In cosmetics, toner refers to a lotion designed to cleanse the skin and shrink pores, usually used on the face. Some people dispute whether toner is actually necessary, and prefer to use plain water instead. Toners can be applied to the skin in different ways: For other uses, see Cosmetic. ... In zootomy and dermatology, skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues that guard underlying muscles and organs. ... A pore, in general, is some form of opening, usually very small. ... The face is the front part of the head, in humans from the forehead to chin including the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, teeth, skin, and chin. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...

• On damp cotton wool. (most frequently used method)
• Spraying onto the face using a vaporiser
• By applying a tonic gauze facial mask - a piece of gauze is covered with toner and left on the face for a few minutes.

After toning, blot the face almost dry with a tissue and apply moisturiser. Cotton ready for harvest. ... The face is the front part of the head, in humans from the forehead to chin including the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, teeth, skin, and chin. ... A vaporizer and hose. ... For the Japanese Hardcore Punk Band, see Gauze. ... Facial mask is a creamy mask applied to the face for hygiene effects to clean or smooth the face. ... Moisturizers are a complex mixture of chemical agents specially designed to make softer and more pliable the external layers of the skin (epidermis), by increasing its hydration (water content). ...

Types of toners

Skin bracers or fresheners

These are the mildest form of toners; they contain virtually no alcohol (0-10%), water, and a humectant such as glycerine. Humectants help to keep the moisture in the upper layers of the epidermis by preventing it from evaporating. A popular example of this is rosewater. Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... A humectant is a hygroscopic substance that is used as a food additive. ... Glycerin, also known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet tasting viscous liquid. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Rosewater or rose syrup (Persian: Golâb Turkish: Gül suyu) is the hydrosol portion of the distillate of rose petals. ...

These toners are the kindest to skin, and are most suitable for use on dry, dehydrated, sensitive and normal skins.

Skin tonics

These are slightly stronger and contain a small quantity of alcohol (up to 20%), water and a humectant ingredient. Orange flower water is an example of a skin tonic. Skin tonics are suitable for use on normal, combination, and oily skin.

Astringents

These are the strongest form of toner and contain a high proportion of alcohol (20-60%), antiseptic ingredients, water, and a humectant ingredient. These are commonly recommended for oily skins as they are drying, but note that the removal of oil from the skin can lead to excess oil production as the skin tries to compensate for this and prevent moisture loss. Witch hazel is an example of an astringent. To prevent dehydration, astringent is best applied only to problem areas of skin, such as spots. Witch hazel is an astringent produced from the leaves and bark of the North American shrub, Witch-hazel. ...

External links

• Article on UV absorbers not yet approved by the FDA