The Falange or sometimes the Phalange is the name assigned to several political movements and parties dating from the 1930s, most particularly the original movement in Spain. This article is primarily about the Spanish Falange. For information about the Lebanese Phalange, see the Kataeb Party article. Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented First atom was split with a particle accelerator Golden Age of radio begins in U.S. Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur... The Kataeb Party, better known in English-speaking countries as the Phalange, is a Lebanese political party that was first established as a Maronite nationalist youth movement in 1936 by Pierre Gemayel. ...

In Spain, the Falange was a authoritarian royalist political organization founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 in opposition to the Second Spanish Republic. During the Spanish Civil War the Falange became a leading force on the Nationalist side, eventually favouring Francisco Franco. It constituted the core of the official single party in Spain, which was created after the Decreto de Unificación (Unification Decree) and called Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS) between 1939 and 1975, sometimes under the broader name of the National Movement (Movimiento Nacional). The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ... The noun or adjective, Royalist, can have several shades of meaning. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... For other people called Jose Rivera, see Jose Rivera José Antonio Primo de Rivera José Antonio Primo de Rivera (April 24, 1903–November 20, 1936) was the son of general Miguel Primo de Rivera, who was dictator of Spain from 1923 until 1930. ... 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Flag of the Second Spanish Republic The Second Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939) was the second period in Spanish history in which the election of both the positions of Head of State and Head of government were in the hands of the people. ... History of Spain Series -Timeline -Roman Spain -Visigothic Spain -Moorish Spain -Age of Reconquest -Age of Expansion -Age of Enlightenment -Reaction and Revolution -First Spanish Republic -The Restoration -Second Spanish Republic -Spanish Civil War -The Dictatorship -Modern Spain Topics -Economic History -Military History -Social History The Spanish Civil War (July... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... Francisco Franco, late in life Ms Young IS a man. ... A single-party state or one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system and form of government where only a single political party dominates the government and no opposition parties are allowed. ... 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...

Members of the party were called Falangists (Spanish: Falangistas).

Ideology

• Corporate state in which class struggle would be superseded by the Vertical Trade Union, joining workers and owners.
• Roman Catholicism, with a touch of anti-clericalism.
• Attention to the Castilian farmers
• Pride in the history of the Spanish Empire
• Anti-communism and anti-anarchism

The concept of the corporate state developed under the context of Fascism in Mussolinis Italy as a means of regulating industrial relations. ... Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a communist (that is, Marxist or anarchist) perspective. ... In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Anti-clericalism is a movement that opposes religious interference into public and political life and more generally the encroachment of religion in the citizens lives. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Farmer spreading grasshopper bait in his alfalfa field. ... Habsburg Spain was a superpower and the center of the first global empire in the 16th century. ... Anti-communism is opposition to communist ideology, organization, or government, on either a theoretical or practical level. ... This article describes a political philosophy that opposes the state, capitalism, and all forms of social hierarchy. ...

Symbols

• El yugo y las flechas (the yoke and arrows), symbol of the Reyes Católicos.
• The blue shirt, a symbol of industrial workers.
• The red beret of Carlism (after the unification).
• A flag with red, black and red vertical stripes, reminiscent of the Anarchist flag of the CNT.
• Cara al Sol, "Facing the sun", its anthem.

The Catholic monarchs (Spanish: Reyes Católicos) is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. ... Black beret A beret (UK: , US: ; IPA) is a soft round cap with a flat crown which is worn by both men and women. ... The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour or CNT), founded in Barcelona, Spain, in 1910, was at one time that countrys largest labor organization. ... Cara al Sol (Spanish for Face to the Sun) is the anthem of the Falangistas, the main current of Spanish Fascism. ... For the novel by Ayn Rand, see Anthem (novel). ...

Origins

Falange was a small party when it was founded in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, a lawyer son of former dictator General Miguel Primo de Rivera, and by Onésimo Redondo and others. It united with several other small parties, becoming Falange Española de las JONS (Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista), or "Spanish Phalanx of the Assemblies of National-Syndicalist Offensive". Its philosophy of populist and patriotic authoritarianism had many parallels with German nazism (though without the anti-semitism) and Italian fascism. Its members wore blue shirts. 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... For other people called Jose Rivera, see Jose Rivera José Antonio Primo de Rivera José Antonio Primo de Rivera (April 24, 1903–November 20, 1936) was the son of general Miguel Primo de Rivera, who was dictator of Spain from 1923 until 1930. ... Dictator was the title of a magistrate in ancient Rome appointed by the Senate to rule the state in times of emergency. ... Spanish dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja (Jerez, January 8, 1870 - Paris, March 16, 1930) was a Spanish military official who ruled Spain as a dictator from 1923 to 1930, ending the turno system of alternating parties. ... Phalanx (Greek word from phalangos, meaning line of battle) can refer to: phalanx formation in ancient warfare. ... Syndicalism is a political and economic ideology which advocates giving control of both industry and government to labor union federations. ... Philosophy (from a combination of the Greek words philos meaning love and sophia meaning wisdom), as a practice, aims at some kind of understanding, knowledge, or wisdom about fundamental matters such as reality, knowledge, meaning, value, being, and truth. ... Populism is a political ideology or rhetorical style that holds that the common person is oppressed by the elite in society, which exists only to serve its own interests, and therefore, the instruments of the State need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and instead used for the... Patriotism is a feeling of love and devotion to ones own homeland (patria, the land of ones fathers). ... The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ... The Nazi Party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility towards Jews (not: Semites - see the Misnomer section further on). ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Falange was a totalitarian clerical fascist political organization founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 in opposition to the Second Spanish Republic. ...

During the Second Spanish Republic, its gunfighters became involved in street shootings with leftist revolutionaries. Flag of the Second Spanish Republic The Second Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939) was the second period in Spanish history in which the election of both the positions of Head of State and Head of government were in the hands of the people. ...

Primo de Rivera was arrested on July 6, 1936, and the party joined the conspiracy to overthrow the Republic. On July 17, the African army led by Franco rebelled. On July 18, right-wing forces in mainland Spain followed suit. July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... Francisco Franco, late in life Ms Young IS a man. ... July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 166 days remaining. ...

Spanish Civil War

During the Spanish Civil War, the Falangists fought on the "Nationalist" side against the Left-led Republic; Primo de Rivera was the leader of one of the main groups within the Nationalist coalition, but because of his incarceration was unable to exert any actual influence (as a result, he was referred to among the leadership as el Ausente, (the Absent One). In November 20, 1936, Primo de Rivera was executed in a Republican prison, giving him martyr status for the Falangists. History of Spain Series -Timeline -Roman Spain -Visigothic Spain -Moorish Spain -Age of Reconquest -Age of Expansion -Age of Enlightenment -Reaction and Revolution -First Spanish Republic -The Restoration -Second Spanish Republic -Spanish Civil War -The Dictatorship -Modern Spain Topics -Economic History -Military History -Social History The Spanish Civil War (July... El Ausente -- A Spanish expression meaning the Absent One. The Falangist supporters of José Antonio Primo de Rivera called him by this name after his arrest by Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War, to symbolize his importance as a leader of the Nationalist forces, despite his absence. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. ...

After Franco seized power, he united Falange with the Carlist Monarchist Comunión Tradicionalista, forming Falange Española Tradicionalista de las JONS (FET de las JONS). Those who opposed, like Francisco Hedilla, were suppressed. The Carlist red beret was added to the uniform. It was also known as Movimiento Nacional. Carlism was a conservative political movement in Spain, purporting to establish an alternative branch of the Bourbons in the Spanish throne. ...

After the war

After the war, the party was charged with developing an ideology to hold together Franco's regime. It became the typical cursus honorum for ambitious politicians. Those new converts were called camisas nuevas ("new shirts") in opposition to the more overtly populist and ideological "old shirts" from before the war. The cursus honorum was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. ...

Falange developed youth organizations (Flechas, Pelayos; compare to Hitlerjugend and Italian Balilla and Arditi), a female section (Sección Femenina) led by José Antonio's sister, that instructed young women on how to be "good patriots, good Christians and good wives". Falange seized the property of opposition parties and trade unions. Pelayo (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... The German Nazi party established the Hitler Youth (in German: Hitler-Jugend or HJ) in 1926. ... Arditi was the name adopted by Italian elite assault troops of World War I. The name derives from the Italian verb Ardire (to dare) and translates as the braves. Reparti dassalto (Assault Units) were formed in the summer of 1917 by Colonel Bassi, and were assigned the tactical role... A union (labor union in American English; trade union in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a group of workers who act collectively to address common issues. ...

Falangist ministers had an important role in early Franquism, but after the opening to the United States and the Spanish Miracle, Franco turned to Opus Dei and younger, more technocratic politicians. A white Seat 600 The Spanish Miracle was the name given to the Spanish economic recovery between 1959 and 1969. ... Founder of Opus Dei: Saint Josemaría Escrivá The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei, commonly known as Opus Dei (Latin The Work of God), is a Roman Catholic organization founded on October 2, 1928, by Josemaría Escrivá, a Spanish priest who was later canonized by Pope John Paul... Technocrat can refer to: A member of the technocratic movement, a future-oriented movement that supports the control of technology for the benefit of humanity. ...

Franco's death

After Franco's death, the Crown was restored and therefore the democratization was later led by Adolfo Suárez, a former chief of the Movimiento. The new situation atomized Falange. For the first elections in 1977, three different groups fought in court for the right to Falange's name. Virtually left out of the political mindshare, Falangist inspired parties (some claiming the heritage of Hedilla) are only seen publicly on ballot papers, in State-funded TV election advertisements, and during demonstrations on historic dates. ... Democratization is the transition from authoritarian or semi-authoritarian systems to democratic political systems, where democratic systems are taken to be those approximating to universal suffrage, regular elections, a civil society, the rule of law, and an independent judiciary. ... Adolfo Suárez González (born September 25, 1932) Spanish politician and statesman. ... 1977 was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1977 calendar). ...

Modern Falangists

Even decades after the fall of the Francoist regime, Spain still has a minor Falangist element, represented by a number of tiny political parties. Chief among these are Falange Auténtica and Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, the latter taking its name from the historical party.

Kataeb, a political party in Lebanon, also espouses a Falangist ideology, and is the most prominent fascist organization in the region. The Kataeb Party, better known in English-speaking countries as the Phalange, is a Lebanese political party that was first established as a Maronite nationalist youth movement in 1936 by Pierre Gemayel. ...

A small American group, the Christian Falangist Party of America, was formed in 1985, inspired by Kataeb. A report [1] (http://www.thelastcool.com/dh2k/html/p-falangist.html) circa 2000 also discussed a website for a National Syndical American Falangist Party. The Christian Falangist Party of America is a Religiously oriented party which seeks the revival of the crusades and, hence, the destruction of the Muslim faith. ... 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Kataeb Party, better known in English-speaking countries as the Phalange, is a Lebanese political party that was first established as a Maronite nationalist youth movement in 1936 by Pierre Gemayel. ... 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In Bolivia there is a political party called Falange Socialista Boliviana.

Debate

It is a topic of constant discussion between the ones who consider themselves as genuine Falangists and people of other parties, particularly among extreme leftists, whether Falangism is an extreme right-wing movement or not. That is because Falangists considere themselves neither conservatives nor leftists, just something above both, much like what Benito Mussolini said. However, most modern analysts agree that Falangism was, indeed, a right-wing political movement. The term far left refers to the relative position a group or person occupies within the political spectrum. ... The term far-right refers to the relative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. ... Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ...

See also

• Rafael Sánchez Mazas, one of the head ideologists of the original Falange
• José María Aznar, a Falangist in his teens.
• Lebanese Phalange, a Maronite party inspired by Falange.
• History of Spain
• Integralism
• Fascism

An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... José María Aznar López (born February 25, 1953) was President of the Government of Spain from May 5, 1996 to April 17, 2004. ... The Kataeb Party, better known in English-speaking countries as the Phalange, is a Lebanese political party that was first established as a Maronite nationalist youth movement in 1936 by Pierre Gemayel. ... Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܶܐ in Syriac, Mawarinah in Arabic) are members of one of the Eastern Rites of the Catholic church. ... History of Spain Series -Timeline -Roman Spain -Visigothic Spain -Moorish Spain -Age of Reconquest -Age of Expansion -Age of Enlightenment -Reaction and Revolution -First Spanish Republic -The Restoration -Second Spanish Republic -Spanish Civil War -The Dictatorship -Modern Spain Topics -Economic History -Military History -Social History The history of Spain is... Integralism is a belief that society is an organic unity. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

External links

• Falange Española de las JONS (http://www.e-falange.com/) (in Spanish)
• La Falange (http://www.la-falange.com/), Spanish Falange party website (in Spanish)
• Falange Auténtica (http://www.falange-autentica.org/) (in Spanish)