Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy which claims to relieve the symptoms of Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems using (in its original form) only eye movements similar to those which occur naturally in REM sleep. Psychotherapy is a set of techniques intended to improve mental health, emotional or behavioral issues in individuals, who are often called clients. These issues often make it hard for people to manage their lives and achieve their goals. ... Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is a term for the psychological consequences of exposure to or confrontation with stressful experiences, which involve actual or threatened death, serious physical injury or a threat to physical integrity and which the person found highly traumatic. ... Eye movements are the voluntary or involuntary movements of the eye. ... Rapid eye movement (REM) is the stage of sleep during which the most vivid (though not all) dreams occur. ...

Description

EMDR was invented by American Francine Shapiro in 1987 after she observed the way she had been able to banish disturbing thoughts from her own mind while walking in a park. She developed and refined these observations and published a paper in 1989 describing beneficial results in a number of case studies. 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The therapy originally consisted of the patient being guided by the therapist in moving their eyes in a random way whilst thinking about their ‘problem’. In the relatively short time of a few minutes the feelings may begin to shift and resolve themselves.

The claimed speed of the therapy and lack of necessary skilled input from the practitioner has led to strong criticism of the approach from some in the psychotherapeutic and psychiatric establishment. The practice also lacks a convincing explanation as to how it works.

Nevertheless extensive studies have repeatedly shown it to be as good as other non-specific treatments, yet lacking the long-term effectiveness of empirically-supported and specific treatments for PTSD (such as well-practiced Cognitive Behaviour Therapy; e.g., Devilly & Spence, 1999¹; Taylor et al., 2004).

Later developments have removed the focus on the eyes and used a number of other bilateral stimuli such as sound and touch, or dual attention stimuli to bring about the effect. Its use has also been extended to include a wide range of conditions. In light of the shifting and widening claims, the technique has more recently been lampooned (see Sudotherapay) and some claim that the technique is non-falsifiable and hence should not be credited with scientific status.

However, Dr. Shapiro has been given an award for Distinguished Scientific Achievement in Psychology by the California Psychological Association and in 2002 the International Sigmund Freud Award for Psychotherapy presented by the City of Vienna in conjunction with the World Council for Psychotherapy. 2002 (MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

¹ Devilly, G.J., & Spence, S.H. (1999). The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive behavioral trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 131–157.

Shapiro, F. (1995). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures. New York: The Guilford Press.

See also

• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Rapid eye movements
• Saccades

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for the psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful experiences which involve actual or threatened death, serious physical injury, or a threat to physical and/or psychological integrity, and which the person experienced as highly traumatic. ... Rapid eye movement (REM) is the stage of sleep during which the most vivid (though not all) dreams occur. ... A saccade is a fast movement of an eye, head, or other part of an animals body or of a device. ...

External links

Supportive of EMDR

• EMDR Institute, Inc.
• EMDR European Association, Inc.
• EMDR International Association (EMDRIA)
• Child Trauma Institute

Critical of EMDR

• The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice
• The Skeptic's Dictionary
• Quackwatch
• Sudotherapay A satire of EMDR