|
In human anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system involved in the coordination of movement. The system is called "extrapyramidal" to distinguish it from the tracts of the motor cortex that reach their targets by traveling through the "pyramids" of the medulla. The pyramidal pathways (corticospinal and some corticobulbar tracts) may directly innervate motor neurons of the spinal cord or brainstem (anterior horn cells or certain cranial nerve nuclei), whereas the extrapyramidal system centers around the modulation and regulation (indirect control) of anterior horn cells. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
NeuroNames is a system of nomenclature for the brain and related structures. ...
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
Elseviers logo. ...
List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ...
// Traditionally, the term neural network had been used to refer to a network or circuitry of biological neurons. ...
The human brain controls the central nervous system (CNS), by way of the cranial nerves and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and regulates virtually all human activity. ...
Structure of a skeletal muscle Muscle is one of the four tissue types. ...
The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain, and the spinal cord. ...
The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. ...
The corticobulbar (or corticonuclear) tract is a white matter pathway connecting the cerebral cortex to the brainstem (the term bulbar referring to the brainstem). ...
The anterior horn of the spinal cord (or anterior cornu, or anterior column) is the ventral (front) grey matter section of the spinal cord. ...
Extrapyramidal tracts are chiefly found in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla, and target neurons in the spinal cord involved in reflexes, locomotion, complex movements, and postural control. These tracts are in turn modulated by various parts of the central nervous system, including the nigrostriatal pathway, the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, the vestibular nuclei, and different sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. All of these regulatory components can be considered part of the extrapyramidal system, in that they modulate motor activity without directly innervating motor neurons. The reticular formation is a part of the brain which is involved in stereotypical actions, such as walking, sleeping, and lying down. ...
For other uses, see Pons (disambiguation). ...
Medulla in general means the inner part, and derives from the Latin word for marrow. In medicine it is contrasted to the cortex. ...
The nigrostriatal pathway is a neural pathway which connects the substantia nigra with the striatum. ...
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. ...
The cerebellum (Latin: little brain) is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. ...
The nuclei of the vestibular nerve. ...
For other uses, see Cortex. ...
Extrapyramidal symptoms
The extrapyramidal system can be affected in a number of ways, which are revealed in a range of extrapyramidal symptoms such as akinesia (inability to initiate movement) and akathisia (inability to remain motionless). Akinesia is the inability to initiate movement, due to problems with selecting and activating motor programs in the brain. ...
Akathisia (or acathisia) is an often extremely unpleasant subjective sensation of inner restlessness that manifests itself with an inability to sit still or remain motionless, hence the origin of its name: Greek a (without) + kathesis (sitting). ...
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are the various movement disorders such as tardive dyskinesia suffered as a result of taking dopamine antagonists, usually antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs, which are often used to control psychosis, especially schizophrenia. Other antidopaminergic drugs like the antiemetic metoclopramide or the tricyclic antidepressant amoxapine can also cause extrapyramidal side effects. Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended side-effect, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. ...
List of Movement disorders Akinesia (lack of movement) Athetosis (contorted torsion or twisting) Ataxia Ballismus (violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements) Hemiballismus Bradykinesia (slow movement) Chorea (rapid, involuntary movement) Sydenhams chorea Rheumatic chorea Huntingtons chorea Dystonia (sustained torsion) Dystonia muscularum Blepharospasm Writers cramp Spasmodic torticollis (twisting of...
Tardive dyskinesia is a serious neurological disorder caused by the long-term and/or high-dose use of dopamine antagonists, usually antipsychotics and among them especially the typical antipsychotics. ...
A dopamine antagonist is a drug which blocks dopamine receptors (of which there are five types in the human body; they are found in the brain, peripheral nervous system, blood vessels, and the kidney). ...
The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Psychosis (disambiguation). ...
This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...
An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. ...
Metoclopramide (INN) (IPA: ) is a potent dopamine receptor antagonist used for its antiemetic and prokinetic properties. ...
Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ...
Amoxapine (Asendin®; Asendis®; Defanyl®; Demolox®; Moxadil®) is a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzoxazepine class. ...
Disorders The best known EPS is tardive dyskinesia (involuntary, irregular muscle movements, usually in the face). Other common EPS include akathisia (restlessness), dystonia (muscular spasms of neck - torticollis, eyes - oculogyric crisis, tongue, or jaw; more frequent in children), drug-induced parkinsonism (musclar lead-pipe rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia, resting tremor, postural instability; more frequent in adults and the elderly), Tardive dyskinesia is a serious neurological disorder caused by the long-term and/or high-dose use of dopamine antagonists, usually antipsychotics and among them especially the typical antipsychotics. ...
Akathisia (or acathisia) is an often extremely unpleasant subjective sensation of inner restlessness that manifests itself with an inability to sit still or remain motionless, hence the origin of its name: Greek a (without) + kathesis (sitting). ...
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. ...
Torticollis, or wry neck, is a condition in which the head is tilted toward one side, and the chin is elevated and turned toward the opposite side. ...
Oculogyric crisis (OGC) is the name of a severe reaction to certain drugs and/or medical conditions including neuroleptics, amantadine, benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, chloroquine, cisplatin, diazoxide, influenza vaccine, levodopa, lithium, metoclopramide, nifedipine, pemoline, phencyclidine, reserpine, tricyclics, postencephalitic Parkinsons, Tourettes syndrome, multiple sclerosis, neurosyphilis, head trauma, bilateral thalamic infarction, lesions...
Parkinsonism (also known as Parkinsons syndrome, atypical Parkinsons, or secondary Parkinsons) is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. ...
Although Parkinson's Disease is primarily a disease of the nigrostriatal pathway and not the extrapyramidal system, loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leads to dysregulation of the extrapyramidal system. Since this system regulates posture and skeletal muscle tone, a result is the characteristic bradykinesia of Parkinson's. The nigrostriatal pathway is a neural pathway which connects the substantia nigra with the striatum. ...
The substantia nigra, (Latin for black substance, Soemering) or locus niger is a heterogeneous portion of the midbrain, separating the pes (foot) from the tegmentum (covering), and a major element of the basal ganglia system. ...
In medicine (neurology), bradykinesia denotes slow movement (etymology: brady = slow, kinesia = movement). ...
Extrapyramidal symptoms can also be caused by brain damage, as in athetotic cerebral palsy, which is involuntary writhing movements caused by prenatal or perinatal brain damage. Cerebral palsy (CP) is an umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive,[1] non-contagious diseases that cause physical disability in human development. ...
Treatment for extrapyramidal symptoms Anticholinergic drugs are used to control neuroleptic-induced EPS, although akathisia may require beta blockers or even benzodiazepines. If the EPS are induced by a typical antipsychotic, EPS may be reduced by dose titration or by switching to an atypical antipsychotic, such as aripiprazole, ziprasidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone or clozapine. These medications possess an additional mode of action that is believed to negate their effect on the nigrostriatal pathway, which means they are associated with fewer extrapyramidal side effects than "conventional" antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, etc.). An anticholinergic agent is a member of a class of pharmaceutical compounds which serve to reduce the effects mediated by acetylcholine in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. ...
The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. ...
Akathisia (or acathisia) is an often extremely unpleasant subjective sensation of inner restlessness that manifests itself with an inability to sit still or remain motionless, hence the origin of its name: Greek a (without) + kathesis (sitting). ...
Beta blockers or beta-adrenergic blocking agents are a class of drugs used to treat a variety of cardiovascular conditions and some other diseases. ...
Alprazolam 2 mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , or benzos for short) are a class of psychoactive drugs considered minor tranquilizers with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are mediated by slowing down the central nervous system. ...
Typical antipsychotics (sometimes referred to as conventional antipsychotics or conventional neuroleptics) are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia), and are generally being replaced by atypical antipsychotic drugs. ...
The atypical antipsychotics (also known as second generation antipsychotics) are a class of prescription medications used to treat psychiatric conditions. ...
Aripiprazole (produced by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co,. Ltd. ...
Ziprasidone (marketed as Geodon, Zeldox) was the fifth atypical antipsychotic to gain FDA approval (February 2001). ...
Quetiapine (IPA: , kwe-TYE-a-peen), marketed by AstraZeneca with the brand name Seroquel, belongs to a series of neuroleptics known as atypical antipsychotics, which have, over the last two decades, become increasingly popular alternatives to typical antipsychotics, such as haloperidol. ...
Olanzapine (oh-LAN-za-peen, sold as Zyprexa®, Zyprexa Zydis®, or in combination with fluoxetine, as Symbyax®) was the third atypical antipsychotic to gain approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has become one of the most commonly used atypical antipsychotics. ...
Risperdal tablets Risperidone (pronounced Ris-PER-Ç-dÅn and sold under the trade name Risperdal in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Portugal and several other countries, Risperdal or Ridal in New Zealand, Rispolept in Eastern Europe, and Belivon, or Rispen elsewhere) is an atypical antipsychotic medication developed by...
Clozapine (sold as Clozaril®, Leponex®, Fazaclo®) was the first of the atypical antipsychotics to be developed. ...
Chlorpromazine was the first antipsychotic drug, used during the 1950s and 1960s. ...
Haloperidol (sold under the tradenames Aloperidin, Bioperidolo, Brotopon, Dozic, Duraperidol (Germany), Einalon S, Eukystol, Haldol, Halosten, Keselan, Linton, Peluces, Serenace, Serenase, Sigaperidol) is a conventional, or typical, butyrophenone antipsychotic drug. ...
Commonly used medications for EPS are benztropine (Cogentin), diphenhydramine (Benadryl), and trihexyphenidyl (Artane).exp Benztropine (Cogentin®) is an anticholinergic drug principally used for the treatment of: Drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia and acute dystonia; Parkinson disease; and Idiopathic or secondary dystonia. ...
Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (trade name Benadryl, as produced by J&J, or Dimedrol outside the U.S. & Canada. ...
// Introduction Trihexyphenidyl is an antiparkinson agent of the antimuscarinic class of agents and is chemically a tertiary amine. ...
See also List of regions in the human brain // medulla oblongata medullary pyramids pons paramedian pontine reticular formation fourth ventricle cerebellum cerebellar vermis cerebellar hemispheres anterior lobe posterior lobe flocculonodular lobe cerebellar nuclei fastigial nucleus globose nucleus emboliform nucleus dentate nucleus tectum inferior colliculi superior colliculi mesencephalic duct (cerebral aqueduct, Aqueduct of Sylvius) cerebral peduncle midbrain tegmentum ventral tegmental...
| Anatomy of torso (primarily): the spinal cord | | Spinal nerve | Dorsal (Root, Ganglion, Ramus) • Ventral (Root, Ramus) • Sympathetic trunk • rami communicantes (Gray, White) | | Gray matter/Rexed laminae | Posterior horn (Column of Clarke, Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, Nucleus proprius) • Lateral horn • Anterior horn • Central canal/Substantia gelatinosa centralis | | White matter: somatic/ascending (blue) | Posterior/PCML: Gracilis • Cuneatus The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
The term spinal nerve generally refers to the mixed spinal nerve, which is formed from the dorsal and ventral roots that come out of the spinal cord. ...
penis ...
This is a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) from a chicken embryo (around stage of day 7) after incubation overnight in NGF growth medium stained with anti-neurofilament antibody. ...
The posterior (or dorsal) branches (or divisions) of the spinal nerves are as a rule smaller than the anterior divisions. ...
In anatomy and neurology, the ventral root is the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. ...
The ventral ramus (anterior ramus, anterior branch, anterior divisions of the spinal nerves) supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk, and the limbs; they are for the most part larger than the posterior divisions. ...
The sympathetic trunk (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) is a bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the skull to the coccyx. ...
Rami communicans (plural rami communicantes) is the term used for a nerve which connects two other nervers. ...
Each spinal nerve receives a branch, gray ramus communicans, from the adjacent ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. ...
The thoracic, and the first and second lumbar nerves each contribute a branch, white ramus communicans to the adjoining sympathetic ganglion. ...
Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of nerve cell bodies, glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes), capillaries, and short nerve cell extensions/processes (axons and dendrites). ...
Medulla spinalis - Substantia grisea The Rexed laminae comprise a system of ten layers of grey matter (I-X), identified in the early 1950s by Bror Rexed to label portions of the spinal cord. ...
The posterior horn of the spinal cord is dorsal(more towards the back) to the anterior horn. ...
The dorsal nucleus (column of Clarke, Clarkes columns, posterior thoracic nucleus) occupies the medial part of the base of the posterior column, and appears on the transverse section as a well-defined oval area. ...
The apex of the posterior column is capped by a V-shaped or crescentic mass of translucent, gelatinous neuroglia, termed the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando (or gelatinous substance of posterior horn of spinal cord), which contains both neuroglia cells, and small nerve cells. ...
The Nucleus proprius is a layer of the spinal cord adjacent to the substantia gelatinosa. ...
In the thoracic region, the postero-lateral part of the anterior column projects lateralward as a triangular field, which is named the lateral column (lateral cornu, lateral horn). ...
The anterior horn of the spinal cord (or anterior cornu, or anterior column) is the ventral (front) grey matter section of the spinal cord. ...
Cross-section through cervical spinal cord. ...
Throughout the cervical and thoracic regions the central canal is situated in the anterior third of the medulla spinalis; in the lumbar enlargement it is near the middle, and in the conus medullaris it approaches the posterior surface. ...
White matter is one of the two main solid components of the central nervous system. ...
The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. ...
The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway is the sensory pathway responsible for transmitting fine touch and conscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebral cortex. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
The fasciculus cuneatus (tract of Burdach) is triangular on transverse section, and lies between the fasciculus gracilis and the posterior column, its base corresponding with the surface of the medulla spinalis. ...
Lateral: Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • Spinothalamic (Lateral, Anterior) • Spinotectal • Posterolateral (Lissauer) The most lateral of the bundles of the anteior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line which separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. ...
The spinocerebellar tract is a set of axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the cerebellum. ...
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsigs fasciculus, Flechsigs tract) conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. ...
The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. ...
The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord that transmits information about pain, temperature, itch and crude touch to the thalamus. ...
The spinothalamic tract is the sensory pathway in the body that transmits pain, temperature, itch and crude touch. ...
The spinothalamic tract is the sensory pathway in the body that transmits pain, temperature, itch and crude touch. ...
The spinotectal tract (spinotectal fasciculus) is supposed to arise in the dorsal column and terminate in the inferior and superior colliculi. ...
The posterolateral tract (fasciculus of Lissauer, tract of Lissauer, dorsolateral fasciculus) is a small strand situated in relation to the tip of the posterior column close to the entrance of the posterior nerve roots. ...
| | White matter: motor/descending (red) | Lateral: Corticospinal (Lateral) • Ep (Rubrospinal, Olivospinal) The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. ...
The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. ...
The rubrospinal tract is part of the indirect extra-pyramidal tract and is responsible for large muscle movement such as the arms and the legs. ...
The olivospinal fasciculus (Helweg) arises in the vicinity of the inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla oblongata, and is seen only in the cervical region of the medulla spinalis, where it forms a small triangular area at the periphery, close to the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots. ...
Anterior: Corticospinal (Anterior) • Ep (Vestibulospinal, Tectospinal, Reticulospinal) The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line which separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. ...
The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the direct pyramidal tract or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. ...
The vestibulospinal tract is one of the descending spinal tracts of the ventromedial pathway. ...
The tectospinal tract is part of the indirect extrapyramidal tract and is responsible for coordinating head and eye movements, It is responsible for impulses that are motor. ...
The reticulospinal tract (or anterior reticulospinal tract) is an extrapyramidal motor tract which travels from the reticular formation. ...
| | Layers | Epidural space • Dura mater • Subdural space • Arachnoid mater • Subarachnoid space • Pia mater | | Other structures | Denticulate ligaments • Conus medullaris • Cauda equina • Filum terminale • Cervical enlargement • Lumbar enlargement • Anterior median fissure | | Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | | Myelencephalon/medulla | anterior/ventral: Arcuate nucleus of medulla • Pyramid (Decussation) • Olivary body • Inferior olivary nucleus • Anterior median fissure • Ventral respiratory group The epidural space is a part of the human spine which is very close to the spinal cord, lying just outside the dura mater. ...
The dura mater (from the Latin hard mother), or pachymeninx, is the tough and inflexible outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. ...
The subdural space (or subdural cavity) is an artificial space created by the separation of the arachnoid mater from the dura mater as the result of trauma or pathologic process. ...
The Arachnoid mater is one of the three layers of the meninges, interposed between the dura mater and the pia mater and separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space. ...
The meninges (singular meninx) are the system of membranes that contain the brain. ...
[www. ...
The pia mater has 21 pairs of denticulate ligaments which attach it to the arachnoid and dura maters. ...
The conus medullaris is the terminal end of the spinal cord. ...
The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above. ...
The spinal cord is a part of the vertebrate nervous system that is enclosed in and protected by the vertebral column (it passes through the spinal canal). ...
The cervical enlargement corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs. ...
The lumbar enlargement (or lumbosacral enlargement) gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs. ...
The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord has an average depth of about 3 mm, but this is increased in the lower part of the medulla spinalis. ...
Human brain In animals, the brain (enkephale) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ...
The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. ...
The myelencephalon is a developmental categorization of a portion of the central nervous system. ...
The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem. ...
Grays Fig. ...
The interior district of the medulla oblongata is named the pyramid and lies between the anterior median fissure and the antero-lateral sulcus. ...
The two pyramids contain the motor fibers which pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers. ...
In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin oliva and olivae, singular and plural, respectively) are a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem. ...
In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin oliva) are a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem. ...
The anterior median fissure (ventral or ventromedian fissure) contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata: it ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular expansion, termed the foramen cecum. ...
The ventral respiratory group is a group of neurons in the medulla which initiates inhalation. ...
posterior/dorsal: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • XII, X: Dorsal • IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus • Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group The solitary nucleus and tract are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) cranial nerves, as well as the cranial part of the accessory nerve (XI). ...
The solitary nucleus and tract are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) cranial nerves, as well as the cranial part of the accessory nerve (XI). ...
The hypoglossal nucleus extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline. ...
The dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve (or posterior motor nucleus of vagus) is a cranial nerve nucleus for the vagus nerve that arises from the floor of the fourth ventricle. ...
The nucleus ambiguus (literally ambiguous nucleus) is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal (posterior) to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper (rostral) medulla. ...
The inferior salivatory nucleus is one of the components of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which stimulates secretion from the parotid gland. ...
Located in the medulla oblongata, the gracile nucleus is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participates in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception. ...
Cuneate nucleus is a wedge-shaped nucleus in the medulla. ...
The accessory cuneate nucleus is located lateral to the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata at the level of the sensory decussation (the crossing fibers of the posterior column/medial lemniscus tract). ...
The Area postrema is a part of the brain. ...
The posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata (or posterior median fissure) is a narrow groove; and exists only in the closed part of the medulla oblongata; it becomes gradually shallower from below upward, and finally ends about the middle of the medulla oblongata, where the central canal expands into the...
The dorsal repiratory group is found in many types of fish and marine mammals. ...
raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation (Gigantocellular nucleus, Parvocellular reticular nucleus, Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus) The decussation of the sensory fibers of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus is situated above that of the motor fibers, and is named the decussation of the lemniscus or sensory decussation. ...
The reticular formation is a part of the brain which is involved in stereotypical actions, such as walking, sleeping, and lying down. ...
The gigantocellular nucleus, as the name indicates, is mainly composed of the so called giant neuronal cells. ...
The parvocellular reticular nucleus is located dorsolateral to the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis. ...
The ventral reticular nucleus is a continuation of the parvocellular nucleus in the brainstem. ...
A nucleus of the medulla oblongata involved with co-ordinating baroreceptor signals to control arterial blood pressure. ...
The paramedian reticular nucleus (in Terminologia Anatomica, or paramedian medullary reticular group in NeuroNames) sends its connections to the spinal cord in a mostly ipsilateral manner, although there is some decussation. ...
The raphe nuclei (Latin for the bit in a fold or seam) is a moderately sized cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem, and releases serotonin to the rest of the brain. ...
The nucleus raphe obscurus, despite the implications of its name, has some very specific functions and connections of afferent and efferent nature. ...
The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. ...
The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. ...
tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Olivocerebellar tract • Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • Spinothalamic tract • PCML (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers, Medial lemniscus) • Extrapyramidal (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract) The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. ...
The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. ...
The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the direct pyramidal tract or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. ...
Figure 1a: A human brain, with the cerebellum in purple. ...
The olivocerebellar tract (olivocerebellar fibers) leaves the olivary nucleus and pass out through the hilum and decussate with those from the opposite olive in the raphé, then as internal arcuate fibers they pass partly through and partly around the opposite olive and enter the inferior peduncle to be distributed to...
The spinocerebellar tract is a set of axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the cerebellum. ...
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsigs fasciculus, Flechsigs tract) conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. ...
The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. ...
The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord that transmits information about pain, temperature, itch and crude touch to the thalamus. ...
The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway is the sensory pathway responsible for transmitting fine touch and conscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebral cortex. ...
The posterior external arcuate fibers (dorsal external arcuate fibers) take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei; they pass to the inferior peduncle of the same side. ...
Internal arcuate fibers are the axons of second-order neurons contained within the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla oblongata. ...
The medial lemniscus, also known as Reils band or Reils ribbon, is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus. ...
The rubrospinal tract is part of the indirect extra-pyramidal tract and is responsible for large muscle movement such as the arms and the legs. ...
The vestibulospinal tract is one of the descending spinal tracts of the ventromedial pathway. ...
The tectospinal tract is part of the indirect extrapyramidal tract and is responsible for coordinating head and eye movements, It is responsible for impulses that are motor. ...
| | Metencephalon/pons | anterior/ventral: Superior olivary nucleus • Basis pontis (Pontine nuclei, Middle cerebellar peduncles) The metencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system. ...
For other uses, see Pons (disambiguation). ...
For the cerebellar structure, see Dentate nucleus. ...
The basis pontis is the anterior portion of the pons. ...
The pontine nuclei are a part of the pons which store the memory of intention during motor activity. ...
The middle cerebellar peduncles (brachia pontis) are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep. ...
posterior/dorsal: Pontine tegmentum (Trapezoid body, Superior medullary velum, Locus ceruleus, MLF, Vestibulocerebellar tract, V Principal Spinal & Motor, VI, VII, VII: Superior salivary nucleus) • VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) The pontine tegmentum is a part of the pons of the brain involved in the initiation of REM sleep. ...
The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. ...
The superior medullary velum (anterior medullary velum, valve of Vieussens) is a thin, transparent lamina of white substance, which stretches between the superior peduncle; on the dorsal surface of its lower half the folia and lingula are prolonged. ...
The Locus ceruleus, also spelled locus caeruleus or locus coeruleus (Latin for the blue spot), is a nucleus in the brain stem responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. ...
The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a group of axons on each side of the brainstem, that carry information about the direction that the eyes should move. ...
The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex. ...
The sensory trigeminal nerve nucleus is the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extends through the whole of the brainstem, midbrain to medulla. ...
The principal sensory nucleus (or chief sensory nucleus) receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw. ...
The sensory trigeminal nerve nucleus is the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extends through the whole of the brainstem, midbrain to medulla. ...
The sensory trigeminal nerve nucleus is the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extends through the whole of the brainstem, midbrain to medulla. ...
The abducens nucleus is the originating nucleus from which the abducens nerve emerges - a cranial nerve nucleus. ...
The facial motor nucleus is a collection of neurons in the brainstem that belong to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). ...
The Superior salivary nucleus (or superior salivatory nucleus) of the facial nerve is a visceromotor cranial nerve nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum. ...
The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. ...
The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the tuberculum acousticum) differs from the ventral portion of the CN as it not only projects to the Inferior Colliculus (IC) but also receives efferent innervation from auditory cortex, superior olivary complex and inferior colliculus. ...
The anterior cochlear nucleus (or ventral, or accessory ) placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. ...
The nuclei of the vestibular nerve. ...
The lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiters’s nucleus) is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. ...
The superior vestibular nucleus (Bechterew’s nucleus) is the dorso-lateral part of the vestibular nucleus and receives collaterals and terminals from the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. ...
The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. ...
The inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle. ...
raphe/reticular: Reticular formation (Caudal pontine reticular nucleus, Oral pontine reticular nucleus, Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, Paramedian pontine reticular formation) • Median raphe nucleus The reticular formation is a part of the brain which is involved in stereotypical actions, such as walking, sleeping, and lying down. ...
The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is composed of gigantocellular neurons. ...
The oral pontine reticular nucleus is delineated from its caudal brother, with which it shares its first three names. ...
The tegmental pontine reticular nucleus (or pontine reticular nucleus of the tegmentum) is also known to affect the cerebellum with its axonal projections. ...
The paramedian pontine reticular formation, or PPRF, is a brain region, without clearly defined borders, in the center of the pons. ...
The median raphe nucleus (or superior central nucleus) is composed of polygonal, fusiform and pyriform neurons and exists rostral to the nucleus raphe pontis. ...
Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center The apneustic center of the lower pons appears to promote inspiration by stimulation of the I neurons in the medulla oblongata providing a constant stimulus. ...
The pneumotaxic center of the upper pons antagonises the apneustic centre. ...
| | Metencephalon/cerebellum | Vermis • Flocculus • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar tonsil • Inferior medullary velum
Molecular layer (Stellate cell, Basket cell, Parallel fiber) • Purkinje cell layer (Purkinje cell) • Granule cell layer (Golgi cell) • Mossy fibers • Climbing fiber
The metencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system. ...
The cerebellum (Latin: little brain) is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. ...
Part of the structure of animal brains, the cerebellar vermis is a narrow, wormlike structure between the hemispheres of the cerebellum. ...
The flocculus is a small lobe of the cerebellum at the posterior border of the middle cerebellar peduncle anterior to the biventer lobule. ...
The arbor vitae (Latin for Tree of Life) is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance. ...
The cerebellar tonsil (amygdaline nucleus) is a rounded mass, situated in the hemispheres of the cerebellum. ...
The inferior medullary velum (posterior medullary velum) is a thin layer of white substance, prolonged from the white center of the cerebellum, above and on either side of the nodule; it forms a part of the roof of the fourth ventricle. ...
In neuroscience, stellate cells are inhibitory interneurons found within the molecular layer of the cerebellum. ...
Basket cells are inhibitory GABAergic interneurons found in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. ...
Parallel fibers arise from granule cells in the cerebellar cortex. ...
Drawing of pigeon Purkinje cells (A) by Santiago Ramon y Cajal Purkinje cells are a class of GABAergic neuron located in the cerebellar cortex. ...
In neuroscience, Golgi cells are inhibitory interneurons found within the granular layer of the cerebellum. ...
Figure 5: Microcircuitry of the cerebellum. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Deep cerebellar nuclei (Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial) | | Fourth ventricle | apertures (Median, Lateral) • Rhomboid fossa (Vagal trigone, Hypoglossal trigone, Obex, Sulcus limitans, Facial colliculus, Medial eminence) • Lateral recess | |
Feeds |
Contact