President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968

Civil Rights Act of 1968
90 United States Congress
Long title:	---
Introduced by:	---
Dates
Date passed:	1968 (U.S. House of Representatives) 1968 (U.S. Senate)
Date signed into law:	April 11, 1968
Amendments:	---
Related legislation:	---

On April 11, 1968, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (also known as CRA '68), which was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866[1] prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex, (and as amended) handicap and family status. It also provided protection for civil rights workers. Title VIII of the Act is also known as the Fair Housing Act (of 1968) . Download high resolution version (1000x676, 175 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1000x676, 175 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Ninetieth United States Congress was in session from 1967 to 1969. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908–January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician. ... President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . ... In March 1866, the Republican United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act Of 1866, which gave further rights to the freed slaves after the end of the American Civil War. ... Houses in Fishpool Street, St Albans, England For other meanings of the word house, see House (disambiguation). ...

Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act (via section 1982) to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits).

Types of banned discrimination

The Civil Right Act of 1968 prohibited the following forms of discrimination:

1. Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of his race, color, religion or national origin. People with disabilities and families with children were added to the list of protected classes by the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988.

2. Discrimination against a person in the terms, conditions or privilege of the sale or rental of a dwelling.

3. Advertising the sale or rental of a dwelling indicating preference of discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin (and, as of 1988, people with disabilities and families with children.)

4. Coercing, threatening, intimidating, or interfering with a person's enjoyment or exercise of housing rights based on discriminatory reasons or retaliating against a person or organization that aids or encourages the exercise or enjoyment of fair housing rights.

Passage of the bill

The passage of the bill was largely spurred by the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. a week before.^{[citation needed]} Martin Luther King, Jr. ...

Vote statistics (Senate):

• Passed 71-20
• Democrats: 42-17 (71.2% For, 28.8% Against)
• Republicans: 29-3 (90.6% For, 9.4% Against)

House: The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States; the other being the Republican Party. ... The Republican Party is a one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States; the other being the Democratic Party. ...

• Passed 250-172
• Democrats: 150-88 (63% For, 37% Against)
• Republicans: 100-84 (54.3% For, 45.6% Against)

Subsequent legislative and judicial changes

Beginning in 1980, Senator Orrin Hatch spoke in favor of rolling back provisions of the Fair Housing Act. Acting on his motion in 1988, Congress voted to weaken the ability of plaintiffs to prosecute cases of discriminatory treatment in housing. But the Fair Housing Act was also amended in 1988 to allow plaintiffs' attorneys to recover attorney's fees. Additionally, the 1988 amendment added people with disabilities and families with children to the classes covered by the Act. Orrin Grant Hatch (born March 22, 1934) is a Republican United States Senator from Utah, serving since 1977. ...

in the early 1990s, in Trouillon v. City of Hawthorne, the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund successfully challenged an urban renewal plan on the basis of race discrimination by bringing suit under the Fair Housing Act. Previous litigation under the Act had largely been limited to discrimination in buying or renting housing. The case was also one of the first to establish discrimination in a multi-racial context.