A pair of modern glasses

A pair of more traditional glasses

Glasses, spectacles, or eyeglasses are frames bearing lenses worn below the forehead and in front of the human eyes, sometimes for purely aesthetic reasons but normally for vision correction or eye protection. Special glasses are used for viewing three-dimensional images from two-dimensional displays or experiencing virtual reality. Image File history File links Glassesontable. ... Image File history File links Glassesontable. ... Photo of eyeglasses taken by Wapcaplet. ... Photo of eyeglasses taken by Wapcaplet. ... A lens. ... gonfly]].]] In most vertebrates and some mollusks, the eye works by allowing light to enter it and project onto a light-sensitive panel of cells known as the retina at the rear of the eye, where the light is detected and converted into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to... Aesthetics (or esthetics) (from the Greek word αισθητική) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty. ... A corrective lens is a lens worn on or before the eye, used to treat myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism. ... Eye protection refers to protective clothing for the eyes, which comes in many types depending upon the threat that is to be reduced. ... Stereo card image modified for crossed eye viewing View of Manhattan, c. ... Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one. ...

Modern glasses are typically supported by pads on the bridge of the nose and by temples placed over the ears. Historical types include the pince-nez, monocle, and lorgnette. Human nose in profile A typical bulbous human nose, here used to support a pair of glasses. ... A human ear (also called auricle or pinna) The ear is the sense organ that detects sound. ... Theodore Roosevelt wearing pince-nez Pince-nez (also known as Oxford glasses) are a style of spectacles, popular in the 19th century, which are supported without earpieces, by pinching the bridge of the nose. ... Joseph Chamberlain wearing a monocle A monocle is a type of corrective lens, descended from the Quizzing glasses of the 1700s, used to correct the vision in only one eye. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Glasses are also known as eyeglasses (especially in North America), spectacles (an old-fashioned term, often shortened to specs), and (rarely) frames or lenses. See Other names. World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... A pair of modern glasses A pair of more traditional glasses Glasses, spectacles, or eyeglasses are frames bearing lenses worn below the forehead and in front of the human eyes, sometimes for purely aesthetic reasons but normally for vision correction or eye protection. ...

Glasses were originally made from glass, but many are now made from plastic (often polycarbonate or CR-39) because of the danger of breakage and the greater weight of glass lenses. Some plastics also have more advantageous optical properties than glass, such as better transmission of visible light and greater absorption of ultraviolet light. Some plastics have a greater index of refraction than most types of glass; this is useful in the making of corrective lenses shaped to correct vision abnormalities such as myopia, allowing thinner lenses for a given prescription. Scratch-resistant coatings can be applied to most plastic lenses giving them similar scratch resistance to glass. Hydrophobic coatings designed to ease cleaning are also available, as are anti-reflective coatings intended to improve night vision and make the wearer's eyes more visible. Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this ball from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... Household items made out of plastic. ... Polycarbonates are a particular group of thermoplastics. ... CR-39, or allyl diglycol polycarbonate, is a plastic polymer commonly used in the manufacture of eyeglass lenses. ... The optical spectrum (light or visible spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... The refractive index of a material is the factor by which electromagnetic radiation is slowed down (relative to vacuum) when it travels inside the material. ... Normal vision. ... An eyeglass prescription is a written order by an ophthalmologist or an optometrist to an optician for eyeglasses. ... In chemistry, hydrophobic or lipophilic species, or hydrophobes, tend to be electrically neutral and nonpolar, and thus prefer other neutral and nonpolar solvents or molecular environments. ... Anti-reflective coatings are a type of optical coating applied to lenses and other devices to reduce reflection from optical surfaces. ...

Some glasses are not designed for vision correction. Safety glasses are a kind of eye protection against flying debris or against visible and near visible light or radiation. Sunglasses allow better vision in bright daylight, and may protect against damage from high levels of ultraviolet light. Eye protection refers to protective clothing for the eyes, which comes in many types depending upon the threat that is to be reduced. ... Prism splitting light Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light) or, in a technical or scientific context, electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. ... Radiation in Physics is the process of emitting energy in the form of waves or particles. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ...

History

Detail of a portrait of Hugh de Provence, painted by Tomasso da Modena in 1352

The first recorded use of a corrective lens was by the emperor Nero, who was known to watch the gladiatorial games using an emerald^[1]. Detail of portrait of Hugh de Provence, 1352. ... Nero[1] Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37 – June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (54–68). ... Pollice Verso (With a Turned Thumb), an 1872 painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme, is a well known history painters researched conception of a gladiatorial combat. ... Emerald (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) is a variety of the mineral beryl, colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes iron. ...

Sunglasses were first used in China in the 12th century or possibly earlier. The "lenses" of these glasses were flat panes of smoky quartz, which offered no corrective powers but did protect the eyes from glare. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Categories: Mineral stubs | Minerals | Quartz varieties ...

Glasses first began to appear in common use in northern Italy late in the 13th century; most likely in the late 1280s. It is not clear when the technology was invented. It has been said that Marco Polo reported seeing many pairs of glasses in China as early as 1275^{[citation needed]}. In 1676, Franciscus Redi, a professor of medicine at the University of Pisa, wrote that he possessed a 1289 manuscript whose author complains that he would be unable to read or write were it not for the recent invention of glasses, and a record of a sermon given in 1305, in which the speaker, a Dominican monk named Fra Giordano da Rivalto, remarked that glasses had been invented less than twenty years previously, and that he had met the inventor. Based on this evidence, Redi credited another Dominican monk, Fra Alessandro da Spina of Pisa, with the re-invention of glasses after their original inventor kept them a secret, a claim contained in da Spina's obituary record. Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 – January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who, together with his father Niccolò and his uncle Maffeo, was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which he called Cathay) and visited the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire... The University of Pisa (Italian Università di Pisa) is one of the most renowned Italian universities. ...

A scholar with glasses in Das Narrenschiff (1494)

In 1738, a Florentine historian named Domenico Manni reported that a tombstone in Florence credited one Salvino d'Armato (died 1317) with the invention of glasses. Other stories, possibly legendary, credit Roger Bacon with the invention. Bacon's published writings describe the magnifying glass (which he did not invent), but make no mention of glasses. His treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), which was written while he was a student of Robert Grosseteste, no later than 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1289x2196, 465 KB) Johannes Geiler von Kaysersberg: Navicula sive Speculum fatuorum. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1289x2196, 465 KB) Johannes Geiler von Kaysersberg: Navicula sive Speculum fatuorum. ... Title page of a 1549 edition of Ship of Fools Ship of Fools is a satire published 1494 in Basel, Switzerland, by Sebastian Brant, a conservative German theologian. ... Country Italy Region Tuscany Province Florence (FI) Mayor Leonardo Domenici Elevation 50 m Area 102 km² Population  - Total (as of 2006-06-02) 366,488  - Density 3,593/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Fiorentini Dialing code 055 Postal code 50100 Frazioni Galluzzo, Settignano Patron St. ... Statue of Roger Bacon in the Oxford University Museum Roger Bacon (c. ... A magnifying glass A magnifying glass is a single convex lens which is used to produce a magnified image of an object. ... Robert Grosseteste (c. ...

These early spectacles had convex lenses that could correct the presbyopia (farsightedness) that commonly develops as a symptom of aging. Nicholas of Cusa is believed to have discovered the benefits of concave lens in the treatment of myopia (nearsightedness). However, it was not until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published in his treatise on optics and astronomy, the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia. A lens. ... Presbyopia is the eyes diminished power of accommodation that occurs with aging. ... Ageing or aging is the process of getting older. ... Nicholas of Cusa Nicholas of Cusa (1401 – August 11, 1464) was a German cardinal of the Catholic Church, a philosopher, jurist, mathematician, and an astronomer. ... A lens. ... Normal vision. ... Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630), a key figure in the scientific revolution, was a German mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and an early writer of science fiction stories. ... Table of Opticks, 1728 Cyclopaedia Optics ( appearance or look in ancient Greek) is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter. ... A giant Hubble mosaic of the Crab Nebula. ...

A portrait of Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas

The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals in 1784 to avoid having to regularly switch between two pairs of glasses. The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were constructed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1827. Download high resolution version (772x1156, 581 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (772x1156, 581 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Villegas (born September 17, 1580 - September 8, 1645) was a Spanish writer during the Siglo de Oro. ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... Bifocals are eyeglasses that have corrective lenses containing two different lens powers. ... In ophthalmology, astigmatism is a refractive error of the eye in which there is a difference in degree of refraction in different meridians. ... George Biddell Airy Sir George Biddell Airy (July 27, 1801 – January 2, 1892) was British Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881. ... Naval Battle of Navarino by Carneray 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Over time, the construction of spectacle frames also evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose (pince-nez). Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could be held in place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed in 1727 by the British optician Edward Scarlett. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and various styles with attached handles such as scissors glasses and lorgnettes remained fashionable throughout the 18th and into the early 19th century. Girolamo Savonarola by Fra Bartolomeo, c. ... There are many different styles of hats. ...

In the early 20th century, Moritz von Rohr at Zeiss (with the assistance of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld[1]), developed the Zeiss Punktal® spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. Moritz von Rohr (1868–1940) was an optical scientist at Carl Zeiss in Jena. ... Carl Zeiss The Carl Zeiss AG is a German manufacturer of optical systems, industrial measurements and medical devices, located in Oberkochen with important subsidiaries in Aalen and Jena. ...

Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and laser corrective eye surgery, glasses remain very common and their technology has not stood still. For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames made of special memory metal alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offers dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also often made from strong, light-weight materials such as titanium alloys, which were not available in earlier times. A shape memory alloy (SMA) (also known as memory metal or smart wire) is a metal that remembers its geometry. ... General Name, Symbol, Number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 47. ...

Types

Corrective

Main articles: Corrective lens and Refraction error

Corrective lenses modify the focal length of the eye to alleviate the effects of nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia) or astigmatism. As most people age the crystalline lens of the eye loses elasticity resulting in presbyopia, which limits their ability to focus on nearby objects. A corrective lens is a lens worn on or before the eye, used to treat myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism. ... Refraction error is an error in the focussing of light by the human eye. ... Normal vision. ... Hyperopia, also known as hypermetropia or colloquially as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or when the lens cannot become round enough), causing inability to focus on near objects, and in extreme cases causing... Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ... Presbyopia is the eyes diminished power of accommodation that occurs with aging. ...

The power of a lens is generally measured in diopters. Over-the-counter reading glasses are typically rated at +1.00 to +3.00 diopters. Glasses correcting for myopia will have negative diopter strengths. Lenses made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist are called prescription lenses and are used to make prescription glasses. A dioptre (also diopter) is a unit of curvature equal to one per metre; that is, inverse metres, or 1/(metres). ... Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diseases of the eye and their treatment. ... Optometrists are primary care practitioners for vision and ocular health concerns. ... An eyeglass prescription is a written order by an ophthalmologist or an optometrist to an optician for eyeglasses. ...

Safety

Main article: Eye protection

Safety glasses with side shields

Safety glasses are usually made with shatter-resistant plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris. Although safety lenses may be constructed from a variety of materials that vary in impact resistance, certain standards suggest that they maintain a minimum 1 millimeter thickness at the thinnest point, regardless of material. Safety glasses can vary in the level of protection they provide. For example, those used in medicine may be expected to protect against blood splatter while safety glasses in a factory might have stronger lenses and a stronger frame with additional shields at the temples. The lenses of safety glasses can also be shaped for correction. Eye protection refers to protective clothing for the eyes, which comes in many types depending upon the threat that is to be reduced. ... Download high resolution version (1917x1416, 495 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1917x1416, 495 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Wraparound safety glasses

Some safety glasses are designed to fit over corrective glasses or sunglasses. They may provide less eye protection than goggles, face shields or other forms of eye protection, but their light weight increases the likelihood that they will actually be used. Recent safety glasses have tended to be given a more stylish design, in order to encourage their use. The pictured wraparound safety glasses are evidence of this style change with the close fitting nature of the wraparound dispensing with the need for side shields. Corrective glasses with plastic lenses can be used in the place of safety glasses in many environments; this is one advantage that they have over contact lenses. Download high resolution version (1845x1341, 450 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1845x1341, 450 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Watersport goggles Blowtorching goggles and safety helmet Goggles and safety glasses are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the eye area in order to prevent particulates or chemicals from striking the eyes. ... Face shield refers to a variety of device used to protect a first aid rescuer during the delivery of oxygen in Rescue breathing or CPR. Category: ... A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the cornea of the eye. ...

There are also safety glasses for welding, which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where a full sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles", because they provide protection from welding flash). Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. ...

Sunglasses

Scratch-resistant sunglasses made using a NASA developed coating

Main article: Sunglasses Scratch resistant sunglasses produced by NASA spin off tecnology. ... Scratch resistant sunglasses produced by NASA spin off tecnology. ... NASA logo Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2005-09-01, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Sunglasses may be made with either prescription or non-prescription lenses that are darkened to provide protection against bright visible light. Good sunglasses should also protect against ultraviolet light. Because of changes in the atmosphere, ultraviolet levels are much higher than in the past and ultraviolet protection for eyes and skin is even more important. It is possible to have lenses that look very dark and yet offer little ultraviolet protection. Sunglasses vary greatly and many offer more style than protection. The optical spectrum (light or visible spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. ...

Glasses with photosensitive lenses, called photochromic lenses, become darker in the presence of UV light. Unfortunately, many car windshields protect the passengers from UV light while not shielding from bright visible light, making photochromic lenses ineffective where they are most needed. Still, they offer the convenience of not having to carry both clear glasses and sunglasses to those who frequently go indoors and outdoors during the course of a day. Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons of light. ... Reversible photochromics (PCs) work by changing their chemical structure after absorbing UV light, usually from the sun or a UV light. ...

Light polarization is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters remove horizontal rays of light, which can cause glare. Popular among fishermen and hunters, polarized sunglasses allow wearers to see into water when normally glare or reflected light would be seen. Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed, or instrument readings on liquid crystal displays may be blocked. In electrodynamics, polarization (also spelled polarisation) is the property of electromagnetic waves, such as light, that describes the direction of their transverse electric field. ...

Sunglasses are often worn just for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include teashades and mirrorshades. Mirrorshades are sunglasses with a special coating on the outside of the lenses to make them appear like small mirrors, although the wearer just sees things in a brown or grey tinted point of view, usually. ...

Special

The illusion of three dimensions on a two dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual information. Classic 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions when viewing specially prepared images. The classic 3D glasses have one red lens and one blue lens. 3D glasses made of cardboard and plastic are distributed at 3D movies. Another kind of 3D glasses uses polarized filters, with one lens polarized vertically and the other horizontally, with the two images required for stereo vision polarized the same way. The polarized 3D specs allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce a dull black-and-white picture with red and blue fringes. A stereogram is an optical illusion of depth usually observed by allowing the eyes to focus behind an image (diverge), but also sometimes in front of the image (converge). ... This US Postage Stamp celebrates the 3-D movie craze of the 1950s. ...

One kind of electronic 3D spectacles uses electronic shutters. In photography, a shutter is a device that administers the exposure by admitting light to the film for a specific period of time. ...

Virtual reality glasses and helmets have separate video screens for each eye and a method for determining the direction the head is turned. Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one. ...

Variations

Glasses can be very simple. Magnifying lenses for reading that are used to treat mild hypermetropia and presbyopia can be bought off the shelf, but most glasses are made to a particular prescription, based on degree of myopia or hypermetropia combined with astigmatism. Lenses can be ground to specific eyes, but in most cases standard off-the-shelf prescriptions suffice, but require custom fitting to particular frames.

As people age, their ability to focus is lessened and many decide to use multiple-focus lenses, bifocal or even trifocal to cover all the situations in which they use their sight. Traditional multifocal lenses have two or three distinct viewing areas, each requiring a conscious effort of refocusing. These were originally separate lenses, as invented by Benjamin Franklin. Trifocals are eyeglasses where the lenses have 3 regions to correct for distance, intermediate (arms length), and near vision. ...

Some modern multifocal lenses give a smooth transition between these lenses, unnoticeable by most wearers. Others have lenses specifically intended for use with computer monitors at a fixed distance. Many people have several pairs of glasses, one for each task or distance, with specific glasses for reading, computer use, television watching, and writing.

Fashion

United States senator Barry Goldwater in horn-rimmed glasses.

Glasses are often regarded as unattractive, and many people prefer to wear contact lenses for that reason. Contact lenses also provide much improved peripheral vision. http://bioguide. ... http://bioguide. ... Peripheral vision is a part of vision that occurs outside the very center of gaze. ...

On the other hand, many people are attracted to people who wear glasses, and glasses are available in a wide range of styles, materials, and even designer labels.

Glasses can be a major part of personal expression, from the extravagance of Elton John and Dame Edna Everage, from Groucho Marx to John Denver to Drew Carey to Lisa Loeb all the way to the varied professional personas of eyeglass-wearing knowledge workers. Sir Elton Hercules[1] John, CBE[2] (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947) is an English pop/rock singer, composer and pianist. ... Broadway Poster of Dame Edna Dame Edna Everage is a character played by Australian comedian Barry Humphries. ... Julius Henry Marx, known as Groucho Marx (October 2, 1890 – August 19, 1977), was an American comedian, working both with his siblings, the Marx Brothers, and on his own. ... John Denver (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997), born Henry John Deutschendorf, Jr. ... Drew Carey Drew Allison Carey (born May 23, 1958 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA) is an American actor and comedian recognizable by his crew cut and black-rimmed glasses. ... Lisa Loeb - 2004 Lisa Anne Loeb (born 11 March 1968 in Bethesda, Maryland, United States) is a singer-songwriter and reality TV star. ... Knowledge worker, a term coined by Peter Drucker in 1959, is one who works primarily with information or one who develops and uses knowledge in the workplace. ...

For some celebrities, glasses form part of their identity. American Senator Barry Goldwater continued to wear lensless horn-rimmed spectacles after being fitted with contact lenses because he was not recognizable without his trademark glasses. British soap star Anne Kirkbride had the same problem: her character on Coronation Street, Deirdre Barlow, became so well-known for her big frames that she was expected to wear them at social gatherings and in international tours, even though Kirkbride has always worn contact lenses. Drew Carey continued to wear glasses for the same reason after getting corrective laser eye surgery. British comedic actor Eric Sykes, who became profoundly deaf as an adult, wears glasses that contain no lenses; they are actually a bone-conducting hearing aid. Masaharu Morimoto wears glasses to separate his professional persona as a chef from his stage persona as Iron Chef Japanese. John Lennon wore his round "granny glasses" from some of his time with the Beatles to his assassination in 1980. Barry Goldwater (January 1, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was the American politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement with his 1964 Presidential campaign. ... Anne Kirkbride, in a still from an interview in 2000. ... Coronation Street is Britains longest-running television soap opera and its consistently highest rating show. ... Deirdre, after the infamous 1983 incident in which her husband, Ken, lost all control and started to strangle her. ... Drew Carey Drew Allison Carey (born May 23, 1958 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA) is an American actor and comedian recognizable by his crew cut and black-rimmed glasses. ... LASIK, an acronym for Laser-assisted In Situ Keratomileusis, is a form of refractive laser eye surgery procedure performed by ophthalmologists intended for correcting near- and far-sightedness in vision. ... Eric Sykes in the Sykes TV series (DVD) The Plank (DVD cover) Eric Sykes, CBE (born May 4, 1923 in Oldham, Lancashire) is a British comedic writer and actor. ... The word deaf can have very different meanings depending on the background of the person speaking or the context in which the word is used. ... Behind the ear aid A hearing aid is a device used to help the hard-of-hearing hear sounds better. ... Masaharu Morimoto (森本正治 Morimoto Masaharu; born May 26, 1955 in Hiroshima, Japan) is a well-known Japanese chef, best-known as the third (and last) Iron Chef Japanese on the TV cooking show Iron Chef, and an Iron Chef on its spinoff, Iron Chef America. ... Cooks in training in Paris Chef is a term commonly used to refer to an individual who cooks professionally. ... Iron Chef Hiroyuki Sakai With the above words begins each edition of Iron Chef, a Japanese television program produced by FujiTV. The original Japanese title is Ironmen of Cooking ). It began airing on October 10, 1993 as a half-hour show and after 23 episodes, it was expanded to a... John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born John Winston Lennon October 9, 1940 – December 8, 1980), was an iconic English 20th century composer and singer of popular music, best known as the founding member of The Beatles, in which he and Paul McCartney formed the massively successful Lennon-McCartney songwriting partnership... The Beatles appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964 as part of their first tour of the United States, promoting their first hit single there, I Want To Hold Your Hand. ...

In popular culture, glasses were all the disguise Superman and Wonder Woman needed to hide in plain view as alter egos Clark Kent and Diana Prince, respectively. Popular culture, or pop culture, (literally: the culture of the people) consists of the cultural elements that prevail (at least numerically) in any given society, mainly using the more popular media, in that societys vernacular language and/or an established lingua franca. ... Superman is a fictional character and arguably the most famous and popular comic book superhero of all time, and one of the first to embody several qualities associated with superheroes. ... Wonder Woman is a fictional DC Comics superheroine co-created by William Moulton Marston and wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston. ... Alter Ego has multiple meanings: Alter Ego is a game for the Commodore 64 computer. ... Superman and his secret identity Clark Kent being portrayed as distinct individuals. ...

Glasses are often used jokingly as a stereotype for intelligence.

An example of halo effect is seen in the stereotype that those who wear glasses are intelligent or, especially in teen culture, even geeks and nerds. This conception probably comes from an era when most people were illiterate and the first people to wear glasses were those who did a lot of reading.^{[citation needed]} Some people who find that wearing glasses may look nerdy turn to contact lenses instead, especially under peer pressure. Image File history File links Maleglasses. ... Image File history File links Maleglasses. ... Stereotypes are ideas held by some individuals about members of particular groups, based solely on membership in that group. ... Intelligence has several different meanings: Intelligence (trait) is the ability to solve problems Animal intelligence Artificial intelligence Intelligence (journal), a scientific journal dealing with intelligence and psychometrics Intelligence (information gathering), often including espionage Business intelligence Criminal intelligence Military intelligence This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise... Halo effect refers to the cognitive bias in which the assessment of an individual quality serves to influence and bias the judgement of other qualities. ... Stereotypes are ideas held by some individuals about members of particular groups, based solely on membership in that group. ... A separate article is about the punk band called The Adolescents. ... Look up geek in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up nerd in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Literacy is the ability to use text to communicate across space and time. ... Peer pressure comprises a set of group dynamics whereby a group in which one feels comfortable may override personal habits, individual moral inhibitions or idiosyncratic desires to impose a group norm of attitudes and/or behaviors. ...

Another unpopular aspect of glasses is their inconvenience. Even through the creation of light frames, such as those made of titanium, very flexible frames, and new lens materials and optical coatings, glasses can still cause problems during rigorous sports. The lenses can become greasy or trap vapour when eating hot food, swimming, walking in rain or rapid temperature changes (such as walking into a warm building from cold temperatures outside), reducing visibility significantly. Scraping, fracturing, or breakage of the lenses require time-consuming and costly professional repair, though modern plastic lenses are almost indestructible and very scratch-resistant. General Name, Symbol, Number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 47. ... An optical coating is a thin layer of material placed on an optical component such as a lens or mirror which alters the way in which the optic reflects and transmits light. ...

Other names

• Pair of glasses (or just glasses) is commonly used in Britain and in North America. Compare with other meanings of the word glass.
• Spectacles is widely used in Britain and occasionally in the U.S., in addition to use by professional opticians. Also in frequent use is the shortened form, specs.
• Eye glasses or eyeglasses is a word used in North American English. In contrast, glass eye refers to a cosmetic prosthetic artificial eye that replaces a missing eye.
• Frames is sometimes used to refer to framed eyepieces, although it is not common.
• Lenses is also sometimes used to refer to framed eyepieces, although it is not common.
• Cheaters is used in the hipster argot. Eyeglasses were a common part of the hipster persona, for example Dizzy Gillespie.

Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this ball from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in the United States and Canada. ... A prosthetic right eye, made from acrylic An ocular prosthetic or artificial eye replaces a missing natural eye following an enucleation or envisceration that was lost due to disease or injury. ... A United States soldier demonstrates Foosball with two prosthetic limbs In medicine, a prosthesis is an artificial extension that replaces a missing part of the body. ... A hipster is a person who is strongly associated with a subculture that has been deemed hip. ... Argot is primarily slang used by various groups, including but not limited to thieves and other criminals, to prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. ... A persona is a social role, or a character played by an actor. ... John Birks Dizzy Gillespie (October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was born in Cheraw, South Carolina. ...

See also

Look up glasses in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Contact lens
• Eye examination
• Eyeglass prescription
• Geek chic
• History of optics
• Meganekko
• Pince-nez
• Sunglasses
• X-ray vision

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary is a Wikimedia Foundation project intended to be a free wiki dictionary (hence: Wiktionary) (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ... A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the cornea of the eye. ... Categories: Medicine stubs | Ophthalmology | Medical tests ... An eyeglass prescription is a written order by an ophthalmologist or an optometrist to an optician for eyeglasses. ... Stephanie Pakrul, or StephTheGeek, a relatively notable blogger. ... // The Beginnings of Geometrical Optics The Greek term τα όπτικά referred specifically to matters of vision[1], and hence early optics was concerned with the problem of how we see. ... Retasu Midorikawa/Mew Lettuce of Tokyo Mew Mew, an example of a Meganekko Meganekko (メガネ (めがね and 眼鏡, meaning the same thing, are also used) megane for glasses and 娘 ko for girl) is Japanese slang which translates to Glasses (-wearing) Girl. Its also often used in anime and manga fandom to refer... Theodore Roosevelt wearing pince-nez Pince-nez (also known as Oxford glasses) are a style of spectacles, popular in the 19th century, which are supported without earpieces, by pinching the bridge of the nose. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In fictional stories, X-ray vision has generally been portrayed as the ability to see through layers of objects at the discretion of the holder of this superpower. ...

References

1. ^ Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (trans. John Bostock), Book XXXVII, Chap. 16

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Glasses

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Glasses

• Antique Spectacles, extensive history and pictures of spectacles.
• How do I pick the right eyeglasses for the shape of my face? (Ask Yahoo)