of Irmgard MÃ¶ller The title of this article contains the character Ã¶. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Irmgard Moeller. ...

The government of Israel has also been accused of carrying out extrajudicial killings, which they term "targeted assassinations," against leaders of organisations involved in carrying out attacks against Israel. The Israeli government and its defenders, however, consider these people to be enemy combatants and not civilians; claiming they are legitimate military targets as per the rules of engagement.^{[citation needed]} An enemy combatant has historically referred to members of the armed forces of the state with which another state is at war. ... A civilian is a person who is not a member of a military. ... The two parts of the laws of war (or Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)): Law concerning acceptable practices while engaged in war, like the Geneva Conventions, is called jus in bello; while law concerning allowable justifications for armed force is called jus ad bellum. ...

During the apartheid years South Africa's security forces were also accused of using extra-judicial means to deal with their political opponents. After his release, Nelson Mandela would refer to these acts as proof of a Third Force . This was denied vehemently by the administration of F.W. de Klerk. Later the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu would find that both military and police agencies such as the Civil Cooperation Bureau and C10 based at Vlakplaas were guilty off gross human rights violations. This led the International Criminal Court to declare apartheid a crime against humanity. A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (IPA: ) (born 18 July 1918) is the former President of South Africa, and the first to be elected in fully representative democratic elections. ... For other uses, see Third force. ... President F.W. de Klerk Frederik Willem de Klerk (born March 18, 1936) is a former President of South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994. ... Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. ... The Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) was a covert South African apartheid-era hit squad[1]. Inaugurated in 1986, and fully functional by 1988 it was set up to eliminate anti-apartheid activists, destroy ANC facilities, and find means to circumvent the economic sanctions[1] imposed on that country. ... C10 or C-10 may refer to: The KC-10 Extender, a military version of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. ... Vlakplaas is a farm that served as the headquarters of a counterinsurgency unit working for the apartheid government in South Africa. ... When a government violates national or international law related to the protection of human rights, this is termed a human rights violation. ... Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ... In international law, a crime against humanity consists of acts of persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people, as being the criminal offence above all others. ...

Torture

Many countries find it expedient from time to time to use techniques of a kind used in torture; at the same time few wish to be described as doing so, either to their own citizens or international bodies. So a variety of devices are used to bridge this gap, including state denial, "secret police", "need to know", denial that given treatments are torturous in nature, appeal to various laws (national or international), use of jurisdictional argument, claim of "overriding need", and so on. Torture has been a tool of many states throughout history and for many states it remains so (unofficially and when expedient and desired) today. As a result, and despite worldwide condemnation and the existence of treaty provisions that forbid it, torture is still practiced in two thirds of the world's nations.^[3] Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now a state), and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... Plausible deniability also Deniability is the term given to the creation of loose and informal chains of command in government, which allow controversial instructions given by high-ranking officials to be denied if they become public. ... This article is about secret police as organizations. ... Government organizations, especially those related to defence and intelligence, often deal with information which is considered very sensitive. ... The term jurisdiction has more than one sense. ... Torture is defined by the United Nations Convention Against Torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he...

Torture remains a frequent method of repression in totalitarian regimes, terrorist organizations, and organized crime. In authoritarian regimes, torture is often used to extract confessions from political dissenters, so that they admit to being spies or conspirators, probably manipulated by some foreign country. Most notably, such a dynamic of forced confessions marked the justice system of the Soviet Union during the reign of Stalin (thoroughly described in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago). Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: Totalitarianism is a term employed by political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ... SPY may refer to: SPY (spiders), ticker symbol for Standard & Poors Depository Receipts SPY (magazine), a satirical monthly, trademarked all-caps SPY (Ivory Coast), airport code for San PÃ©dro, CÃ´te dIvoire SPY (Ship Planning Yard), a U.S. Navy acronym SPY, short for MOWAG SPY, a... In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Alexandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (Russian: , IPA: ; born December 11, 1918) is a Russian novelist, dramatist and historian. ... The Gulag Archipelago. ...

Most modern torturers, even when their interrogation methods are sanctioned by organs of a state, are often working outside the law. For this reason, some torturers tend to prefer methods that, while unpleasant, leave victims alive and unmarked. A victim who is not visibly damaged may lack credibility when telling tales of torture, whereas a person missing fingernails or eyes can easily prove claims of torture.

The 4 different modern examples are listed in the sub-headings below, along with the 'Cold War' to help to illustrate the point.

Cold war usage

Torture was widely practiced in the Soviet Union prior to its transformation to a federation in the 1980s, to extract confessions from suspects, especially in case of alleged plots against the security of the state or alleged collaboration with "imperialist powers". Member state Associate member Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Working language Russian Type Commonwealth Membership 11 member states 1 associate member Leaders - Executive Secretary Viktor Yanukovych Establishment December 21, 1991 Website http://cis. ... Imperialism is the policy of extending the control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires, either through direct territorial or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics and/or economy of other countries. ...

Under Enver Hoxha's Communist dictatorship, torture was widely used.^{[citation needed]} Since its fall, Amnesty International has reported police abuses amounting to torture;^[2] the government says it has "made efforts to punish all acts of torture under the Albanian criminal justice system".^[3] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a pressure group that promotes human rights. ...

The regime of General Augusto Pinochet in Chile in the 1970s used torture extensively against political opponents. Chile's National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture (Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura) concluded in 2004 that torture had been a systematically implemented policy of the government and recommended reparations. The commission heard the testimony of more than 35,000 witnesses, whose testimonies are to be kept secret for fify years.^[4] Among those tortured were future president Michelle Bachelet, who was held along with her mother at the notorious Villa Grimaldi detention center in Santiago. Captain General Augusto JosÃ© RamÃ³n Pinochet Ugarte[1] (ValparaÃso November 25, 1915â€“Santiago of Chile December 10, 2006) was dictator and President of Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... Monsignor Valech delivers the report to President Lagos The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study published on November 29, 2004 that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 and 1990 by agents of Augusto Pinochets military regime. ... VerÃ³nica Michelle Bachelet Jeria (born September 29, 1951) is a center-left politician and the current President of Chileâ€”the first woman to hold this position in the countrys history. ... Villa Grimaldi was a torture and detention center used by the DINA (Direccion de Inteligencia Nacional), Chilean secret police, under Augusto Pinochets dictatorship. ... Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: Region Santiago Metropolitan Region Province Santiago Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government - Mayor RaÃºl AlcaÃno Lihn Area 1 - City 641. ...

During the so-called "Dirty War" carried out in the 1970s, in particular, but not only, by the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983, tens of thousands of Argentines were "disappeared" by the junta, many never to be seen again. The National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons concluded: Poster by the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo NGO with photos of disappeared. This article especially refers to the Argentine dirty war; however, the term has been used in other contexts, for example in Morocco; see also lead years. ... Jorge Rafael Videla, first president of the Proceso Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional (Spanish, National Reorganization Process, often simply Proceso) was the name given by its leaders to the dictatorial regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. ... ... The CONADEP (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) was created by Argentine President RaÃºl AlfonsÃn on December 15, 1983, shortly after his inauguration to investigate the fate of the desaparecidos and other human rights violations performed between 1976 and 1983. ...

Russia

The Constitution of Russia forbids arbitrary detention, torture and ill-treatment. Part 2 of Article 21 of the constitution states that "no one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment…".^[6] However Russian police is regularly observed practicing torture - including beatings, electric shocks, rape, asphyxiation - in interrogating arrested suspects.^[7].^[8]^[9]^[10] The current Constitution of the Russian Federation (ÐšÐ¾Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‚ÑƒÑ†Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð¤ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¸) was adopted by national referendum on December 12, 1993 replacing the previous Soviet-era Constitution of April 12, 1978 of Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic following the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993. ... Torture is defined by the United Nations Convention Against Torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he...

Torture and humiliation dedovshchina are also widespread in Russian army, according to Human Rights Watch .^[11] Many young men are killed or commit suicide every year because of it.^[12] Amnesty International reported on allegations of Chechen locals, that Russian military forces in Chechnya rape and torture local women with electric shocks, when electric wires are connected to the straps of their bra on their chest.^[6] Dedovshchina (Russian: ) is the name given to the informal system of subjugation of new junior recruits for the Russian armed forces, MVD, and border guards to soldiers of the last year of service. ... Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a pressure group that promotes human rights. ... The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyÃ§Ã¶), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or NoxÃ§iyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ... Sign warning of possible electric shock hazard An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves. ...

In most extreme cases, hundreds of innocent people from the street were arbitrary arrested, beaten, tortured, and raped by special police forces. Such incidents took place not only in Chechnya, but also in Russian towns of Blagoveshensk, Bezetsk, and Nefteyugansk ^[13]^[14]^[15]

Nigeria

In 2005, Human Rights Watch documented that Nigerian police in the cities of Enugu, Lagos and Kano routinely practice torture. Dozens of witnesses and survivors stepped forward to testify to repeated, severe beatings, abuse of sexual organs, rape, death threats, injury by shooting and the denial of food and water. These abuses were used in campaigns against common crime.^[16] Location of Enugu in Nigeria Enugu is the capital city of Enugu State, Nigeria. ... It has been suggested that Festac Town be merged into this article or section. ... Kano is the administrative center of the Kano State and the third largest city in Nigeria, in terms of geographical size, after Ibadan and Lagos. ...

Systematic torture was used in conjunction with military occupation in an attempt to quell anti-oil protests by the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta, according to a World Council of Churches report.^[17] Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Åukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... The Ogoni people are one of the many indigenous peoples in the Niger Delta region of southeast Nigeria. ... The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, is a densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil. ... The World Council of Churches (WCC) is an international Christian ecumenical organization. ...

Iraq

The government headed by Baathist Saddam Hussein made extensive use of torture, including at the notorious Abu Ghraib prison. At one point, Uday, Saddam's son, tortured an Iraqi football player by brutally injuring his feet. ^[18] ^[19] ^[20] Baath Party symbol Party flag The Arab Socialist Baath Party (also spelled Bath or Baath; Arabic: ØØ²Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø¹Ø« Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø§Ø´ØªØ±Ø§ÙƒÙŠ á¸¤izb al-Ba`á¹¯ al-`ArabÄ« al-IÅ¡tirÄki) was founded in 1947 as a radical, secular Arab nationalist political party. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 â€“ 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq and Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council from 1979 until his overthrow by US forces in 2003. ... Abu Ghraib cell block The Abu Ghraib prison (Arabic: Ø³Ø¬Ù† Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ ØºØ±ÙŠØ¨; also Abu Ghurayb) is in Abu Ghraib, an Iraqi city 32 km (20 mi) west of Baghdad. ... Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (June 18, 1964 Baghdad â€“ July 22, 2003 Mosul), (Arabic: ) was the eldest son of Saddam Hussein and his first wife, Sajida Talfah. ...

The post-invasion Iraqi government holds thousands of people in prison. After investigating from July to October 2004, Human Rights Watch found that torture was "routine and commonplace." According to their report, The subject of this article is the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... The Iraqi Interim matt chokes on cock Government was created by the United States and its coalition allies as a caretaker government to govern Iraq until the Iraqi Transitional Government was installed following the Iraqi National Assembly election conducted on January 30th, 2005. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ...

Torture is reported to be on the increase acording to some humanitarean and press agencies. ^[22] ^[23] ^[24]

Uzbekistan

After an investigating visit to Uzbekistan, United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture Theo van Boven concluded in a formal report: Special Rapporteur is a title given to individuals working on behalf of the United Nations who bear a specific mandate from the former UN Commission on Human Rights to investigate, monitor and recommend solutions to human rights problems. ... Theo van Boven (b. ...

Forms of torture frequently cited include immersion in boiling water, exposure to extreme heat and cold, "the use of electric shock, temporary suffocation, hanging by the ankles or wrists, removal of fingernails, punctures with sharp objects, rape, the threat of rape, and the threat of murder of family members.^[25] (For example, see Muzafar Avazov) Muzafar Avazov is an Uzbekistan torture victim. ...

In 2003, Britain's Ambassador for Uzbekistan, Mr. Craig Murray made accusations that information was being extracted under extreme torture from dissidents in that country, and that the information was subsequently being used by Britain and other western, democratic countries which disapproved of torture.^[26]

The U.S.A.

The racist 1990 beating of the Califonian black, Rhodney King, was a perfect example of this. ^[27]

Extra-judicial killings

Extrajudicial killings are the illegal killing of leading political, trades union, dissident and/or social figures by either the state government, state authorities like the armed forces and police (as in Liberia under Charles G. Taylor ), or by criminal outfits like the Italian Mafia. It has been suggested that Selective assassination be merged into this article or section. ... For other persons named Charles Taylor, see Charles Taylor (disambiguation). ... The term Mafia (sometimes referred to as Cosa Nostra, Mafioso, or Black Hand, there are differences), refers to Italian criminal secret societies which developed in Sicily most notably developed in the mid-19th century. ...

Extrajudicial killings and death squads are most common in the Middle East (mostly in Palestine and Iraq) ^[28] ^[29] ^[30] ^[31] ^[32], Central America^[33] ^[34] ^[35] , Afghanistan, Bangladesh ^[36] , India and Kashmir ^[37] ^[38] ^[39] ^[40] ^[41] ^[42] several nations or regions in Equatorial Africa^[43] ^[44] ^[45] , Jamacia ^[46]^[47], Kosovo, ^[48]^[49] , many parts of South America ^[50]^[51] ^[52], Chechnya , ^[53], Russia^[54] , Uzbekistan, North Ossetia, parts of Thailand ^[55] ^[56] and in the Philippines ^[57] ^[58] ^[59] ^[60] ^[61] ^[62]. A death squad is an extra-judicial group whose members execute or assassinate persons they believe to be politically unreliable or undesirable. ... Equatorial Africa is a term currently being used in place of Sub-Saharan Africa in anthropological and racial discussions. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyÃ§Ã¶), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or NoxÃ§iyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ... The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Russian: Респу́блика Се́верная Осе́тия-Ала́ния; Ossetic: Цæгат Иры&#1089...

The 3 different modern examples are listed in the sub-headings below, along with the 'Cold War' to help to illustrate the point.

Cold war usage

The former Soviet Union and Communist Bloc country used to also killed dissidents this way to, during the Cold War. Those who were not killed were sent to 'Gulag' prison camps. Image File history File links Nguyen. ... Image File history File links Nguyen. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This is a Vietnamese name; the family name is Nguyá»…n, but is often simplified as Nguyen Loan General Nguyá»…n Ngá»c Loan General Nguyá»…n Ngá»c Loan (December 11, 1930[1]â€“July 14, 1998) was the Republic of Vietnams Chief of National Police. ... General Nguyá»…n Ngá»c Loan summarily executes Nguyá»…n VÄƒn LÃ©m. ... During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Gulag ( , Russian: ) was the government body responsible for administering prison camps across the former Soviet Union. ...

Nguyễn Văn Lém (referred to as Captain Bay Lop) (died 1 February 1968 in Saigon ) was a member of the Viet Cong who was summarily executed in Saigon during the Tet Offensive. The picture of his death would became one of may an anti- Vietnam War icons in the Western World. ^[63] General Nguyá»…n Ngá»c Loan summarily executes Nguyá»…n VÄƒn LÃ©m. ... A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits interrogation following capture in the attacks on Saigon during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. ... Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese: ThÃ nh ChÃ Minh) is the largest city in Vietnam, located near the delta of the Mekong River. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam, United States of America, South Korea, New Zealand, Australia National Liberation Front, Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commanders William Westmoreland VÃµ NguyÃªn GiÃ¡p Strength 50,000+ (estimate) 85,000+ (estimate) Casualties 2,788 KIA, 8,299 WIA, 587 MIA 1,536 KIA, 7,764 WIA... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... The term Western world, the West or the Occident (Latin occidens -sunset, -west, as distinct from the Orient) [1] can have multiple meanings dependent on its context (e. ...

During the 1960s throughout the 1970s death squads were used against the Viet Cong cadre as well as supporters in neighbouring countries notably Cambodia. See also Phoenix Program (also known as Phung Hoang). The Viet Cong also used death squads of their own against civilians for political reasons. A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits interrogation following capture in the attacks on Saigon during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. ... The Phoenix Program (Vietnamese: Káº¿ Hoáº¡ch Phá»¥ng HoÃ ng, a word related to fenghuang, the Chinese phoenix) or Operation Phoenix was a covert intelligence operation and assassination program undertaken by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in close collaboration with South Vietnamese intelligence during the Vietnam War. ... A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits interrogation following capture in the attacks on Saigon during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. ...

The use of computers by the American forces to compile lists of 'suspects' as well as the indefinite detention of 'suspects' in 'black' locations as well as their detention, torture, and execution without judicial oversight or protection is typical of American black ops in the Post World War II era. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Argentina used extrajudicial killings as way of crushing the liberal and communist opposition to the military Junta during the 'Dirty war' ^[64] of the late 1960's and most of the 1970's. The Chilean Junta of 1972 to 1992 also committed such killings to. See Operation Condor for examples. Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... In modern usage, junta (pronounced as in Spanish HUN-ta or HOON-ta) typically refers to a military dictatorship, especially in Latin America, which is officially run by a committee of high-ranking military officers. ... Poster by the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo NGO with photos of disappeared. This article especially refers to the Argentine dirty war; however, the term has been used in other contexts, for example in Morocco; see also lead years. ... Events and trends The 1960s was a turbulent decade of change around the world. ... Events and trends Although in the United States and in many other Western societies the 1970s are often seen as a period of transition between the turbulent 1960s and the more conservative 1980s and 1990s, many of the trends that are associated widely with the Sixties, from the Sexual Revolution... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Participating countries of the Operation Condor; in pink those with partial participation (i. ...

Also during the Communist versus Capitalist Salvadoran civil war, death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop Óscar Romero for his social activism in March 1980. In December 1980, three American nuns and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran military, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisers during the Carter administration. ^[65]During the Salvadoran civil war, death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop Óscar Romero for his social activism in March 1980 . In December 1980, three American nuns and a lay worker were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran military, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the Carter administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the Reagan administration. This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... In economics, a capitalist is someone who owns capital, presumably within the economic system of capitalism. ... The El Salvador Civil War was predominantly fought between the Salvadoran military dictatorship and a unified leftist opposition guerrilla movement known as the Farabundo MartÃ National Liberation Front (FMLN) between 1980 and 1992. ... Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or relative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. ... For the aircraft, see A-5 Vigilante. ... This is an incomplete list of persons that were assassinated for political and other reasons, and who have individual entries. ... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... In general, a nun is a female ascetic who chooses to voluntarily leave the world and live her life in prayer and contemplation in a monastery or convent. ... A military unit is an organisation within an armed force. ... A death squad is an extra-judicial group whose members execute or assassinate persons they believe to be politically unreliable or undesirable. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ã“scar Arnulfo Romero y GaldÃ¡mez (August 15, 1917 â€“ March 24, 1980), commonly known as MonseÃ±or Romero, was a priest of the Roman Catholic Church in El Salvador. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 - June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ...

Honduras also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was Battalion 316. Hundreds of people, teachers, politicians, and union bosses were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States Central Intelligence Agency.^[66] Battalion 316 was a Honduran Army unit responsible for carrying out hundreds of political assassinations and widespread torture of suspected political opponents of the government during the 1980s. ... The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an intelligence agency of the United States government. ...

Middle east

The Israeli intelligence and Hamas Militants have been in a steady war of attrition with each other, regularly killing local officials since the Fatah / Hamas civil war began in early 2007. Iraq has also suffered badly since the post-invasion insurgency of 2005. Official seal of the Mossad Ha-Mossad le-Modiin ule-Tafkidim Meyuhadim (Hebrew: המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים, Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks) is... Hamas (Arabic: ; acronym: Arabic: , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement,[1]) is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist organization. ... The word militant can refer to any individual engaged in warfare, a fight, combat, or generally serving as a soldier. ... Fatah (Arabic: ); a reverse acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (literally: Palestinian National Liberation Movement) is a major secular Palestinian political party and the largest organization in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a generally secular multi-party confederation. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Iraq was formed by British partitioning and domination of various tribal land in the early 20th century. The British later departed. They left behind a national government led from Baghdad that was mostly comprised of Sunni ethnicity in key positions of power that ruled over an ad-hoc nation splintered by tribal affiliations. This leadership used death squads and committed massacres in Iraq throughout the 20th century, culuminating in the dictatorship of Saddam Hussien.^[68] Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ...

The country has since become increasingly partitioned following the Iraq War into three zones: a Kurdish ethnic zone to the north, a Sunni center and the Shia ethnic zone to the south, with the secular socialist Baathist leadership were replaced with a provisional and later constitutional government that included leadership roles for the Shia and Kurdish peoples of this nation. This paralleled the development of ethnic militias by the Shia, Sunni, and the Kurdish Peshmerga. For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... Kurdish may refer to: The Kurdish people The Kurdish language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... This article concerns secularity, that is, being secular, in various senses. ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... Baath Party flag The Ba‘ath Parties (also spelled Baath or Ba‘th; Arabic: اﻟﺒﻌﺚ) comprise political parties representing the political face of the Ba‘ath movement. ... Peshmerga, pesh merga, peshmarga or peshmerge Kurdish: pÃªÅŸmerge) is the term used by Kurds to refer to armed Kurdish fighters. ...

There were death squads formed by members of every ethnicity.^[69] In the national capital of Baghdad some members of the now Shia police department and army formed unofficial, unsanctioned, but long tolerated death squads.^[70] They possibly have links to the Interior Ministry and are popularly known as the 'black crows'. These groups operated night or day. They usually arrested people, then either tortured^[71] or killed them.^[72]

The victims of these attacks were predominantly young males who had probably been suspected of being members of the Sunni insurgency. Agitators such as Abdul Razaq al-Na’as, Dr. Abdullateef al-Mayah, and Dr. Wissam Al-Hashimi have also been killed. These killings are not limited to only men. Women and children have at times have also been arrested and or killed. ^[73] Some of these killings have also been simple robberies or other criminal activities. The US government and media was using the term insurgent as early as 1899 to describe rebels during the Philippine-American War, here Filipinos described as insurgents at the time lie in a trench after being executed by US forces. ...

A feature in a May 2005 issue of the magazine of The New York Times claimed that the U.S. military had modelled the "Wolf Brigade", the Iraqi interior ministry police commandos, on the death squads used in the 1980s to crush the left-wing insurgency in El Salvador.^[74]

Western news organizations such as Time and People disassembled this by focusing on the aspects such as probable militia membership, religious ethnicity, as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the United States backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.^[75] Time (whose trademark is capitalized TIME) is a weekly American newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia A Militia is an organization of citizens to provide defense, emergency or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ...

During the 1950s a relatively moderate regime was put in power through the efforts of the CIA. Regardless, this regime of the Shah used SAVAK death squads to kill thousands. After the revolution death squads were used by the new regime. In 1983 the CIA gave one of the leaders of Iran Khomeni information on KGB agents in Iran. This information was probably used.The Iranian regime later used death squads occasionally throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s however by the 2000s it has appeared to almost entirely if not all cease their operation. This partial Westernization of the country can be seen paralleling similar events in Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, and Northern Iraq beginning in the late 1990s The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of ÐšÐ“Ð‘) is the Russian-language abbreviation for Committee for State Security, (Russian: ; Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

The Chain murders[1][2] (Ù‚ØªÙ„â€ŒÙ‡Ø§ÛŒ Ø²Ù†Ø¬ÛŒØ±Ù‡â€ŒØ§ÛŒ) of Iranian intellectuals or 1998 Serial Murders of Dissident Intellectuals were a series of murders and disappearances[3][4] during President Mohammad Khatamis first term, from about 1996 to 2001. ...

Philippines

Death squads were especially active in this country during the American invasion of the 1950s and the regime in the 1980s; they continue to be active as of 2007. This does not cite any references or sources. ...

The New People's Army (NPA) groups known as "Sparrow Units" were active in the mid-1980s, killing government officials, police personnel, military members, and anyone else they targeted for elimination. They were also supposedly part of an NPA operation called "Agaw Armas" (Filipino for "Stealing Weapons "), where they raided government armories as well as stealing weapons from slain military and police personnel. A low level civil war with south Moslems, Al-Qaeda sympathizers and communist insurgents has lead to a general break down of law and order. The Philippines government has promised to curb the killings, but is itself implicated in many of the killings. ^[76] The New Peoples Army (NPA), is a paramilitary group fighting for communist revolution in the Philippines. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... Islām (Arabic الإسلام, submission (to God)) is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Law and Order may refer to: Law and order (politics), a term common in political debate and discussion, generally indicating support of a strict criminal justice system Law and Order Offensive Party, a minor German political party In entertainment: Law & Order franchise, a number of related NBC television shows created... Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno Court of Appeals Â· Sandiganbayan Court of Tax Appeals Â· Ombudsman Elections Commission on Elections 2007 | 2004 | 2001 | 1998 1995 | 1992 | 1986 | All Foreign relations Human rights Other countries â€¢ Politics Portal The political system in the Philippines takes place in an organized framework of a...

The 22nd PUNO Supreme Court is set to hold a National Consultative Summit on extrajudicial killings on July 16 and 17, 2007 at the Manila Hotel. Invited representatives from the three branches of the government will participate (including the AFP, the PNP, CHR, media, academe, civil society and other stakeholders). Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... AFP is a three-letter acronym that may refer to: Advertiser funded programming Acute flaccid paralysis Active FoxPro Pages Advanced Flexible Processor, a model of Cyber computer by Control Data Corporation Advanced Function Presentation, an IBM printing architecture and file format Agence France-Presse, a major news agency Alpha-fetoprotein... The abbreviation or acronym PNP may refer to: Plug-and-play Principles and parameters (P&P) - a linguistics framework A particular polarity of Transistor Partido Nuevo Progresista, Puerto Rican political party Peoples National Party, the ruling political party in Jamaica Philippine National Police One of the two fundamental types... CHR is a Habbo Hotel AU fansite with a online streaming radio station. ... Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state (regardless of that states political system) and commercial institutions. ...

Puno will give the keynote speech and closing remarks. Puno searches for major solutions to solve forced disappearances. Nickname: Location in Peru Country Peru Region Puno Region Province Puno Province Elevation 3,860 m m (12,421 ft) Population - City 100 168 Time zone UTC-5 (UTC) Website: PUNO PERU[2] [3]Puno is a city in southeastern [[[Peru]]], located at the edge of Lake Titicaca, the world... A keynote in literature, music or public speaking is the principal underlying theme of a larger idea — a literary story, an individual musical piece or event. ... Nickname: Location in Peru Country Peru Region Puno Region Province Puno Province Elevation 3,860 m m (12,421 ft) Population - City 100 168 Time zone UTC-5 (UTC) Website: PUNO PERU[2] [3]Puno is a city in southeastern [[[Peru]]], located at the edge of Lake Titicaca, the world...

During the first day of the summit, the speakers will present their respective papers comprising significant inputs from their respective sectors, while on the second day, the participants will break out into 12 groups (chaired by a Justice) and take part in a workshop. Local and international observers (the diplomatic corps and representatives from various international organizations) will be accredited.

Puno announced that "the summit highlight will be a plenary session where each of the 12 groups shall report to the body their recommended resolutions. The reports and proposals will be synthesized and then transmitted to the concerned government agencies for appropriate action".

The earlier slated Malacañang-sponsored "Mindanao Peace and Security Summit (July 8-10, 2007 at Cagayan de Oro City), focussed on how to make the anti-terror law, or the Human Security Act (HSA) of 2007, more acceptable to the public. ^[77]^[78] Depiction of the MalacaÃ±ang Palace at the back of the 20-peso bill. ...

On July 16, 2007, Justices, activists, militant leaders, police officials, politicians and prelates attended the Supreme Court's two-day summit at the Manila Hotel in Manila City to map out ways to put an end to the string of extrajudicial killings in the Philippines. Bayan was set to launch their "silent protest", but expressed support for the high court's initiative. Director Geary Barias, chief of the police's anti-killings Task Force Usig, Sen. Panfilo Lacson, Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim, Caloocan Bishop Deogracias Yñiguez, re-elected party-list Representatives Satur Ocampo (Bayan Muna) and Crispin Beltran (Anakpawis) attended. Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno said that the "National Consultative Summit on Extrajudicial Killings and Forced Disappearances: Searching for Solutions," would help stop the murders. Delegates were given 12 to 15 minutes each to share their insights and knowledge about the matter. Yniguez accused the government of failing to actively pursue investigations on the hundreds of killings and the Catholic Church was alarmed that victims have been denied their "fundamental right" to live. Manila (Filipino: Maynila) is the capital of the Philippines. ...

Based on Yniguez-church's count, the number of victims of extrajudicial killings has reached 778, while survivors of "political assassinations," was pegged at 370. He also noted 203 "massacre" victims, 186 people who involuntarily disappeared, 502 tortured, and others who were illegally arrested. Yniguez similarly criticized the government's alleged insistence on implementing its Oplan Bantay Laya I and II (the military's counter-insurgency operation plans which militants have said consider legal people's organizations as targets).

Meanwhile, Bayan urged the Supreme Court to "check serious threats to civil liberties and basic freedoms" including the anti-terror law or the Human Security Act of 2007, which took effect on July 15 despite protests from leftist groups.

Vice President Teofisto Guingona Jr. will join Bayan and other leftist groups as petitioners in their formal pleading before the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the law. Human rights lawyer Atty. Edre Olalia of the International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL) will serve as lead counsel. Bayan chair Carol Araullo said the respondents will include members of the Anti-Terrorism Council headed by Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita and Raul Gonzalez. Earlier, [CBCP president Angel Lagdameo] pointed out at least 5 provisions of the law that may threaten civil liberties: Sec. 19 allows detentions of mere suspects for more than three days in the event of an actual or terrorist attack, while Section 26 allows house arrest despite the posting of bail, and prohibits the right to travel and to communicate with others; Sec. 39 allows seizure of assets while Sec. 7 allows surveillance and wiretapping of suspects; Sec. 26 allows the investigation of bank deposits and other assets. ^[79]

United Kingdom (UK)

During the Irish war of independence in 1916-21, the British forces organised several secret assassination squads. In 1920 alone the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force murdered the mayors of Limerick and Cork cities. In Limerick, the replacement mayor was also murdered, while in Cork, the new mayor died after a 74 day hunger strike. Combatants Irish Republic United Kingdom Commanders Michael Collins Richard Mulcahy Cathal Brugha Important local IRA leaders Henry Hugh Tudor Strength Irish Republican Army c. ... This article deals with the RIC Reserve Force of the Anglo-Irish War. ...

In Northern Ireland, various paramilitary, terrorist, quasi-political, pseudo-religious, and ad hoc state institutions killed without lawful excuse during The Troubles. ^[80] ^[81] ^[82] ^[83]During the 30 years of the The Troubles in Northern Ireland, both nationalist and loyalist paramilitary forces organised assassination squads. Notable cases include Brian Nelson, an Ulster Defence Association member and British Army agent convicted of sectarian murders. ^[84] ^[85] ^[86] ^[87] Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 kmÂ², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ... This article is becoming very long. ... For other uses, see Troubles (disambiguation) and Trouble. ... For other uses, see Troubles (disambiguation) and Trouble. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In England ad hoc racist and criminal gangs are also believed to behind most of the recent racist and Black-on-Black urban killings. The British state has apparently paid little attention to either the problems of gangland or racist killings in the UK. ^[88] ^[89] ^[90] ^[91] ^[92] ^[93]^[94] ^[95] Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() â€“ on the European continent() â€“ in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto)1 Unified - by Athelstan 927 AD Area - Total... 1. ... for other uses please see Crime (disambiguation) A crime is an act that violates a political or moral law. ... A gang is a group of individuals who share a common identity and, in current usage, engage in illegal activities. ... 1. ... Gangland is a computer game created by Mediamobsters (now called Sirius Games). ...

Human rights groups

Many human rights organisations like Amnesty International along with the UN are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment . ^[96] ^[97] ^[98] ^[99] ^[100] Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a pressure group that promotes human rights. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ...

In popular culture

The subject of extrajudicial punishment was examined in the stage play and subsequent film A Few Good Men . In this film, two marines are put on trial for the death of another marine due to their administering of a Code Red (a military colloquial speech term for extrajudicial punishment) on him. The film sees the U.S. Marines acquitted of the crime, as it is shown that they were acting under orders from their superiors, and therefore could not be held responsible for the consequences. A Few Good Men, a play by Aaron Sorkin, was acclaimed on Broadway and was subsequently made into a successful film in 1992. ... Code Red can refer to: An unofficial military order to rough up an uncooperative soldier; this order was a pivotal plot point in the film A Few Good Men. ... Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. ... United States Marine Corps Emblem The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is the second smallest of the five branches of the United States armed forces, with 170,000 active and 40,000 reserve Marines as of 2002. ...

Contents

Existence

Around the world

Torture

Cold war usage

Russia

Nigeria

Iraq

Uzbekistan

The U.S.A.

Extra-judicial killings

Cold war usage

Middle east

Philippines

United Kingdom (UK)

Human rights groups

In popular culture

See also

External links

Monitoring organizations

References

Contents

Existence GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Around the world

Torture

Cold war usage

Russia

Nigeria

Iraq

Uzbekistan

The U.S.A.

Extra-judicial killings

Cold war usage

Middle east

Philippines

United Kingdom (UK)

Human rights groups

In popular culture

See also

External links

Monitoring organizations

References

Existence