NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Family name

A family name or last name is a type of surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs. The use of family names is widespread in cultures around the world. Each culture has its own rules as to how these names are applied and used. A family name, or surname, is that part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ... A family name, or surname, is that part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Anthroponym. ...

In many cultures (notably most European, North American, and South American countries) the family name is typically the last part of a person's name. In some other cultures, the family name comes first. The latter is often called the Eastern order because Europeans are most familiar with the examples of China, Vietnam, Japan and Korea. Because the family name is normally given last in English-speaking societies, the term last name is commonly used for family name. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Anthroponym. ... A Korean personal name consists of a family name followed by a given name. ...

Family names are most often used to refer to a stranger or in a formal setting, and are often used with a title or honorific such as Mr, Mrs, Ms, Miss, Dr., and so on. Generally the given name, Christian name, first name, forename, or personal name is the one used by friends, family, and other intimates to address an individual. It may also be used by someone who is in some way senior to the person being addressed. A title is a prefix or suffix added to a persons name to signify either veneration, an official position or a professional or academic qualification. ... An honorific is a word or expression that conveys esteem or respect and is used in addressing or referring to a person. ... In ordinary English, Mr is a written abbreviation for Mister. MR can also stand for: Magnetic resonance imaging, properly abbreviated MRI Magyar RÃ¡diÃ³, a Hungarian radio station Master of the Rolls, the presiding officer of the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal in the UK legal system Mathematical... Mrs. ... Look up MS, Ms, ms, .ms in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... SeÃ±orita redirects here. ... Doctor means teacher in Latin. ... Look up Appendix:Most popular given names by country in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Traditional Arab naming practices indicate familial relationships, but names indicating these relationships are not inherited in the manner that the term family name implies. The tughra (stylized signature) of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire. ...

Research on individual names

Onomastics is the study of proper names of all kinds, including family names. A one-name study is a collection of vital and other biographical data about all persons worldwide sharing a particular surname. The Guild of One-Name Studies is a major UK-based organization in this field. Onomastics (Onomatology) is the study of proper names of all kinds and the origins of names. ... A one-name study is a collection of vital and other biographical data about all persons worldwide sharing a particular surname. ...

History

The oldest use of family or surnames is unclear. Surnames have arisen in cultures with large, concentrated populations where single names for individuals became insufficient to identify them clearly. In many cultures, the practice of using additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals has arisen. These identifying terms or descriptors may indicate personal attributes, location of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation. Often these descriptors developed into fixed clan identifications which became family names in the sense that we know them today.

In China, according to legend, family names originated with Emperor Fu Xi in 2852 BC.^[1] His administration standardised the naming system in order to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. The surnames "Zhu" "Lee" "Chung," and "Chang" are most popular in Taiwan, and/or China. In Japan family names were uncommon except among the aristocracy until the 19th century. Image:1870 census Lindauer Weber 01. ...

In Ancient Greece, during some periods, it became common to use one's place of origin as a part of a person's official identification.^[2] At other times, clan names and patronymics ("son of") were also common. For example, Alexander the Great was known by the clan name Heracles and was, therefore, Heracleides (as a supposed descendant of Heracles) and by the dynastic name Karanos/Caranus, which referred to the founder of the dynasty to which he belonged. In none of these cases, though, were these names considered formal parts of the person's name, nor were they explicitly inherited in the manner which is common in many cultures today. They did, however, survive with a vengeance as clan names as 'Greeks' or 'Hellenes' or 'Minoans', as opposed to the toponimic 'The Sea Peoples' used by the Egyptians, or 'Ionians', which is one of the names still used for the Greeks today by Arab-speaking people as 'Younanis'. The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... Alcides redirects here. ...

In the Roman Empire, the bestowal and use of clan and family names waxed and waned with changes in the various subcultures of the realm. At the outset, they were not strictly inherited in the way that family names are inherited in many cultures today. Eventually, though, family names began to be used in a manner similar to most modern European societies. With the gradual influence of Greek/Christian culture throughout the Empire, the use of formal family names declined.^[3] By the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the Eastern Roman (i.e. Byzantine) Empire. In Western Europe where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy.^[3] The practice of using family names spread through the Eastern Roman Empire and gradually into Western Europe although it was not until the modern era that family names came to be explicitly inherited in the way that they are today. Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... This article is about the historiography of the decline of the Roman Empire. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Byzantine Empire. ... A current understanding of Western Europe. ...

In the case of England, the most accepted theory of the origin of family names is to attribute their introduction to the Normans and the Domesday Book of 1086. As such, documents indicate that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and only slowly spread to the other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility arriving in England during the Norman Conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) in front of the name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. In medieval times in France, those distinguishing themselves by this manner indicated lordship, or ownership, of their village. But some early Norman nobles in England chose to drop the French derivations and simply call themselves after the name of their new English holdings. Norman conquests in red. ... A line drawing entitled Domesday Book from Andrew Williamss Historic Byways and Highways of Old England. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

During the modern era, many cultures around the world adopted the practice of using family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the imperialistic age of European expansion and particularly from the 17th to 19th centuries onwards. Notably examples include the Netherlands (1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). Nonetheless, their use is not universal: Icelanders, Tibetans, Burmese, and Javanese do not use family names. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

By language

English-speaking countries

In Britain, hereditary surnames were adopted in the 13th and 14th centuries, initially by the aristocracy but eventually by everyone. By 1400, most English and Scottish people had acquired surnames, but many Highland Scots and Welsh people did not adopt surnames until the 17th century, or even later. This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... This article is about the Scottish as an ethnic group. ... Lowland-Highland divide Highland Sign with welcome in English and Gaelic The Scottish Highlands (A GhÃ idhealtachd in Gaelic) include the rugged and mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... The Welsh are, according to Hastings (1997), an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language, which is a Celtic language. ...

The original meaning of the name may no longer be obvious in modern English (e.g., a Cooper is one who makes barrels, and the name Tillotson is a matronymic from a diminutive for Matilda). A much smaller category of names relates to religion, though some of this category are also occupations. The names Bishop, Priest, or Abbot, for example, may indicate that an ancestor worked for a bishop, a priest, or an abbot, respectively, or possibly took such a role in a popular religious play (see pageant play). For other uses, see Smith (disambiguation). ... Look up sawyer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... // Clark was the original English spelling version of Scottish Gaelic ClÃ¨ireach, which was in turn derived from Latin clericus meaning cleric/clergyman. Clark was originally spelled Clerk when it first entered English from Scottish Gaelic. ... Look up Cooper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Old English redirects here. ... Washington Old Hall Washington is a town in North East England, within the City of Sunderland metropolitan borough. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon[1], Old English: ) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Look up patronymic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A matronymic is a personal name based on the name of ones mother. ... Scottish Gaelic (GÃ idhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Patrick is a male name derived from either the Latin name Patricius or from an earlier Celtic (British) name. ... Bridget can mean: Another spelling of Brigid from Irish mythology. ...

In the Americas, the family names of many African-Americans have their origins in slavery. Many of them came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master. Others, such as Muhammad Ali and Malcolm X, changed their name rather than live with one they believed had been given to their ancestors by a slave owner. Slave redirects here. ... For other persons named Muhammad Ali, see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation). ... Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 â€“ February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ...

In England and cultures derived from there (though not in Scotland and France, for example), there has long been the patriarchal tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her birth name to her husband's last name. From the first known instance of a woman keeping her birth name, Lucy Stone in the 19th century, there has been a general increase in the rate of women keeping their original name. This has gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2004, roughly 60% of American women automatically assumed their husband's surname upon getting married.^{[citation needed]} Even in families where the wife has kept her birth name, parents often choose to give their children their father's family name. In English-speaking countries, married women are traditionally known as Mrs [Husband's full name]. Definitions of the Anglosphere vary: Countries in which English is the first language of a large fraction of the population are shown in blue. ... A maiden name is the family name carried by a woman before any of her marriages. ... Lucy Stone (August 13, 1818 â€“ October 19, 1893) was a prominent American suffragist. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower status family married an only daughter from a higher status family, he would often take the wife's family name. In the 18th and 19th centuries in Britain, bequests were sometimes made contingent upon a man changing (or hyphenating) his name, so that the name of the testator continued. It is rare but not unknown for English-speaking men to take the name of their wives, whether for personal reasons or as a matter of tradition (such as among Canadian aboriginal groups, especially the matrilineal Haida and Kwakiutl); it is increasingly common in the United States, a married couple may choose a new last name entirely.^{[citation needed]} This has become more widely popular in Southern California since the election of Antonio Villaraigosa as Los Angeles mayor.^{[citation needed]} The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... A testator is a person who has made a legally binding will or testament, which specifies what is to be done with that persons penis family and/or property after death. ... First Nations is a term of ethnicity that refers to the indigenous peoples in what is now Canada who are neither Inuit nor MÃ©tis people. ... Matrilineality is a system in which one belongs to ones mothers lineage; it may also involve the inheritance of property or titles through the female line. ... This article is about the people. ... bye Until the 1980s the term Kwakiutl was usually applied to all of the various First Nations peoples of northern Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte Strait and the Johnstone Strait whose traditional Wakashan language was Kwakwala and also a group of peoples erroneously called for many years the Northern Kwakiutl... Antonio Ramon Villaraigosa (born Antonio (Tony) Ramon Villar, Jr. ...

As an alternative, both spouses may adopt a double-barrelled name. For instance, when John Smith and Mary Jones marry each other, they may become known as John Smith-Jones and Mary Smith-Jones. However, some consider the extra length of the hyphenated names undesirable. A spouse may also opt to use his or her birth name as a middle name. An additional option is the adoption of a last name derived from an aesthetically pleasing combination of the prior names, such as "Simones". In English-speaking and some other Western countries, a double-barrelled name is a family name with two parts, which may or may not be joined with a hyphen, for example Bowes-Lyon or Fraser Darling. ...

In some jurisdictions, a woman's legal name used to change automatically upon marriage. That change is no longer a requirement, but women may still easily change to their husband's surname. Men can easily change their surname upon marriage with the federal government, through the Social Security Administration, but may face difficulty on the state level in some states. In some places, civil rights lawsuits or constitutional amendments changed the law so that men could also easily change their married names (e.g., in British Columbia and California).[4] (Note: many Anglophone countries are also common-law countries.) Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 5th Total 944... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Look up Anglophone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In common law legal systems, the law is created and/or refined by judges: a decision in the case currently pending depends on decisions in previous cases and affects the law to be applied in future cases. ...

Many people choose to change their name when they marry, while others do not. There are many reasons why people maintain their surname. One is that dropped surnames disappear throughout generations, while the adopted surname survives. Another reason is that if a person's surname is well known due to his or her particular family's heritage or prominence, he or she may choose to keep his or her birth surname. Yet another is the identity crisis people may experience when giving up their surname. People in academia, for example, who have previously published articles in academic journals under their birth name often do not change their surname after marriage, in order to ensure that they continue to receive credit for their past and future work. This practice is also common among physicians, attorneys, and other professionals, as well as celebrities for whom continuity is important. Though the practice of women maintaining their surname after marriage is increasing, it has not caught on in the general population and there is great peer pressure for women to change their names. Practices among same-sex married couples do not at this point follow any discernable pattern, with some choosing to share surnames, while others do not. Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole. ...

In Southern Gospel and folk music, families often perform together as groups. When female artists in these genres marry, they usually adopt double-barrelled surnames if the husband comes from a noted musical family as well (e.g. Allison Durham Speer, Kelly Crabb Bowling), or simply continue to go by their birth names if the husband is not from such a family (e.g. Karen Peck, Libbi Perry, Janet Paschal). This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Folk song redirects here. ... The Crabb Family is a Grammy-nominated, Dove Award-winning Southern Gospel family group from Beaver Dam, Kentucky. ... Karen Peck and New River is a professional Southern Gospel band based in Gainesville, GA. The group is comprised of Karen Peck-Gooch, soprano; her sister, Susan Peck-Jackson, alto; and Devin McGlamery. ... The Perrys are a professional Southern Gospel quartet based in Morristown, TN. The group formed on December 25, 1970 with Randy Perry and his sisters Debbie and Libbi in Georgia. ... Janet Paschal (born October 18, 1956 in Reidsville, North Carolina) is a Contemporary Christian and southern gospel vocalist and performer, often associated with Bill Gaithers Homecoming Events. ...

Spelling of names in past centuries is often assumed to be a deliberate choice by a family, but due to very low literacy rates, the reality is that many families could not provide the spelling of their surname, and so the scribe, clerk, minister, or official would write down the name on the basis of how it was spoken, or how they heard it. This results in a great many variations, some of which occurred when families moved to another country (e.g. Wagner becoming Wagoner, or Whaley becoming Whealy). With the increase in bureaucracy, officially-recorded spellings tended to become the standard for a given family.

Spanish-speaking countries

In medieval times, a patronymic system similar to the one still used in Iceland emerged. For example, Álvaro, the son of Rodrigo would be named Álvaro Rodríguez. His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names and are some of the most common names in the Spanish-speaking world. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno ("tan"); occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller") and Guerrero ("warrior"); and geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German"). In Spanish-speaking countries (exception made of Argentina), people normally have at least two surnames. ...

However, nowadays in Spain and in many Spanish-speaking countries (former Spanish colonies, e.g. Philippines, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Venezuela), most people have two family names, although in some situations only the first is used. The first family name is the paternal one, inherited from the father's paternal family name. The second family name is the maternal one, inherited from the mother's paternal family name. (As an example, Mexican boxer Marco Antonio Barrera's full name is Marco Antonio Barrera Tapia, though Barrera is the only one used in general conversation. In Spain, a new law approved in 1999 allows an adult to change the order of his/her family names, and parents can also change the order of their children's family names if they agree (if one of their children is at least 12 years old they need his/her agreement too). [5] (Link in Spanish) Marco Antonio Barrera Tapia (born January 17, 1974 in Mexico City) is a Mexican professional boxer. ...

Depending on the country, the family names may or may not be linked by the conjunction y ("and"), i ("and", in Catalonia), de ("of") and de la ("of the", when the following word is feminine). However, in many South American countries, people have now adopted the English-speaking custom of having a single family name (e.g., in Argentina). Sometimes a new father transmits his complete family name by creating a new one, combining his two family names, e.g., the paternal surname of the son of Javier (given name) Reyes (paternal family name) de la Barrera (maternal surname) may become the new paternal surname Reyes de la Barrera. This article is about the Spanish Autonomous Community. ...

At present in Spain, women upon marrying keep their own two family names. In certain rare situations, especially the nobility, she may be addressed as if her maternal surname had been replaced with her husband's paternal surname, often linked with de. For example, a woman named Ana García Díaz, upon marrying Juan Guerrero Macías, could be called Ana García de Guerrero. This custom, begun in medieval times, is decaying and only has legal validity in Mexico, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru and Panama. In Mexico, when women get married they keep their first family name followed by "de" and then the housband's last name. For example Maria Martinez Lopez when married to Josue Vasquez Hernandez would then be Maria Martinez de Vasquez. In Peru and Dominican Republic, women normally conserve all family names after getting married. For example, if Rosa María Pérez Mártinez marries Juan Martín De La Cruz Gómez, she will be called Rosa María Pérez Mártinez de De La Cruz, and if the husband dies, she will be called Rosa María Pérez Mártinez Vda. de De La Cruz (Vda. is the abbreviation for Viuda, "widow" in Spanish). In Ecuador, a couple can choose the order of their children's surnames. Most choose the traditional order (e.g., Guerrero García in the example above), but some invert the order, putting the mother's paternal surname first and the father's paternal surname last (e.g., García Guerrero from the example above). Such inversion, if chosen, must be maintained for all the children.

In Argentina only one family name, the father's paternal family name, is commonly used and registered, as in English-speaking countries (the real reason why many Argentinians [but by no means all, a large proportion of them use two as per Spanish usage] use one last name is because a large proportion of the dominant class come from Italian ascent, and therefore follow the conventions of this country). Women, however, do not change their family names upon marriage and continue to use their birth family names instead of their husband's family names. NÃ©e redirects here. ...

French-speaking countries

Belgium This article describes the conventions for using peoples names in France, including the norms of custom and practice, as well as the legal aspects. ...

German-speaking countries

There are about 1,000,000^{[citation needed]} different family names in German. German family names most often derive from given names, occupational designations, bodily attributes or geographical names. Hyphenations notwithstanding, they mostly consist of a single word; in those rare cases where the family name is linked to the given names by particles such as von or zu, they usually indicate noble ancestry. Not all noble families used these names (see Riedesel), while some farm families, particularly in Westphalia, used the particle von or zu followed by their farm or former farm's name as a family name (see Meyer zu Erpen). In etymology, German family names were introduced during the late Middle Ages in the German language area. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Kinship and descent is one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology. ... Riedesel is a German family name that began to appear in legal documents and tournament (jousting) lists in the late 1100s and early 1200s. ...

Family names in German-speaking countries are usually positioned last, after all given names. There are exceptions, however: In parts of Austria and the Alemannic-speaking areas, the family name is regularly put in front of the first given name. Also in many - especially rural - parts of Germany, to emphasize family affiliation there is often an inversion in colloquial use, in which the family name becomes a possessive: Rüters Erich, for example, would be Erich of the Rüter family. Alemannic German (Alemannisch) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are settled places outside towns and cities. ... Possessive can refer to: Possessive case Possessive pronoun This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

In Germany today, upon marriage, both partners can choose to keep their birth name or one of them can adopt a hyphenated name of their birth names (the latter case is forbidden for both partners and for the last names of children), or one of them can switch to their partner's name (if the partner keeps it). After that, they must decide on one family name for all their future children, by pretty much the same rules. (German name)
Changing one's family name for reasons other than marriage, divorce or adoption is only possible in Germany if the applicant can prove that they suffer extraordinarily due to their name. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Portuguese-speaking countries

In the case of Portuguese naming customs, the main surname (the one used in alphasorting, indexing, abbreviations, and greetings), appears last (reverse the order of Spanish surnames).

Each person usually has two family names: the first is the maternal family name; the last is the paternal family name. A person can have up to six names (two first names and four surnames — he or she may have two names from the mother and two from the father).

In ancient times a patronymic was commonly used — surnames like Gonçalves ("son of Gonçalo"), Fernandes ("son of Fernando"), Nunes ("son of Nuno"), Soares ("son of Soeiro"), Sanches ("son of Sancho"), Henriques ("son of Henrique") which along with many others are still in regular use as very prevalent family names. Look up patronymic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Brazilians usually call people only by their given names, omitting family names, even in many formal situations (as in the press referring to authorities, e.g. "Former President Fernando Henrique", never Former President Cardoso). When formality or a prefix requires a family name, the given name usually precedes the surname, e.g. João Santos, or Sr. João Santos.

Dutch-speaking countries

Belgium Dutch names consist of one or several given name(s) and a surname. ...

By country

Armenia

Armenian surnames almost always have the ending (Armenian: յան) transliterated into English as -yan or -ian (spelled -ean (եան) in Western Armenian and pre-Soviet Eastern Armenian, of Parthian origin, presumably meaning "son of"), though names with that ending can also be found among Persians and a few other nationalities. Armenian surnames can derive from a geographic location, profession, noble rank, personal characteristic or personal name of an ancestor. Armenians in the diaspora sometimes adapt their surnames to help assimiliation. In Russia, many have changed -yan to -ov (or -ova for women). In Turkey, many have changed the ending to -oglu (also meaning "son of"). In English and French-speaking countries, many have shortened their name by removing the ending (for example Charles Aznavour). In ancient Armenia, many noble names ended with the locative -t'si (example, Khorenatsi) or -uni (Bagratuni). Several modern Armenian names also have a Turkish suffix which appears before -ian/-yan: -lian denotes a placename; -djian denotes a profession. Some Western Armenian names have a particle Der, while their Eastern counterparts have Ter. This particle indicates an ancestor who was a priest (Armenian priests can choose to marry or remain celibate, but married priests cannot become bishop). Thus someone named Der Bedrosian (Western) or Ter Petrosian (Eastern) is a descendent of an Armenian priest. The convention is still in use today: the children of a priest named Hagop Sarkisian would be called Der Sarkisian. // Typical Armenian last names (family names) end with the originally Persian suffix -ian, -yan, or sometimes -jan. ... The Iranian languages are a part of the Indo-European language family with estimated 150-200 million native speakers. ... Charles Aznavour (Armenian: Õ‡Õ¡Õ¼Õ¬ Ô±Õ¦Õ¶Õ¡Õ¾Õ¸Ö‚Ö€; born May 22, 1924) is an Armenian-French singer, songwriter, actor and public activist. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... ...

Finland

Finland has two predominant surname traditions: the West Finnish and the East Finnish. Until the early 20th Century, Finland was a predominantly agrarian society and the names of West Finns were based on their association with a particular area, farm, or homestead, e.g. Jaakko Jussila ("Jaakko from the farm of Jussi"). On the other hand, the East Finnish surname tradition dates back to 13th century. There, the Savonians pursued slash-and-burn agriculture which necessitated moving several times during a person's lifetime. This in turn required the families to have surnames, which were in wide use among the common folk as early as in the 13th century. By the mid-16th century, the East Finnish surnames had become hereditary. Typically, the oldest East Finnish surnames were formed from the first names of the patriarchs of the families, e.g Ikävalko, Termonen, Pentikäinen. In the 16th, 17th and 17th centuries, new names were most often formed by adding the place name of the former or current place of living (e.g. Puumalainen < Puumala). In the East Finnish tradition, the females carried the family name of their fathers in female form (e.g. Puumalatar < Puumalainen). By 19th century, this practice fell into disuse due to the influence of West-European surname tradition. East Finnish culture and language are chiefly vested in the Savonians and the Karelians. ... Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants, animals and other life forms. ... Language(s) Finnish, Swedish Languages related to Finnish include Estonian, Karelian, Vepsian, VÃµro and to a lesser extent, all Finno-Ugric Languages. ... For other uses, see Farm (disambiguation). ... Look up Smallholding on Wiktionary, the free dictionary A smallholding is a piece of land smaller than 50 acres, which is rented for the purposes of cultivation. ... Savonia, Savolax or Savo, is a historical province in the south of Finland. ... This article is about the agricultural practice of slash and burn. ... Puumala is a municipality of Finland. ...

In Western Finland, the agrarian names dominated, and the last name of the person was usually given according to the farm or holding they lived on. In 1921, surnames became compulsory for all Finns. At this point, the agrarian names were usually adopted as surnames. A typical feature of such names is the addition of prefixes Ala- (Sub-) or Ylä- (Up-), giving the location of the holding along a waterway in relation of the main holding. (e.g. Yli-Ojanperä, Ala-Verronen) Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...

A third, foreign tradition of surnames was introduced in Finland by the Swedish-speaking upper and middle classes which used typical German and Swedish surnames. By custom, all Finnish-speaking persons who were able to get a position of some status in urban or learned society, discarded their Finnish name, adopting a Swedish, German or (in case of clergy) Latin surnames. In the case of enlisted soldiers, the new name was given regardless of the wishes of the individual. Drawing of Swedish soldiers belonging to the new allotment system and wearing uniforms of the 1830s. ...

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the overall modernization process and especially, the political movement of fennicization caused a movement for adoption of Finnish surnames. At that time, many persons with a Swedish or otherwise foreign surname changed their family name to a Finnish one. The features of nature with endings -o/ö, -nen (Meriö < Meri "sea", Nieminen < Niemi "point") are typical of the names of this era, as well as more or less direct translations of Swedish names (Paasivirta < Hällström).^[4] Fennicization or Finnicization is the changing of ones personal names from other languages (usually Swedish) into Finnish. ...

In the 21st century Finland, the use of surnames follows the German model. Every person is legally obliged to have a first and last name. At most, three first names are allowed. The Finnish married couple may adopt the name of either spouse, or either spouse (or both spouses) may decide to use a double barrelled name. The parents may choose either surname or the double barrelled surname for their children, but all siblings must share the same surname ^[5]. All persons have the right to change their surname once without any specific reason. A surname that is un-Finnish, contrary to the usages of the Swedish or Finnish languages or is in use by any person resident in Finland cannot be accepted as the new name, unless valid family reasons or religious or national customs give a reason for waiving this requirement. However, persons may change their surname to any surname that has ever been used by their ancestors, if they can prove such claim.^[6] Some immigrants have had difficulty naming their children, as they must choose from an approved list based on the family's household language. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In English-speaking and some other Western countries, a double-barrelled name is a family name with two parts, which may or may not be joined with a hyphen, for example Bowes-Lyon or Fraser Darling. ...

In the Finnish language, the root of the surname can be modified by consonant gradation regularly when inflected to a case. In contrast, first names do not undergo qualitative gradation (e.g. Hilta - Hiltan), only quantitative gradation (Mikko - Mikon). Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation, in which consonants alternate between various grades. It is found in some Finno-Lappic languages such as Finnish, Estonian and SÃ¡mi; moreover, the Votic language is known for its extensive set of gradation patterns. ...

Georgia

Most eastern Georgian surnames end with the suffix of "-shvili", Georgian for "child" or "offspring". Western Georgian surnames most commonly have the suffix "-dze", Georgian for "son". Megrelian surnames usually end in "-ia" or "ua". Other location-specific endings exist: In Svaneti "-iani", meaning "belonging to", or "hailing from", is common. In the eastern Georgian highlands common endings are "uri" and "uli". Some noble family names end in "eli", meaning "of (someplace)". The Megrelian language (Megruli ena in Georgian, Margaluri nina in Megrelian), sometimes called Mingrelian, is a language spoken in northwest Georgia. ... Svaneti (áƒ¡áƒ•áƒáƒœáƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜. Also known as Svanetia or Svania in Russian and Western languages) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of the country. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ...

Greece

Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Occupation, characteristic or ethnic background and location/origin-based surnames names also occur; they are sometimes supplemented by nicknames.

Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons. Although surnames are static today, dynamic and changing patronym usage survives in middle names in Greece where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name. Because of their codification in the Modern Greek state, surnames have Katharevousa forms even though Katharevousa is no longer the official standard. Thus, the Ancient Greek name Eleutherios forms the Modern Greek proper name Lefteris, and former vernacular practice (prefixing the surname to the proper name) was to call John Eleutherios "Leftero-giannis". Modern practice is to call him Giannis Eleftheriou: the proper name is vernacular (and not Ioannis), but the surname is an archaic genitive. ... The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Katharevousa (Greek ÎšÎ±Î¸Î±ÏÎµÏÎ¿Ï…ÏƒÎ±, IPA: ) is a form of the Greek language, created during the early 19th century by Adamantios Korais (1748-1833). ...

Female surnames, are most often in the Katharevousa genitive case of a male name. This is an innovation of the Modern Greek state; Byzantine practice was to form a feminine counterpart of the male surname (e.g. masculine Palaiologos, Byzantine feminine Palaiologina, Modern feminine Palaiologou). In the past, women would change their surname when married, to that of their husband (again in genitive case) signifying the transfer of "dependence" from the father to the husband. Nowadays, women are forced to keep their paternal surname by law (or in very rare cases where this is agreed by the parents before marriage, the maternal); however quite paradoxically, the genitive case is still kept, signifying (mostly unintentionally due to tradition) that dependence (or the dependence to their mother's father in the other case). The husband's surname can only be used unofficially, mainly for social reasons. In earlier Modern Greek society, women were named with -aina as a feminine suffix on the husband's first name: Giorgaina "Mrs George, wife of George". Katharevousa (Greek ÎšÎ±Î¸Î±ÏÎµÏÎ¿Ï…ÏƒÎ±, IPA: ) is a form of the Greek language, created during the early 19th century by Adamantios Korais (1748-1833). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up paradox in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Some surnames are prefixed with Papa-, indicating ancestry from a priest. Archi- and Mastro- signify "boss" and "tradesman" respectively. Prefixes such as Konto-, Makro-, and Chondro-, describe body characteristics, such as "short", "tall/long" and "fat". "Gero-" and "Palaio-" signify "old" or "wise". Other prefixes include Hadji- which was an honorific deriving from the Arabic Hadj or pilgrimage, and indicate that the person had made a pilgrimage (in the case of Christians to Jerusalem) and Kara- which is attributed to the Turkish word for "black" deriving from the Ottoman Empire era. A tradesman is a skilled manual worker in a particular trade or craft. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Hajj or Haj is the Pilgrimage to Mecca (or, Makkah) and is the fifth of the Five Pillars of Islam. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320...

Arvanitic surnames are also common. For example, the Arvanitic word for soldier or man-at-arms being "canavar"^{[citation needed]} or its shortened form "cavar" was pronounced "tzanavar" or "tzavar" giving birth to traditional Arvanitic family names like "Tzanavaras" and "Tzavaras".^{[citation needed]} Arvanitika or Arvanitic (native name: arbÃ«risht, Greek: Î±ÏÎ²Î±Î½Î¯Ï„Î¹ÎºÎ± arvanitika) is the variety of Albanian traditionally spoken by the Arvanites, a population group in Greece. ...

Most Greek patronymic suffixes are diminutives, which vary by region. The most common Hellenic patronymic suffixes are -poulos/-poulou (From Peloponessus, a suffix which means "the little", representing "the son of ..." i.e. "Michalopoulos", the "son of Michael" or "Papadopoulos", the "son of the priest"); -idis-ides/-idou and -iadis/-iadou (Very ancient last names and clan forms used in the Pontus and Asia Minor regions,). The suffix -akis/-aki is associated primarily with Crete but also Mani, where it is rendered -akos/-akou and the Aegean islands, is a patronymic signifying "little" and "son of". ^[7] It became almost universal by the mid 20th century in Crete, but was only adopted there in the 19th century. Others, less common are -atos/-atou (From Cephallonia under strong Italian influence); -as/-a and -is/-i (From Macedonia and Epirus); -ellis/-elli (From Lesvos Island); -akos/-akou (From Mani in the Laconia region); -eas/-ea (From Mani in the Messinia region); -oglou (both genders, a Turkish root ending seen in immigrants from Asia Minor meaning "son of", i.e. Sarafoglou, "the son of Sarafis"), and -ou (Genitive, from Cyprus). Peloponnesos (Greek: Πελοπόννησος, sometime Latinized as Peloponnesus or Anglicized as The Peloponnese) is a large peninsula in Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Isthmus of Corinth. ... Traditional rural Pontic house A man in traditional clothes from Trabzon, illustration Pontus is the name which was applied, in ancient times, to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the main), by... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ... Mani may refer to: Mani Peninsula in Greece ManÃ, YucatÃ¡n, a small city in YucatÃ¡n, Mexico Mani, Evros, a town in the northeastern part of the Evros Prefecture in Greece Mani (prophet), a third-century Persian prophet, the founder of the dualistic Manichaean religion, which borrowed eclectically from... Kefalonia also known as Cephalonia, Kefallinia, or Cefalonia (Ancient Greek: ÎšÎµÏ†Î±Î»Î»Î®Î½Î¹Î± Modern Greek: ÎšÎµÏ†Î±Î»Î»Î¿Î½Î¹Î¬), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece. ... The name Epirus, from the Greek Î‰Ï€ÎµÎ¹ÏÎ¿Ï‚ meaning continent may refer to: // Epirus (region) - a historical and geographical region of the southwestern Balkans, straddling modern Greece and Albania Epirus (periphery) - one of the thirteen peripheries (administrative divisions) of Greece. ... Lesbos (Modern Greek: Lesvos (Î›ÎÏƒÎ²Î¿Ï‚), Turkish: Midilli), is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. ... Map of Greece highlighting the Mani peninsula. ... Laconia (; see also List of traditional Greek place names), also known as Lacedaemonia, is a prefecture in Greece. ... Map of Greece highlighting the Mani peninsula. ... Messinia (Greek: ÎœÎµÏƒÏƒÎ·Î½Î¯Î±, also spelled Messenia; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a prefecture in the Peloponnese, a region of Greece. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ...

The suffix -idis is the oldest in use and is used sometimes for Greeks originating in Asia Minor (often transliterated -ides). Zeus, for example was also referred to as Cronides ("son of Cronus"). For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation). ... Statue of Zeus Phidias created the 12-m (40-ft) tall statue of Zeus at Olympia about 435 BC. The statue was perhaps the most famous sculpture in ancient Greece, imagined here in a 16th-century engraving. ... Cronus is not to be confused with Chronos, the personification of time. ...

Hungary

In Hungarian, like Asian languages but unlike most other European ones (see French and German above for exceptions), the family name is placed before the given names. This usage does not apply to non-Hungarian names, for example "Tony Blair" will remain "Tony Blair" when written in Hungarian texts. // Orthography Modern Hungarian orthography is slightly different (simpler) than that of 18th or 19th century, but many Hungarian surnames retain their historical spelling. ... Hungarian (magyar nyelv ) is a Finno-Ugric language (more specifically an Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. ...

Names of Hungarian individuals, however, appear in Western order in English writing.

Iceland

In Iceland, most people have no family name; a person's last name is most commonly a patronymic, i.e. derived from the father's first name. For example, when a man called Karl has a daughter called Anna and a son called Magnús, their full names will typically be Anna Karlsdóttir ("Karl's daughter") and Magnús Karlsson ("Karl's son"). The name is not changed upon marriage. Icelandic names differ from most Western family name systems by being patronymic (and sometimes matronymic) in that they reflect the immediate father (or mother) of the child and not the historic family lineage. ... Look up patronymic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

India

India is a country with numerous distinct cultures and language groups within it. Thus, Indian surnames, where formalized, fall into seven general types. And many people from the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala do not use any formal surnames, though most have one. It has been suggested that Indian name be merged into this article or section. ...

In Northern India, most of the people have their Family name after the Given names, where as in Southern India, the Given names come after the Family Name.

The convention is to write the first name followed by middle names and surname. It is common to use the father's first name as the middle name or last name even though it is not universal. In some Indian states like Maharashtra, official documents list the family name first, followed by a comma and the given names. This article can be confusing for some readers, and needs to be edited for clarity. ... Patel (Gujarati àªªàªŸà«‡àª², paá¹el, /pÉ™Êˆel/) is an Indian title, in tune with the all familiar Hindu caste system, that represent the castes that are predominant in the Indian province of Gujarat that are either agriculturalists or landlords.[1] The surname is the second most common surname in India, following... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी, Gujarati મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Kamat. ... Kapadia is a surname of Indian origin. ... // Plaque outside commercial establishment, Goa, India. ... Amin may refer to different people. ... Shah or Shahzad is a Persian term for a monarch (ruler) that has been adopted in many other languages. ... This article is about the Parsi community. ... Dawoodi Bohras are the main branch of the Bohras (a Mustali subsect of Ismaili Shia Muslims) based primarily in India and Pakistan. ... Language(s) Gujarati Religion(s) Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism (see Parsis), Jainism, Christianity Gujarati people (Gujarati: àª—à«àªœàª°àª¾àª¤à«€ àª²à«‹àª•à«‹ GujÇŽrÄtÄ« loko), or Gujaratis, is an umbrella term used to describe traditionally Gujarati-speaking peoples who can trace their ancestry to the Gujarat region in India. ... Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social classification, that evolved due to the enormous diversity in India (where all three primary races met, not by forced slavery but by immigration). ... Kokradi is a village in the Belthangadi Taluk of Dakshina Kannada (South Canara district of Karnataka State in India. ... This article is about the Indian region. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... This article is about the title. ... Ethnic groups of Afghanistan (1980 map) 42% Pashtun 27% Tajik 9% Hazara 9% Uzbek 3% Turkmen 2% Baloch Languages of Afghanistan (1980 map) 50% Dari dialect of Persian 35% Pashto 8% Uzbek 3% Turkmen 2% Baloch The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed. ... Central Asia is a region of Asia. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... Reddy (Telugu:à°°à±†à°¡à±à°¡à°¿, also transliterated as Raddi, Reddi, etc. ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: à¤®à¤¹à¤¾à¤°à¤¾à¤·à¥à¤Ÿà¥à¤° , IPA , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ...

It is customary for wives to take the surname of their husband after marriage. In modern times, in urban areas at least, this practice is not universal. In some rural areas, particularly in North India, wives may also take a new first name after their nuptials. Children inherit their surnames from their father.

In some parts of Southern India, no formal Surname is used, because the family has decided to forgo its existing clan name. There has been a minor reversal of this trend in the recent times. This practice is prevalent in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. For example, people from the kongu vellala gounder community of Tamilnadu have in general two titles: the caste title Gounder and the clan name, example Perungudi. Nowadays it is common for people not to use any of these titles. So a Konguvel, son of Shanmuganathan, of say Erode, would call himself Konguvel Shanmughanathan, instead of the traditional Erode Perungudi Konguvel Gounder. This practise is of very recent origin though. Wife or child takes the given name of the husband or father (Usha married Satish, and may therefore be called Usha Satish or simply S. Usha). In many communities, especially Christian, names are formed by the given name as the first name, the family name and house name as the middle name(s) and the father's/husband's given name as the last name. Thus, the last name changes with each generation. The house name would also change as generations move out of their consanguineal family homes with the changing ownership of property upon the death of the patriarch. Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: à´•àµ‡à´°à´³à´‚; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...

Jains generally use Jain, Shah, Firodia, Singhal or Gupta as their last names. Sikhs generally use the words Singh ("lion") and Kaur ("princess") as surnames added to the otherwise unisex first names of men and women, respectively. It is also common to use a different surname after Singh in which case Singh or Kaur are used as middle names (Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Surinder Kaur Badal). The tenth Guru of Sikhism ordered (Hukamnama) that any man who considered himself a Sikh must use Singh in his name and any woman who considered herself a Sikh must use Kaur in her name. Other middle names or honorifics that are sometimes used as surnames include Kumar, Dev, Lal, and Chand. JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ... Shah or Shahzad is a Persian term for a monarch (ruler) that has been adopted in many other languages. ... Emperor Agrasen and Queen Madhavi ruled Agroha around 3200 B.C. Agrasen established 18 Gotras (or clans) for each of his 18 sons based on the names of their Guru and divided his empire among them. ... Gupta (Hindi: à¤—à¥à¤ªà¥à¤¤à¤¾) is a surname of Indian origin. ... Montek Singh Ahluwalia (born November 24, 1943) has been a key figure in Indias economic reforms from the early 1980s onwards. ... A Hukamnama refers to a hymn from the Guru Granth Sahib which is given as an order to Sikhs. ...

The modern day spellings of names originated when families translated their surnames to English, with no standardization across the country. Variations are regional, based on how the name was translated from the local language to English in the 18th, 19th or 20th centuries during British rule. Therefore, it is understood in the local traditions that Agrawal and Aggarwal represent the same name derived from Uttar Pradesh and Punjab respectively. Similarly, Tagore derives from Bengal while Thakur is from Hindi-speaking areas. The officially-recorded spellings tended to become the standard for that family. In the modern times, some states have attempted at standardization, particularly where the surnames were corrupted because of the early British insistence of shortening them for convenience. Thus Bandopadhyay became Banerji, Mukhopadhay became Mukherji, Chattopadhyay became Chatterji etc. This coupled with various other spelling variations created several surnames based on the original surnames. The West Bengal Government now insists on re-converting all the variations to their original form when the child is enrolled in school. , West Bengal (Bengali: à¦ªà¦¶à§à¦šà¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦™à§à¦— PoshchimbÃ´Å‹go) is a state in eastern India. ...

Some parts of Sri Lanka, Thailand, Nepal, Myanmar, and Indonesia have similar patronymic customs as that of India. Anthem Kaba Ma Kyei Capital Naypyidaw Largest city Yangon Official languages Burmese Demonym Burmese Government Military junta - Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Than Shwe - Prime Minister Soe Win - Acting Prime Minister Thein Sein Establishment - Bagan 849â€“1287 - Taungoo Dynasty 1486â€“1752 - Konbaung Dynasty 1752â€“1885 - Colonial rule...

Indonesia

Indonesians comprise more than 300 ethnic groups. Not all of these groups traditionally have surnames. Nonetheless, Indonesians are well aware of the custom of family names, which is known as "Marga", or "Fam", and such names have become a specific kind of identifier. People can tell what a person's heritage is by his or her surname.

Javanese people are the majority in Indonesia, and most do not have any surname. There are many individuals who have only name, such as "Suharto" and "Sukarno". These are not only common with the Javanese but also with ethnic groups who do not have the tradition of surnames. If, however, they are Muslims, they might opt to use the pattern of Muslim names which includes the name of the parent (father). Not to be confused with Batak of the Philippines. ... Batak societies are patriarchal with family names or Marga in Bataknese from the male line. ... Languages Minangkabau, Indonesian and Malay. ... The Minahasa (alternative spelling: Minahassa) are an ethnic group located in the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. ... The Ambonese, also known as South Moluccans, are an Indonesian of mixed Malay-Papuan origin. ... The Dayak IPA: (or Dyak) are the peoples indigenous to Borneo. ... Kalimantan is the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. ... This article is about ethnic groups of South Sulawesi. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... Suharto GCB (born June 8, 1921) is a former Indonesian military and political leader. ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 â€“ June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ...

Ireland

Many surnames in Ireland of Gaelic origin derive from ancestors' names, nicknames, or descriptive names. In the first group can be placed surnames such as McMurrough and McCarthy, derived from patronymics, or O'Brien and O'Grady, derived from ancestral names. A formal Irish-language name consists of a given name and a surname, as in English. ... This article is about the modern Goidelic language. ... A nickname is a short, clever, cute, derogatory, or otherwise substitute name for a person or things real name (for example, Nick is short for Nicholas). ...

Gaelic surnames derived from nicknames include O'Dubhda (from Aedh ua Dubhda - Aedh (pronounced Hugh), the dark one), O'Doherty (from dochartaigh, "destroyer" or "obtrusive"), Garvery (garbh, "rough" or "nasty"), Manton (mantach, "toothless"), Bane (bán, "white", as in "white hair"), Finn (fionn, "fair", as in "fair hair"), and Kennedy (cinnéide, "ugly head"). Dowd Arms Dowd is a surname which was once common in Ireland but is now quite rare. ... The Doherty Clan (Irish: ) is an Irish clan based in County Donegal in the north of the island of Ireland. ...

In contrast to England, very few Gaelic surnames are derived from placenames or venerated people/objects. Among those that are included in this small group, several can be shown to be derivations of Gaelic personal names or surnames. One notable exception is O'Cuilleain or O'Collins (from cuileann, "Holly") as in the Holly Tree, considered one of the most sacred objects of pre-Christian Celtic culture. Another is Walsh (Irish: Breatnach), meaning Welsh. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... OCollins is a common anglicized surname of two ancient families of Irish origin: the OCuilleain (OCollins) and the OCoilean (OCollins). ... This article is about the plant. ... The Welsh are, according to Hastings (1997), an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language, which is a Celtic language. ...

In areas where certain family names are extremely common, extra names are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern. In Ireland, for example, where Murphy is an exceedingly common name, particular Murphy families or extended families are nicknamed, so that Denis Murphy's family were called The Weavers and Denis himself was called Denis "The Weaver" Murphy. (See also O'Hay.) There have been several people named Denis Murphy : Denis Murphy (Irish musician), an Irish traditional musician from the Sliabh Luachra area. ... OHay is an Irish family-name that covers a number of separate family trees, as the anglicization of Irish names introduced many errors and faulty phoenetic spellings. ...

For much the same reason, nicknames (e.g. the Fada Burkes, "the long/tall Burkes"), father's names (e.g. John Morrissey Ned) or mother's maiden name (Kennedy becoming Kennedy-Lydon) can become colloquial or legal surnames. The Irish family of de Courcy Ireland became so-named to distinguish them from their cousins who moved to France in the 17th and 18th centuries.

In addition to all this, Irish speaking areas still follow the old tradition of naming themselves after their father, grandfather, great-grandfather and so on. Examples include Mike Bartly Pat Reilly ("Mike, son of Bartholomew, son of Pat Reilly"), John Michel John Oge Pat Breanach ("John, son of Michael, son of young John, son of Pat Breanach"), Tom Paddy-Joe Seoige ("Tom, son of Paddy-Joe Seoige"), and Mary Bartly Mike Walsh ("Mary, daughter of Bartly, son of Mike Walsh"). Sometimes, the female line of the family is used, depending on how well the parent is known in the area the person resides, e.g. Paddy Mary John ("Paddy, son of Mary, daughter of John"). A similar tradition continues even in English-speaking areas, especially in rural districts.

Some Irish surnames can be mistaken for non-Irish. Anglicization of many surnames has been so thorough that bona-fide Irish names such as Crockwell and Harrington appear to be English. Other Irish names can appear to be German (Bruder), Italian (Costello), or even Polish (Comiskey).

Irish surname prefixes

Norman is a Romance language and one of the OÃ¯l languages. ... In Irish traditional history Mug Nuadat (or Mogha Nuadhad) meaning slave of Nuada, whose given name was Ã‰ogan MÃ³r (Eoghan the Great), was a king of Munster in the 2nd century A.D. He was a rival of the High King, Conn of the Hundred Battles and for a... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Milligan is a village located in Fillmore County, Nebraska. ... Norman is a Romance language and one of the OÃ¯l languages. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Look up patronymic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Norman conquests in red. ... Fitzgerald or FitzGerald is a Hiberno-Norman surname, meaning son of Gerald. It may refer to: People Barry Fitzgerald (1888â€“1961), Irish actor. ... Earl of Kildare is an Irish peerage title. ... The Old English were a wave of early medieval Norman, French, Welsh, English, Breton and Flemish settlers who went to Ireland to claim territory and lands in the wake of the Norman invasion. ... Look up patronymic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Tribes of Galway were fourteen merchant families who dominated the political commercial and social life in the town of Galway between the 13th and 16th centuries. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 â€“ 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... James II and VII (14 October 1633 â€“ 16 September 1701)[2] was King of England, King of Scots,[1] and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685 to 11 December 1688. ... William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 â€“ 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. ... OBrien is a common surname of Irish origin. ... For other uses, see Clan (disambiguation). ... Brian BÃ³ruma mac CennÃ©tig (926 or 941[1]â€“23 April 1014) (known as Brian Boru in English) was High King of Ireland from 1002 to 1014. ... OBrien is a common surname of Irish origin. ... An ancestor is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i. ...

Iranian/Persian

Persian personal names may have single or multiple surname elements and appear on title pages as follows:

i, ian, abadi, boo, di, dust, fard, far, ju, iya, niya (or nia), nizhad (or nejad), par, parast, pour, rad, vand, vard, yar, zadeh, zad, zand

Sometimes name of cities or towns are attached as the last word in the family name such as: Tehrani, Shirazi, Esfahani, Tabrizi, Zanjani, Angurani, Samani, Farahani

Some common Persian last names are: Afsar, Agassi, Alivandi, Alizadeh, Amanpour, Ansari, Anvari, Ariani, Arki, Ashtari, Azria, Bahari, Bahrami, Bakhtiari, Bateni, Bozorgi, Dashti, Ebadi, Emami, Fakoor, Farahani, Feiz, Firozi, Gharani, Gharibpour, Ghasemi, Hosseini, Kalbasi, Karimi, Kashani, Kiyanfar, Kiyanpour, Loghmani, Mehranzadeh, Mirzapour, Motallebzadeh, Najafi, Niyazfar, Omidifar, Ovisi, Rabiee, Rahimi, Rastinpour, Rezaei, Rouzrokh, Samani, Sarafpour, Sattari, Soltanzadeh, Souriani, Talebi, Teymourian, Yazdani, Zahedi, Zandi, Zandipour, Esfahani, Milani, Shirazi and Tehrani. Naghsh-i Jahan Square, Esfahan. ... Image:Milanicosmetics. ... For other uses, see Shiraz (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ...

Most, but not all last names that end in "ian" and sometimes "yan" are traditionally Persian last names. Armenian last names can also contain ian, but does not mean that they have to be Persian however they still hold the Persian suffix, "ian". This is the same for "-stan" which is a Persian noun-maker suffix used for country names such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, etc. which comes from Persian meaning "land" or "province" (Ostan in Persian). Iran consists of 30 provinces: Provinces are governed from a local center, mostly the largest local city. ...

In the old traditional Persian culture the wife did not take on the husband's surname. Although she kept her name, her husband's surname was used when she was referred to or addressed directly in a formal setting.

Italy

Italy has around 350,000 surnames. Most of them derive from the following sources: patronym or ilk (e.g. Francesco di Marco, "Francis, son of Mark" or Eduardo de Filippo, "Edward belonging to the family of Philip"), occupation (e.g. Enzo Ferrari, "Enzo the Smith"), personal characteristic (e.g. nicknames or pet names like Dario Forte, "Darius the Strong"), geographic origin (e.g. Elisabetta Romano, "Elisabeth from Rome") and objects (e.g. Carlo Sacchi, "Charles Bags"). The two most common Italian family names, Russo and Rossi, mean the same thing, "Red", possibly referring to a hair color that would have been very distinctive in Italy. Names in Italian are often directly derived from Latin ones. ... A patronymic is a personal name based on the name of ones father. ... Location of Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg county in Hungary Ilk is a village in Szabolcs-SzatmÃ¡r-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary. ... Eduardo De Filippo was an actor, playwright, screenwriter, author and poet born May 24, 1900 in Naples, Italy and passed away on October 31, 1984 in Rome. ... For the automobile named after this man, see Enzo Ferrari (car). ...

Both Western and Eastern orders are used for full names: the given name usually comes first, but the family name may come first in formal or administrative settings; lists are usually indexed according to the last name.

Women usually keep their surname when married but may also be addressed with the surname of the husband, especially when they become widows. Sometimes both surnames are written (the proper first), usually separated by in (e.g. Giuseppina Mauri in Crivelli). A woman using only her birth surname may add a giovane to the name (e.g. Mauri giovane) to indicate clearly that it is not her husband's name. A widow is a woman whose spouse has died. ...

In a recently proposed law, a child may receive the surname of either the mother or the father.

Lithuania

Lithuanian names follow the Slavic distinction between male and female suffixes of names, although the details are different. Male surnames usually end in -as, -is, -ius, or -us, whereas the female versions change these suffixes to -aitė, -ytė, -iūtė, and -utė respectively (if unmarried) or -ienė (if married). Some Lithuanians have names of Polish or Baltic origin, which are made to conform to Lithuanian by changing the final -ski to -skas, such as Jablonskas, with the female version being -skienė.

Malta

Due to different cultures that had their impacts on the Maltese archipelago, several surnames were acquired.

Sicilian and Italian surnames are common due to the close vicinity to Malta. Examples include Bonello, Camilleri, Cauchi, Chetcuti, Dalli, Darmanin, Farrugia, Giglio, Gauci, Delicata, Licari, Magri, Tabone, Schembri, Vassallo, Rizzo, etc. Sicilian (, Italian: ) is a Romance language. ... Camilleri is a surname. ...

English surnames exist due to Malta forming a part of the British Empire in the 19th century and most of the 20th. Examples include Bickle, Haidon, Harmsworth, Atkins, Mattocks, Martin, Wallbank, Smith, Jones, Sixsmith, Woods, Turner, Henwood. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Semitic surnames are common, due to the early presence of Eastern and Southern Mediterranean people in Malta. Examples include Sammut, Zammit, Said, Borg, Xuereb, Xerri, Grixti, Xriha, although the last three are also written in a Italianized form, i.e. Scerri, Griscti, Sciriha, due to Maltese being written in the Italian alphabet in the 19th century. Siculo-Arabic was a dialect of Arabic spoken in Sicily between the ninth and the fourteenth centuries. ...

Spanish surnames exist too. Three common surnames are Calleja and Galdes and less common surnames are Enriquez, Herrera, Guzman, Inguanez, Carabez. A variant of Galdes exists and is Galdies, with only one family possessing it.

Such as Papagiorcopoulo, Dacoutros, Vasilopoulos, Vasilis, Trakosopoulos

Surnames from foreign countries from Middle Ages include German ones such as von Brockdorff, Engerer, Hyzler, Schranz, Craus, Fenech Fenech is a common Maltese surname, meaning rabbit. Notable people called Fenech include: Edwige Fenech, an Italian actress and producer Jeff Fenech, a Maltese-Australian boxer Paul Fenech, a Maltese-Australian comedian Eddie Fenech Adami, former Maltese prime-minister Category: ...

The Jews have also left a relic of their presence on the island with the surnames of Abela, Ellul, Azzopardi and Cohen. The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ... Azzopardi is a Maltese surname derived from A Safardi, which means A Jew coming from Spain. Most of the Azzopardi families in Malta originated in Toledano, Spain. ...

Some Maltese women, in order to preserve a rare surname from becoming extinct after marriage, add their maiden surname to their husband's. Sometimes, it becomes a sign of social status. These include: Spiteri-Gonzi, Fleri Soler, Mifsud-Bonnici, Sammut-Alessi, Sammut-Testaferrata, Cachia-Zammit, Caruana Curran, Vella-Maistre, Zarb Cousin, Fenech-Adami, Borg Olivier, Sant Fournier.

The few original Maltese surnames are those which show places of origin, for example, Chircop (Kirkop), Lia (Lija), Balzan (Balzan), Valletta (Valletta), Sciberras (Xebb ir-Ras Hill, on which Valletta was built) and possibly Curmi from Qormi. Kirkop (or Ä¦al Kirkop) is a small village south of Malta. ... Entering Lija Belveder Tower Lija (or Ä¦al Lija) is a small village located approximately in the centre of Malta with 2,779 inhabitants residing in it (Nov 2005). ... For the international Balzan prize and its donator, Eugenio Balzan, see Balzan Prize Balzan (or Ä¦al Balzan) is the name of a small village found towards the centre of the Maltese Islands in the Mediterranean sea. ... Valletta (Maltese: , commonly referred to as Il-Belt - The City) is the capital city of Malta. ... The arch of Grandmaster Emanoel Pinto de Fonseca. ...

The village of Munxar, Gozo is characterised by the majority of its population having one from two surnames, either Curmi or de Brincat. In Gozo, the surname Bajada is also very common. Munxar (or Il-Munxar) is a village which lies on the southern side of Gozo Island, Malta, close to the village of Sannat. ... Gozo (Maltese: GÄ§awdex) is an island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea, the island is part of the Southern European country Malta and is the second largest after the island of Malta itself within the archipelago. ...

Recently, due to asylum seekers from third world countries, new family names have been created. An example is Nwoko, following the naturalisation of footballer Chucks Nwoko. Others include Okoh, Ohaegbu, Yekoko, Stefanov, Bogdanovic, Giorev, Mohammed, Abu Shala, Abu Shamala. Chucks Nwoko (born 21 November 1978) is a Maltese soccer player of Nigeria origin. ...

Women take a man's surname upon marriage, and their name is written as: Maria Borg née Zammit in official documents, but only as Maria Borg in informal scenarios. However some celebrities retain their old name as a stage name. Generally children take the surname of their father, but some are given the name of their mother, either alone or combined to their father's.

The custom to address a family is to use the initial and surname of the male and refer also to the family. For example, if a letter is sent to a person named David Saliba and his family, one writes Mr. and Mrs. D. Saliba.

Except for the new surnames from foreign countries, and sometimes the long, combined and rare ones, generally the Maltese people do not give a lot of importance to the origins of their surnames, and cohabit hand in hand.

Mongolia

Mongolians do not use surnames in the way that most Westerners, Chinese or Japanese do. Since the socialist period, patronymics - then called ovog, now called etsgiin ner - are used instead of a surname. If the father's name is unknown, a matronymic is used. The patro- or matronymic is written before the given name. Therefore, if a man with given name Tsakhia has a son, and gives the son the name Elbegdorj, the son's full name is Tsakhia Elbegdorj. Very frequently, the patronymic is given in genitive case, i.e. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. However, the patronymic is rather insignificant in everyday use and usually just given as initial - Ts. Elbegdorj. People are normally just referred to and adressed by their given name (Elbegdorj guai - Mr. Elbegdorj), and if two people share a common given name, they are usually just kept apart by their initials, not by the full patronymic. // (This article is referring to personal naming customs in the state of Mongolia (known prior to 1995 as the Mongolian Peoples Republic). ... Look up patronymic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A matronymic is a personal name based on the name of ones mother. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ...

Since 2000, Mongolians have been officially using clan names - ovog, the same word that had been used for the patronymics before - on their IDs. Many people chose the names of the ancient clans and tribes such Borjigin, Besud, Jalair, etc. Also many extended families chose the names of the native places of their ancestors. Some chose the names of their most ancient known ancestor. Some just decided to pass their own given names (or modifications of their given names) to their descendants as clan names. Some chose or other attributes of their lives as surnames. Gürragchaa chose Sansar (Cosmos). Clan names precede the patronymics and given names, i.e. Besud Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. ^[8] In practice, these clan names seem to have had no really significant effect, and are not even included in Mongolian passports. Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¶Ð¸Ð³Ð¸Ð½, Borjigin; Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors. ... Disambiguation: Jalair could mean 1) The Jalairid Emirate or Khanate which replaced the Ilkhanate in Mesopotamia and Anatolia and ruled them throughout the 14th century 2) Jalair (pre-Genghis Mongols) where Mukhali, one of Genghis Khans great generals came from ... JÃ¼gderdemidiin GÃ¼rragchaa (Mongolian: ; born December 5, 1947) was the first Mongolian cosmonaut and the second Asian in space. ...

Pakistan

Pakistani surnames are basically divided in three categories: Arab naming convention, tribal names and ancestral names. Pakistani personal names take on a number of conventions that differ in form from person to person. ... Pakistani surnames are basically divided in three categories: Arab naming convention, tribal names and ancestral names. ... Pakistani personal names take on a number of conventions that differ in form from person to person. ...

Muslim surnames include those of Arab heritage, e.g. Shaikh, Siddiqui, Abbasi, Syed, Farooqi, Osmani, Alavi, Hassani, Hussaini, and Suhrawardi. For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... Shaikh (Arabic: Ø´ÙŠØ® ),(also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh or Sheikh) is a word in the Arabic language meaning elder of tribe, lord or a revered old man. ... Siddiqui, (also rendered as Siddiqi, Siddiquee, Siddighi, Seddighi or Siddiquie) (Arabic: ØµØ¯ÛŒÙ‚ÛŒ) is a Muslim family name. ... Abbasi (Arabic:Ø¹Ø¨Ø§Ø³ÛŒ) is a prominent Muslim family name. ... Sayyid (Arabic: Ø³ÙŠØ¯ ) Sayyid is an honorific title often given to claimed descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Husayn and Hasan, the sons of his daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib (who was Muhammads younger cousin and had been raised in his... Farooqi (also rendered as Farooqui, Faruki , Farouki or Faruqi), is a common Muslim family name. ... Osmani or Usmani or Othmani or Uthmani (Arabic: Ø¹Ø«Ù…Ø§Ù†ÛŒ) it is a common family name signifying ancestory from Hazrat Uthman (Arabic: Ø¹Ø«Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø¨Ù† Ø¹ÙØ§Ù†), third Khalifa of Islam. ... Alavi (Arabic: Ø¹Ù„ÙˆÙŠ) is a Muslim family name denoting descent from Hadrat Ali cousin of Prophet Muhammad. ... Hussaini or Sisoni is rockey valley in Gojal upper Hunza of the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... Persian philosopher Ø´Ù‡Ø§Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙŠÙ† ÙŠØÙŠÙ‰ Ø³Ù‡Ø±ÙˆØ±Ø¯Ù‰ or Shihabuddin Yahya as-Suhrawardi (born 1153 in North-West-Iran; died 1191 in Aleppo) was the founder of School of Illumination, one of the most important islamic doctrine in Philosophy. ...

Khan is the most common surname in Pakistan, India and Afghanistan indicating Pashtun ancestry and Muslim rajputs. This article is about the title. ... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ...

Family names indicating Turkish heritage include Mughal, Mirza, Baig or Beg, Pasha, and Barlas. The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... The term Mirza, is used for a member of a royal family or a member of the highest aristocracy. ... The Baigs are a proud clan of peoples descending from the India. ... BEG is 1) a verb, meaning to mendicate 2) an alternative form of the Turkic title bey (chieftain, governor etc) ... Pasha, pascha or bashaw (Turkish: paÅŸa) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... The Barlas (also Berlas, Birlas) were a Mongolian, later Turkicized[1][2] nomadic confederation in Central Asia and the chief tribe of the Timurid emperors who ruled much of Central Asia, Iran, and Hindustan in the Middle Ages. ...

People claiming Indian ancestry include those with family names Barelwi, Lakhnavi, Delhvi, Bilgrami etc. Barelvi (Hindi: à¤¬à¤°à¥‡à¤²à¤µà¥€, Urdu: Ø¨Ø±ÛŒÙ„ÙˆÛŒ) is a movement of Sufism in South Asia that was founded by Ahmed Raza Khan of Bareilly, India (hence the term Barelvi). ...

People claiming Iranian ancestry include those with family names Agha, Firdausi, Ghazali, Hamadani, Isfahani, Kashani, Kermani, Khorasani, Mir, Montazeri, Nishapuri, Noorani, Qizilbash, Saadi, Sabzvari, Shirazi, Sistani, Yazdani, Zahedi, and Zand. Look up aga in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... فردوسی Ferdowsi Ferdowsi Ferdowsi Tousi (فردوسی طوسی in Persian) (more commonly transliterated Firdausi) (935–1020) is considered to be one of the greatest Persian poets to have ever lived. ... Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali (born 1058 in Tus, Khorasan province of Persia, modern day Iran, died 1111, Tus) was a Persian Muslim theologian and philosopher, known as Algazel to the western medieval world. ... Kashani, dubbed, the Second Ptolemy, was an outstanding Persian mathematician of the middle ages. ... Kermani or Kirmani (Persian: Ú©Ø±Ù…Ø§Ù†ÛŒ ) is family name indicating ancestory from the city of Kerman, Iran. ... For other uses, see Mir (disambiguation). ... Montazeri is an Iranian surname. ... Qizilbash or Kizilbash (Ottoman Turkish/Persian: QezelbÄÅ¡, Turkish: KÄ±zÄ±lbaÅŸ, Azerbaijani: QÄ±zÄ±lbaÅŸ) - Turkish for Red Heads - name given to a wide variety of extremist Shiite militant groups (ghulÄt) who helped found the Safavid Dynasty of Iran. ... Saadi may refer to one of the following: Saadi (poet), the medieval Persian Sufi poet Saadi Dynasty, the Moroccan dynasty Vicente Saadi, the Argentine politician SaÃ¯d Sadi, the Algerian political activist Abd ar-Rahman as-Saadi, Islamic scholar of fiqh and tafsir Category: ... Sabzwari is a family name that denotes people from Sabzwar, a city in Iran. ... The Shirazi are Persians from Iran. ... His Hounarable Eminence Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husaini Sistani (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙŠØ¯ Ø¹Ù„ÙŠ Ø§Ù„ØØ³ÙŠÙ†ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙŠØ³ØªØ§Ù†ÙŠ Persian: Ø³ÛŒØ¯ Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ ØØ³ÛŒÙ†ÛŒ Ø³ÛŒØ³ØªØ§Ù†ÛŒ), born approximately August 4, 1930, is a Grand Ayatollah, a Shia marja and currently an important person in relation to the occupation of Iraq. ... Yazdani is a family name that denotes people from city of Yazdan in Iran. ... Zahedi (other transliteration: Zahidi) is a name attributed to descendants of Sheikh Zahed Gilani. ... The Zand dynasty ruled southern and central Iran in the eighteenth century. ...

Tribal names include Abro Afaqi, Afridi, Amini, Ashrafkhel, Awan, Bajwa, Baloch, Barakzai, Baranzai, Bhatti, Bhutto, Bijarani, Bizenjo, Brohi, Bugti, Butt, Detho, Gabol, Ghaznavi, Ghilzai, Gichki, Jakhrani, Jamali, Jamote, Janjua, Jatoi, Joyo, Junejo, Karmazkhel, Kayani, Khan, Khar, Khattak, Khuhro, Lakhani, Leghari, Lodhi, Magsi, Malik, Mandokhel, Marwat, Mengal, Palijo, Paracha,Panhwar, Popalzai, Qureshi, Rabbani, Raisani, Rakhshani, Soomro, Sulaimankhel, Talpur, Talwar, Thebo, Yousafzai, and Zamani. Abro is a jamote tribe, one of major tribes of Bolan and Naseerabad division. ... Afridi fighters seen in a battle. ... Amini is a transliterated family name of (separate) Persian and Pakistani origin. ... There are several references to Awan: Awan was an Elamite dynasty of Iran. ... Link titleBajwa (Hindi: à¤¬à¤¾à¤œà¤µà¤¾) (Urdu: Ø¨Ø§Ø¬ÙˆÛ) is a Jat gotra or clan. ... The Baloch (Persian: Ø¨Ù„ÙˆÚ† alternative transliterations Baluch, Balouch, Balooch, Balush, Balosh, Baloosh, Baloush et al. ... The Barakzai Dynasty was the line of rulers in Afghanistan in the 19th and 20th centuries. ... Baranzai (Urdu: Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø§Ù†Ø²ÛŒ )is a Pashtun tribe in the North West Frontier Province and I balochi tribe in Balochistan provinces of [[Pakistan] and Iran. ... Bhatti is a chandravanshi rajput clan and is one of the largest tribes of Rajputs, and also is a tribe of Jats. ... Bhutto may refer to: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Also spelled Bhuto) was former Pakistani Prime Minister, deposed by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1970s. ... Bijarani (Urdu: Ø¨Ø¬Ø§Ø±Ø§Ù†ÛŒ ) is a Balochi tribe in SindhPakistan. ... Bizenjo (Urdu: Ø¨Ø²Ù†Ø¬Ùˆ ) is a Baloch tribe in Balochistan, Pakistan. ... Brahui(brohi), An ancient language mostly spoken in Balochistan,Pakistan. ... Bugti (Urdu: Ø¨Ú¯Ù¹ÛŒ), is a Baloch tribe located in Balochistan, Pakistan. ... Languages Balochi, Sindhi, Siraiki Religions Islam An entry was temporarily removed here. ... Ghaznavi is the name given to a North Korean missile acquired by Pakistan. ... The Ghilzais (also known as Khiljis or Ghaljis) are one of two largest groups of Pashtuns, along with the Durrani tribe, found in Afghanistan with a large group also found in neighboring Pakistan. ... Gichki (Urdu: Ú¯Ú†Ú©ÛŒ ) is a Baloch tribe in Balochistan, Pakistan. ... Jakhrani (Urdu: Ø¬Ú©Ú¾Ø±Ø§Ù†ÛŒ) is a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan. ... Jamali (Urdu: Ø¬Ù…Ø§Ù„ÛŒ ) is the name of a Baloch tribe in Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. ... Jamote or Jamoot (Urdu: Ø¬Ø§Ù…ÙˆÙ¹ ) is a Baloch tribe in Sindh and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan. ... The Janjua Rajput (Punjabi à¨œà¨¨à©à¨œà©à¨…, Urdu: Ø¬Ù†Ø¬ÙˆØ¹Û) (also spelt Janjuha, Janjuah) is a highly dominant royal warrior clan of Northern India and Pakistan. ... Joyo (Urdu: Ø¬ÙˆÛŒÙˆ ) is the name of a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan. ... Junejo (Urdu: ) is the name of a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan and in some parts of India mostly in Rajasthan. ... Kazhani means waste land in Sanskrit and this has resulted in locality names such as Kalani, Kayani etc in various parts of india. ... Khan (Nasta`liq: Ø®Ø§Ù†, DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤–à¤¼à¤¾à¤¨) is a widespread family name. ... Khar is a word used in Ancient Egyptian documents to refer to the southern part of Canaan. ... Khattak or Khatak (Urdu: Ø®Ù¹Ú© ) is a Pashtun tribe. ... Leghari (Urdu: Sindhi: ) also spelt as Laghari in Sindh is a Baloch tribe living in Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. ... Lodhi (also sometimes Lodi) is a Pashtun tribe, most likely a sub-group of the larger Ghilzai of Afghanistan and Pakistan who were part of a wave of Pashtuns who pushed east into what is today Pakistan and India. ... Magsi (Urdu: Ù…Ú¯Ø³ÛŒ ) is a Baloch tribe in Balochistan and Sindh in Pakistan. ... Malik (Arabic: Ù…Ù„Ùƒ ) is an Arabic word meaning king. It has been adopted in various other, mainly Asian languages, and it is sometimes used in derived meanings. ... Mandokhel (Urdu: Ù…Ù†Ø¯Ùˆ Ø®ÛŒÙ„ ) is a Pashtun tribe settled in Pakistan. ... Marwat Ù…Ø±ÙˆØª, a well known branch of Pashtun tribe, are the direct descendants of a Persian Prince Shah Hussain of the house of Ghor (Afghanistan) and Bibi Mato (Daughter of Sheikh Baittan). ... Mengal (Urdu: Ù…ÛŒÙ†Ú¯Ù„ ) is a famous Baloch tribe. ... Palijo (Urdu: Ù¾Ù„ÛŒØ¬Ùˆ ) is the name of a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Popalzai or Popalzay is the name of the Pashtun clan that is part of the larger Durrani tribe from which the first king of Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Durrani originated. ... Quraishi (also rendered as Qureshi, Qoraishi, Koraishi or Kureishi), (Arabic: Ù‚Ø±ÛŒØ´ÛŒ ) is a common Muslim family name. ... Rabbani is a Malaysian nasyid group that consists of 7 members and they are Mohamad Asri Ibrahim as the lead vocal, together with Mohd Asri Ubaidullah, Ahmad Shafie, Zulkiflee Azman, Mohd Loqman Abd. ... Flag of the Chief of Sarawan. ... Soomro or Soomra (Urdu: Ø³ÙˆÙ…Ø±Ùˆ ) is the name of a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan. ... Talpur is a Baloch tribe that conquered and ruled Sindh, and other parts of Pakistan, from 1783 to 1843 AD. Talpur army defeated Kalhora dynasty in the battle of Halani in 1783 to became rulers of Sindh. ... Talwar with sheath A talwar, talwaar, or tulwar (Devanagari: à¤¤à¤²à¤µà¤¾à¤°) is a type of Islamic sword prevalent in medieval India dating back to at least the 13th century. ... The Yousafzai or Yusufzai (also Esapzey) (Urdu: ÛŒÙˆØ³Ù Ø²Ø¦ÛŒ ) are an Afghan tribe. ...

A large number of Rajput converts to Islam have retained their surnames such as Chauhan ,Rathore, Parmar, Bargujar, etc. Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... A family name, or surname or last name, is the part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ... Chauhan (à¤šà¥Œà¤¹à¤¾à¤¨ - Hindi, Ú†ÙˆÛØ§Ù† - Urdu, some Chauhans also choose to spell their name Chohan - ï®€ï»®ï®¨ïºŽï»¥) - are a Arya clan in India. ... The Mehrangarh fort, Jodhpur The Rathore or Rathor or Rathur or Rathod (Hindi: à¤°à¤¾à¤ à¥Œà¤¡, IAST: or , Urdu: Ø±Ø§Ù¹Ú¾ÙˆØ±) is a Rajput tribe of India. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The Philippines

Until the middle of the 19th century, there was no standardization of surnames in the Philippines. There were native Filipinos without surnames, others whose surnames deliberately did not match that of their families, as well as those who took certain surnames simply because they had a certain prestige, usually ones dealing with the Roman Catholic religion, such as de los Santos and de la Cruz.

In 1849, Governor-general Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa decreed an end to these arbitrary practices, the result of which was the Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos ("Alphabetical Inventory of Surnames"). The book contained many words coming from Spanish and the Philippine languages such as Tagalog and many Basque surnames, such as Zuloaga or Aguirre. The CatÃ¡logo alfabÃ©tico de apellidos (English: Alphabetical Catalog of Surnames) is a book of surnames published in the Philippines in the mid-19th century. ...

In practice, the application of this decree varied from municipality to municipality. Some municipalities received only surnames starting with a particular letter. For example, the majority of residents of the island of Banton in the province of Romblon have surnames starting with F such as Fabicon, Fallarme, Fadrilan, and Ferran. Thus, although there perhaps a majority of Filipinos have Spanish surnames, such a surname does not always indicate Spanish ancestry.

The vast majority of Filipinos follow a naming system which is the reverse of the Spanish one. Children take the mother's surname as their middle name, followed by their father's as their surname; for example, a son of Juan de la Cruz and his wife Maria Agbayani may be David Agbayani de la Cruz. Women take the surnames of their husband upon marriage; so upon her marriage to David de la Cruz, the full name of Laura Yuchengco Macaraeg would become Laura Yuchengco Macaraeg de la Cruz.

There are other sources for surnames. Many Filipinos also have Chinese-derived surnames, which in some cases could indicate Chinese ancestry. Many Hispanicised Chinese numerals and other Hispanicised Chinese words, however, were also among the surnames in the Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos. For those whose surname may indicate Chinese ancestry, analysis of the surname may help to pinpoint when those ancestors arrived in the Philippines. A hispanicised Chinese surname such as Cojuangco suggests an 18th-century arrival while a Chinese surname such as Lim suggests a relatively recent immigration. Some Chinese surnames such as Tiu-Laurel are composed of the immigrant Chinese ancestor's surname as well as the name of that ancestor's godparent on receiving Christian baptism.

In the predominantly Muslim areas of the southern Philippines, adoption of surnames was influenced by connexions to that religion, its holy places, and prophets. As a result, surnames among Filipino Muslims are largely Arabic-based, and include such surnames as Hassan and Haradji.

There are also Filipinos who, to this day, have no surnames at all, particularly if they come from rural tribes.

Unique Spanish family names in the Philippines

Prior to the establishment of the Philippines as a US territory during the earlier part of the 20th century, Filipinos usually followed Iberian naming customs. However, upon the promulgation of the Family Code of 1987, Filipinos begin to adopt the American system of using their surnames.

A common Filipino name will consist of the given name (mostly 2 given names are given), the initial letter of the mother's maiden name and finally the father's surname (i.e. Lucy Anne C. de Guzman). Also, women are allowed to retain their maiden name or use both her and her husband's surname, separated by a dash. This is common in feminist circles or when the woman hold a prominent office (e.g. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Miriam Defensor-Santiago). In more traditional circles, especially those who belong to the prominent families in the provinces, the custom of the woman being addressed as Mrs. Husband's Full Name is still common. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born April 5, 1947), also known by her initials G.M.A., is the 14th and current president of the Republic of the Philippines. ...

For widows, who chose to marry again, two norms are in existence. For those who were widowed before the Family Code, the full name of the woman remains while the surname of the deceased husband is attached. That is, Maria Andres, who was widowed by Ignacio Dimaculangan will have the name Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan. If she chooses to marry again, this name will still continue to exist while the surname of the new husband is attached. That, if Maria marries Rene de los Santos, her new name will be Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan de los Santos.

However, a new norm is also in existence. The woman may choose to use her husband's surname to be one of her middle names. Thus, Maria Andres viuda de Dimaculangan de los Santos may also be called Maria A.D. de los Santos.

Children will however automatically inherit their father's surname if they are considered legitimate. If the child is born outside wedlock, the mother will automatically pass her surname to the child, unless the father gives a written acknowledgment of paternity. The father may also choose to give the child both his parents' surnames if he wishes (that is Gustavo Paredes, whose parents are Eulogio Paredes and Juliana Angeles, while having Maria Solis as a wife, may name his child Kevin S. Angeles-Paredes.

In some Tagalog regions, the norm of giving patronyms, or in some cases matronyms, are also accepted. These names are of course not official, since family names in the Philippines are inherited. It is not uncommon to refer to someone as Juan anak ni Pablo (John, the Son of Pablo) or Juan apo ni Teofilo (John, the grandson of Theophilus).

Romania

In Romania, like in most of Europe, a child inherits his father's family name, and a wife takes her husband's last name. There are however exceptions and social pressure to follow this tradition is not particularly strong in most families. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Until the 19th century, the names were primarily of the form "[given name] [father's name] [grandfather's name]". The few exceptions are usually famous people or the nobility (boyars). The name reform introduced around 1850, had the names changed to a western style, most likely imported from France, consisting of a given name followed by a family name.

As such, the name is called prenume (French prénom), while the family name is called nume or, when otherwise ambiguous, nume de familie ("family name"). Although not mandatory, middle names (Romanian numele mic, literally, "small name") are common.

Historically, when the family name reform was introduced in the mid 19th century, the default was to use a patronym, or a matronym when the father was dead or unknown. The typical derivation was to append the suffix -escu to the father's name, e.g. Anghelescu ("Anghel's child") and Petrescu ("Petre's child"). (The -escu seems to come both from Old Slavonic -ьскъ and/or from Latin -iscum, thus being cognate with Italian -esco and French -esque.) The other common derivation was to append the suffix -eanu to the name of the place of origin, especially when one came from a different region, e.g. Munteanu ("from the mountains") and Moldoveanu ("from Moldova"). These uniquely Romanian suffixes strongly identify ancestral nationality. A patronymic is a personal name based on the name of ones father. ... A patronymic is a personal name based on the name of ones father. ... Old Slavonic may refer to: Old Church Slavonic language Common Slavonic language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

There are also descriptive family names derived from occupations, nicknames, and events, e.g. Botezatu ("baptised"), Barbu ("bushy bearded"), Prodan ("foster"), Bălan ("blond"), Fieraru ("smith"), Croitoru ("taylor").

Although given names appear before family names in most Romanian contexts, official documents invert the order, ostensibly for filing purposes. Correspondingly, Romanians often introduce themselves with their family names first, especially in official contexts, e.g. a student signing a test paper in school.

Romanians bearing names of non-Romanian origin often adopt Romanianised versions of their ancestral surnames, such as Jurovschi for Polish Żurowski, which preserves the original pronunciation of the surname through transliteration. In other cases, as with Romanians of Hungarian origin, these changes were often mandated by the state, as was the practice during the period of communist rule^[9].

By region

Cultures of China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam

In Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultures, the family name is placed before the given names. So the terms "first name" and "last name" are generally not used, as they do not in this case denote the given and family names. A Chinese surname, family name (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) or clan name (æ°; pinyin: shÃ¬), is one of the hundreds or thousands of family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic groups in mainland China, Taiwan, and among overseas Chinese communities. ... A Korean personal name consists of a family name followed by a given name. ... Yamada TarÅ (), a typical Japanese name (male), equivalent to John Smith in English. ... Vietnamese names generally consist of three parts: a family name, a middle name, and a given name, used in that order. ...

Chinese family names have many types of origins, dating back as early as pre-Qin era: Qin Dynasty in 210 BC Capital Xianyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy History - Unification of China 221 BC - Death of Qin Shi Huangdi 210 BC - Surrender to Liu Bang 206 BC The Qin Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Chao) (221 BC - 206 BC) was preceded by the...

In history, some changed their surnames due to a naming taboo (from Zhuang莊 to Yian嚴 during the era of Liu Zhuang劉莊)or as an award by the Emperor(Li was often to senior officers during Tang Dynasty). For other uses, see Chen. ... Chen (é™³ Tráº§n) was a minor state of the Spring and Autumn Period in Ancient China. ... è”¡; CÃ i CÃ i (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: è”¡) is the 34th most common Chinese surname and derives from the name of the ancient Cai state. ... Japanese name Kanji: Hiragana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quá»‘c ngá»¯: HÃ¡n tá»±: A posthumous name (è«¡è™Ÿ) is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in some cultures after the persons death. ... Zhuang (Chinese: åº„; Pinyin: ZhuÄng; Wade-Giles: Chuang) is a Chinese surname. ... King Zhuang of Chu (æ¥šèŽŠçŽ‹) (died 591 BC) was leader in the state of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. ... // The King, or Wang (Chinese: çŽ‹ or åœ‹çŽ‹; wÃ¡ng), was the title of the Chinese head of state until the Qin dynasty. ... Wang (çŽ‹; pinyin: WÃ¡ng) is one of the most common and ancient Chinese family names. ... Shi can be: The Chinese term (è©©) for poetry. ... Naming taboo was a taboo of saying or writing names (specifically characters) of the emperors and ancestors in China and neighboring nations in the ancient Chinese cultural sphere. ... Emperor Ming of Han, ch. ... æŽ LÇ Li, Lee or Ly is a common transliteration of several Chinese family names, including that of æŽ (pinyin LÇ), the most common Chinese family name, and other less common surnames such as é»Ž (LÃ); ç† and é‡Œ (both pronounced as LÇ); éƒ¦, (é…ˆ), æ —, åŽ‰, (åŽ²), and åˆ© (all pronounced as LÃ¬). Calligraphically, Li (æŽ) is the same character as... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...

In modern days, some Chinese adopt a Western given name in addition to their original given names, e.g. Lee Chu-ming(李柱銘) adopted the Western name Martin, which can often be used as a nickname of Chu-ming. The adopted Western name can be put in front of their Chinese name, e.g. Martin LEE Chu-ming. In addition, many people with Chinese names have non-Chinese first names which are commonly used. Sometimes, the Chinese name becomes used as a "middle name", e.g. Martin Chu-ming Lee, or even used a "last name", e.g. Lee Chu-ming Martin. Chinese names used in Western countries may be rearranged when written to avoid misunderstanding, e.g. cellist Yo-Yo Ma. However, some well-known Chinese names remain in the traditional order even in English literature, e.g. Mao Zedong, Yao Ming(Note that the name on the back of Yao Ming's NBA jersey is "Yao," rather than "Ming," as the former is his family name). Alternative meanings: Martin Lee (singer), Martin Lee (drummer) Martin Lee campaigning during the 2004 Legislative Council elections The Honourable Martin Lee Chu-ming QC SC JP (李柱銘) (born June 8, 1938) is the founding chairman (1994-2002) of the Democratic Party (DP), a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Ma Yo-Yo Ma (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (b. ... Mao redirects here. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Yao (å§š) Yao Ming (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (born September 12, 1980, in Shanghai, China) is a Chinese professional basketball player and is arguably the best center in the National Basketball Association (NBA) today. ...

Vietnamese and Korean names are generally stated in East Asian order (family name first) even when writing in English.

In English writings originating from non-English cultures (e.g. English newspapers in China), the family name is often written with all capital letters to avoid being mistaken as a middle name, e.g. Laurence Yee-ming KWONG or using small capitals, as Laurence KWONG Yee-ming or with a comma, as AKUTAGAWA, Ryūnosuke to make clear which name is the family name. Such practice is particularly common in mass-media reporting international events like the Olympic Games. The CIA World Factbook stated that "The Factbook capitalizes the surname or family name of individuals for the convenience of [their] users who are faced with a world of different cultures and naming conventions". For example, Leslie Cheung Kwok Wing might be mistaken as Mr. Wing by readers unaware of Chinese naming conventions. This is a Japanese name; the family name is Akutagawa RyÅ«nosuke Akutagawa ); (March 1, 1892 - July 24, 1927) was a Japanese writer active in Taisho period Japan. ... The five Olympic rings were designed in 1913, adopted in 1914 and debuted at the Games at Antwerp, 1920. ... Leslie Cheung Kwok-Wing (September 12, 1956 â€“ April 1, 2003) (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; Cantonese IPA: , Jyutping: zoeng1 gwok3 wing4; Mandarin Pinyin: ZhÄng GuÃ³rÃ³ng, Wade-Giles: Chang Kuo-jung; nickname Gor-gor (å“¥å“¥, Elder Brother in Cantonese), was an actor and musician from Hong Kong. ...

Vietnamese family names present an added complication. Like Chinese family names, they are placed at the beginning of a name, but unlike Chinese names, they are not usually the primary form of address. Rather, people will be referred to by their given name, usually accompanied by an honorific. For example, Phan Van Khai is properly addressed as Mr. Khai, even though Phan is his family name. This pattern contrasts with that of most other East Asian naming conventions. Phan VÄƒn Kháº£i (born December 25, 1933 in suburb of Cu Chi, of the former city of Saigon), now the municipality of Há»“ ChÃ Minh City, is the Prime Minister of Vietnam since September 24, 1997, and was re-elected in August 2002. ...

In Japan, the civil law forces a common surname for every married couple, unless in a case of international marriage. In most cases, women surrender their surnames upon marriage, and use the surnames of their husbands. However, a convention that a man uses his wife's family name if the wife is an only child is sometimes observed. A similar tradition called ru zhui (入贅) is common among Chinese when the bride's family is wealthy and has no son but wants the heir to pass on their assets under the same family name. The Chinese character zhui (贅) carries a money radical (貝), which implies that this tradition was originally based on financial reasons. All their offspring carry the mother's family name. If the groom is the first born with an obligation to carry his own ancestor's name, a compromise may be reached in that the first male child carries the mother's family name while subsequent offspring carry the father's family name. The tradition is still in use in many Chinese communities outside of mainland China, but largely disused in China because of social changes from communism. Due to the economic reform in the past decade, accumulation and inheritance of personal wealth made a come back to the Chinese society. It is unknown if this financially motivated tradition would also come back to mainland China. The left part of mÄ, a Chinese character meaning mother, is a radical that means woman A radical (from Latin radix, meaning root) is a basic identifiable component of every Chinese character. ... ...

In Korean and Chinese cultures (including Hong Kong, Singapore, and non-aboriginal Taiwan), women keep their own surnames, while the family as a whole is referred to by the surnames of the husbands.

In Hong Kong, some women would be known to the public with the surnames of their husbands preceding their own surnames, such as Anson Chan Fang On Sang. Anson is an English given name, On Sang is the given name in Chinese, Chan is the surname of Anson's husband, and Fang is her own surname. A name change on legal documents is not necessary. Anson Chan Anson Chan (Fang On Sang) GBM GCMG CBE JP (Chinese: ) (born January 17, 1940) was head of Hong Kongs civil service before and after the territorys handover to the Peoples Republic of China from British colonial rule. ...

In Macau, some people have their names in Portuguese spelt with some Portuguese style, such as Carlos do Rosario Tchiang.

Chinese women in Canada, especially Hongkongers in Toronto, would preserve their maiden names before the surnames of their husbands when written in English, for instance Rosa Chan Leung, where Chan is the maiden name, and Leung is the surname of the husband. A Hongkonger or Hong Konger is someone who resides or originates from Hong Kong. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and appeal to a wider international audience, this article may require cleanup. ...

In Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese, surnames are predominantly monosyllabic (written with one character), though a small number of common disyllabic (or written with two characters) surnames exists (e.g. the Chinese name Ouyang, the Korean name Jegal and the Vietnamese name Phan-Tran). Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... A Chinese compound surname (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: fÃ¹xÃ¬ng) is a Chinese surname using more than one character. ...

Many Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese surnames are of the same origin, but simply pronounced differently and even transliterated differently overseas in Western nations. For example, the common Chinese surnames Chen, Chan, Chin, Cheng and Tan, the Korean surname Jin, as well as the Vietnamese surname Trần are often all the same exact character 陳. The common Korean surname Kim is also the common Chinese surname Jin, and written 金. The common Mandarin surnames Lin or Lim (林) is also one and the same as the common Cantonese or Vietnamese surname Lam and Korean family name Lim(written/pronounced as Im in South Korea). Interestingly, there are people with the surname of Hayashi(林) in Japan too.

Scandinavia

In Scandinavia family names often, but certainly not always, originate from a patronymic. In Sweden, the patronymic ending is -son, e.g. Karlsson ("Karl's son"). In Denmark and Norway, the corresponding ending is -sen, as in Karlsen. Names ending with dotter/datter (daughter), such as Olofsdotter, are rare but occurring, and only apply to females. Today, the patronymic names are passed on similarly to family names in other Western countries, and a person's father doesn't have to be called Karl if he or she has the surname Karlsson. For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ...

Before the 19th century there was the same system in Scandinavia as in Iceland today. Noble families, however, as a rule adopted a family name, which could refer to a presumed or real forefather (e.g. Earl Birger Magnusson Folkunge^{[citation needed]} ) or to the family's coat of arms (e.g. King Gustav Eriksson Vasa). In many surviving family noble names, such as Silfversparre ("silver-sparrow") or Stiernhielm ("star-helmet"), the spelling is obsolete, but since it applies to a name, remains unchanged. Birger Magnusson (1280 – 1321) was hailed king when he was four years old. ... Coat of arms of Folkung family In modern Swedish, Folkung (from folk kung, peoples king) has two meanings, which appear to be opposites: The medieval House of Bjelbo in Sweden, which produced several Swedish statesmen and kings. ... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... Gustav Vasa, originally Gustav Eriksson Vasa (May 12, 1496â€“September 29, 1560) was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death. ... The Vasa Coat of Arms The House of Vasa was the Royal House of Sweden (1523-1654) and of Poland (1587-1668). ...

Later on, people from the Scandinavian middle classes, particularly artisans and town dwellers, adopted names in a similar fashion to that of the nobility. Family names such as the Swedish Bergman, Holmberg, Lindgren, Sandström and Åkerlund were quite frequent and remain common today. The same is true for similar Norwegian and Danish names.

Even more important a driver of change was the need, for administrative purposes, to develop a system under which each individual had a "stable" name - a name that followed the person from birth till the end. In the old days, people would be known by their name, patronymic and the farm they lived at. This last element would change if a person got a new job, bought a new farm, or otherwise came to live somewhere else. (This is part of the origin, in this part of the world, of the custom of women changing their names upon marriage. Originally it indicated, basically, a change of address, and there are numerous examples of men doing the same thing). The many patronymic names may derive from the fact that people who moved from the country to the cities, also gave up the name of the farm they came from. As a worker, you passed by your father's name, and this name passed on to the next generation as a family name. Einar Gerhardsen, the Norwegian prime minister, used a true patronym, as his father was named Gerhard Olsen (Gerhard, the son of Ola). Gerhardsen passed his own patronym on to his children as a family name. This has been common in many working class families. The tradition of keeping the farm name as a family name got stronger during the first half of the 20th century in Norway. (born on May 10, 1897 - September 19, 1987) was a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party of Norway. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ...

These names often indicated the place of residence of the family. For this reason, Denmark and Norway have a very high incidence of names derived from those of farms, many signified by the suffixes like -bø, -rud, -stuen, -løkken or even more predominantly -gaard -- the modern spelling is gård in Danish and has changed to gard in Norwegian, but as in Sweden, archaic spelling persists in surnames. The most well-known example of this kind of surname is probably Kierkegaard (original meaning: the farm located by the Church or also churchyard and cemetery [although this is unlikely in the context] which, with kierke, actually includes two archaic spellings), but many others could be cited. It should also be noted that, since the names in question are derived from the original owners' domiciles, the possession of this kind of name is no longer an indicator of affinity with others who bear it. SÃ¸ren Aabye Kierkegaard (IPA: , but usually Anglicized as ; ) 5 May 1813 â€“ 11 November 1855) was a prolific 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian. ...

In many cases, names were taken from the nature around them. In Norway, for instance, there is an abundancy of surnames based on coastal geography, with suffixes like -strand, -øy, -holm, -vik, -fjord or -nes. A family name such as Dahlgren is derived from "dahl" meaning valley and "gren" meaning branch; or similarly Upvall [6] meaning "upper-valley"; It depends on the Scandinavian country, language, and dialect.

Slavic countries

Slavic countries are noted for having masculine and feminine versions for many (but not all) of their names. Most of their surnames have suffixes which are found to varying degrees over the different nations. (Of course, many other names do not have suffixes at all.)

Note: the following list does not take regional spelling variations into account.

If the name has no suffix, it may or may not have a feminine version. Sometimes it has the ending changed (such as the addition of -a). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, suffixless names are feminized by adding -ová, but this is not done in neighboring Poland.

Czechia

Names of Czech people consist of given name (rodné jméno) and surname (příjmení). Usage of the second or middle name is not common. Females' names are usually derived from males' ones by a suffix -ová (Nováková) or -á for names being originally adjectives (Veselá), sometimes with a little change of original name's ending (Sedláčková from Sedláček or Svobodová from Svoboda). Women change their family names when they get married. Deriving women's names from foreigners' names is often problematic since foreign names do not suit Czech language rules. Czechs (Czech: ) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic. ... Look up Appendix:Most popular given names by country in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A family name, or surname, is that part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ... Czech (pronounced ; ÄeÅ¡tina IPA: in Czech) is one of the West Slavic languages, along with Slovak, Polish, Pomeranian (Kashubian), and Lusatian Sorbian. ...

The family names are usually nouns (Svoboda, Král, Růžička), adjectives (Novotný, Černý, Veselý), verbs in a past tense of the third person (Pospíšil) or they mean nothing particular (Dvořák, Beneš). There is also a couple of names with more complicated origin which are actually complete sentences (Skočdopole, Hrejsemnou or Vítámvás). The most common Czech family name is Novák / Nováková. In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ... In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjectives subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. ... It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ...

Russia

A full Russian name consists of personal (given) name, patronymic, and family name (surname).

Most Russian family names originated from patronymics, that is, father's name usually formed by adding the adjective suffix -ov(a) or -ev(a)). Contemporary patronymics, however, have a substantive suffix -ich for masculine and the adjective suffix -na for feminine.

Such a pattern of name formation is not unique to Russia or even to the Eastern and Southern Slavs in general; quite common are also names derived from professions, places of origin, and personal characteristics, with various suffixes (e.g. -in(a) and -sky (-skaia)).

Places of origin: A smith, or metalsmith, is a person involved in the shaping of metal objects. ... A tailor attending to a customer in Hong Kong. ... Shepherd in FÄƒgÄƒraÅŸ Mountains, Romania. ...

A considerable number of “artificial” names exists, for example, those given to seminary graduates; such names were based on Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church or Christian virtues. The feast of the Resurrection of Jesus, called Easter or Pascha, is the greatest of the feasts of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ...

Many freed serfs were given surnames after those of their former owners. For example, a serf of the Demidov family might be named Demidovsky, which translates roughly as "belonging to Demidov" or "one of Demidov's bunch". Coat of arms of Prince Anatole Demidoff. ...

Grammatically, Russian family names follow the same rules as other nouns or adjectives (names ending with -oy, -aya are grammatically adjectives), with exceptions: some names do not change in different cases and have the same form in both genders (for example, Sedykh, Lata).

Poland

In Poland and most of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, surnames first appeared during the late Middle Ages. They initially denoted the differences between various people living in the same town or village and bearing the same name. The conventions were similar to those of English surnames, using occupations, patronymic descent, geographic origins, or personal characteristics. Thus, early surnames indicating occupation include Karczmarz ("innkeeper"), Kowal ("blacksmith"), and Bednarczyk ("young cooper"), while those indicating patronymic descent include Szczepaniak ("Son of Szczepan), Józefowicz ("Son of Józef), and Kaźmirkiewicz ("Son of Kazimierz"). Similarly, early surnames like Mazur ("the one from Mazury") indicated geographic origin, while ones like Nowak ("the new one"), Biały ("the pale one"), and Wielgus ("the big one") indicated personal characteristics. Polish surnames are known from the Middle Ages, but only 200 years ago did the inherited surnames become compulsory. ... A Polish personal name, like names in most European cultures, consists of two main elements: imiÄ™, or the given name, followed by nazwisko, or the family name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Sailing on Lake MikoÅ‚ajki Masuria (Polish: ; German: ) is an area in northeastern Poland famous for its lakes and forests. ...

In the early 16th century, ( the Polish Renaissance), toponymic names became common, especially among the nobility. Initially, the surnames were in a form of "[first name] de ("z", "of") [location]". Later, most surnames were changed to adjective forms, e.g. Jakub Wiślicki ("James of Wiślica") and Zbigniew Oleśnicki ("Zbigniew of Oleśnica"), with masculine suffixes -ski, -cki, -dzki and -icz or respective feminine suffixes -ska, -cka, -dzka and -icz on the east of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Names formed this way are adjectives grammatically, and therefore change their form depending on gender; for example, Jan Kowalski and Maria Kowalska collectively use the plural Kowalscy. The Polish Renaissance, whose influence originated in Italy, started spreading in Poland in the 15th and 16th century. ... StanisÅ‚aw Antoni Szczuka, a Polish nobleman Szlachta ( ) was the noble class in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the two countries that later jointly formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... WiÅ›lica is a town on the Nida River in ÅšwiÄ™tokrzyskie Voivodship in Poland. ... Zbigniew Oleśnicki Zbigniew Oleśnicki (1389 - 1455) was a Polish cardinal and statesman. ... Oleśnica (German Oels or Öls. ... A suffix is an affix that follows the morphemes to which it can attach. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Names with masculine suffixes -ski, -cki, and -dzki, and corresponding feminine suffixes -ska, -cka, and -dzka became associated with noble origin. Many people from lower classes successively changed their surnames to fit this pattern. This produced many Kowalskis, Bednarskis, Kaczmarskis and so on. Today, although most Polish speakers do not know about noble associations of -ski, -cki, -dzki and -icz endings, such names still sound somehow better to them.

A separate class of surnames derive from the names of noble clans. These are used either as separate names or the first part of a double-barrelled name. Thus, persons named Jan Nieczuja and Krzysztof Nieczuja-Machocki might be related. Similarly, after World War I and World War II, many members of Polish underground organizations adopted their war-time pseudonyms as the first part of their surnames. Edward Rydz thus became Marshal of Poland Edward Śmigły-Rydz and Zdzisław Jeziorański became Jan Nowak-Jeziorański. StanisÅ‚aw Antoni Szczuka, a Polish nobleman Szlachta ( ) was the noble class in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the two countries that later jointly formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... In English-speaking and some other Western countries, a double-barrelled name is a family name with two parts, which may or may not be joined with a hyphen, for example Bowes-Lyon or Fraser Darling. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Polish Secret State (also known as Polish Underground State; Polish Polskie Państwo Podziemne) is a term coined by Jan Karski in his book Story of a Secret State; it is used to refer to all underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian. ... A pseudonym or allonym is a name (sometimes legally adopted, sometimes purely fictitious) used by an individual as an alternative to their birth name. ... Marshal of Poland (Marszałek Polski) is the highest rank in the Polish Army. ... Edward Rydz-Śmigły Edward Rydz-Śmigły (born March 11, 1886 in Łapszyn near Brzeżana, Tarnopol Voivodship - died December 2, 1941 in Warsaw), codenames Śmigły, Tarłowski, Adam Zawisza. ... Jan Nowak-Jeziorański Jan Nowak-Jeziorański (October 3, 1914 – January 20, 2005) was a Polish journalist, writer, politician, social worker and patriot. ...

South Slavs

Surnames of some South Slavic groups such as Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins, and Bosniaks traditionally end with the suffixes "-ić" and "-ović" (often transliterated to English and other western languages as "ic", "ich", "ovic" or "ovich") which are a diminutive indicating descent i.e. "son of." Countries inhabited by South Slavs (in teal) The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans, the southern Pannonian Plain and the eastern Alps. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below (* many Serbs opted for Yugoslav ethnicity) [27] Serbs (Serbian: Ð¡Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in... Languages Croatian Religions Predominantly Roman Catholic Related ethnic groups Slavs South Slavs Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ... Montenegrins (Serbian/Montenegrin: Ð¦Ñ€Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ†Ð¸/Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people who are primarily associated with the Republic of Montenegro. ... Language(s) Bosnian Religion(s) Predominantly Islam Related ethnic groups Slavs (South Slavs) The Bosniaks or Bosniacs[1] (Bosnian: BoÅ¡njaci, IPA: ) are a people, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) and the SandÅ¾ak region of Serbia and Montenegro, with a smaller autochthonous population also present in Croatia...

Noted exception from patronymic rule was a family name of prominent 19th century Serbia family Babadudić from Baba (literally, granny) Duda.

In some cases family name was derived from a profession (e.g. blacksmith - "Kovač" → "Kovačević").

In general family names in all of these countries follow this pattern with some family names being typically Serbian, some typically Croat and yet others being common throughout the whole linguistic region.

Children usually inherit fathers family name. In older naming convention which was common in Serbia up until mid 19th century a persons name would consist of three distinct parts persons given name, patronymic derived from father's personal name and the family name, as seen in for example in the name of language reformer Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... Vuk StefanoviÄ‡ KaradÅ¾iÄ‡ (Serbian Cyrillic: Ð’ÑƒÐº Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÑ„Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ› ÐšÐ°Ñ€Ð°ÑŸÐ¸Ñ›) (November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864) was a Serbian linguist and major reformer of the Serbian language. ...

Official family names do not have distinct male or female forms. Somewhat archaic unofficial form of adding suffixes to family names to form female form exists, with -eva, implying "daughter of" or "female descendant of" or -ka, implying "wife of" or "married to".

Bosniak Muslim names follow the same formation pattern but are usually derived from proper names of Islamic origin, often combining archaic Islamic or feudal Turkish titles i.e. Mulaomerović, Šabanadžović, Hadžihafisbegović etc. Language(s) Bosnian Religion(s) Predominantly Islam Related ethnic groups Slavs (South Slavs) The Bosniaks or Bosniacs[1] (Bosnian: BoÅ¡njaci, IPA: ) are a people, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) and the SandÅ¾ak region of Serbia and Montenegro, with a smaller autochthonous population also present in Croatia...

Also related to Turkish influence is prefix Hadži- found in some family names. Regardless of religion, this prefix was derived from the honorary title which a distinguished ancestor eared by making a pilgrimage to either Christian or Islamic holy places. Hadžibegić, being Bosniak Muslim example. For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ...

In Croatia where tribal affiliations persisted longer, Lika, Herzegovina etc., original family name came to signify practically all people living in one area or holding of the nobles. The Šubić family owned land around the Zrin River in the Central Croatian region of Banovina. The surname became Šubić Zrinski, the most famous being Nikola Šubić Zrinski. Lika is a mountainous region in central Croatia, roughly bound by the Velebit mountain from the southwest and the PljeÅ¡evica mountain from the northeast. ... This article is about the geographic area of Herzegovina. ... Coat of Arms of the Breberienses The Å ubiÄ‡ were one of the twelve tribes which constituted Croatian statehood in the Middle Ages; they held the county of Bribir (Varvaria) in inland Dalmatia. ... Ban was a title used in some states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 9th century and the 20th century. ... Nikola Å ubiÄ‡ Zrinski Portrait by Oton IvekoviÄ‡ Zrinyi MiklÃ³s statue at KodÃ¡ly kÃ¶rÃ¶nd, Budapest Nikola Å ubiÄ‡ Zrinski or MiklÃ³s ZrÃnyi, (1508-1566), Croatian and Hungarian hero, member of the Zrinski noble family. ...

Due to discriminatory laws in Austro-Hungarian Empire some of Serb families of Vojvodina have discarded suffix -ić in an attempt to mask their ethnicity and avoid heavy taxation. Official languages Latin, German, Hungarian Established church Roman Catholic Capital & Largest City Vienna pop. ... Vojvodina (red) is one of Serbias two autonomous provinces Capital (and largest city) Novi Sad Official languages Ethnic groups 2. ...

Among the Bulgarians, another South Slavic people, the typical surname suffix is "-ov" (Ivanov, Kovachev), although other popular suffixes also exist.

In the Republic of Macedonia, the most popular suffix today is "-ski". For an explanation of terms related to Macedonia, see Macedonia (terminology). ...

Compared to other systems, the Bulgarian name system can be said to be rather simple. ...

Ukraine and Belarus

Ukrainian and Belarusian names evolved from the same Old East Slavic and Ruthenian language (western Rus’) origins. Ukrainian and Belarusian names share many characteristics with family names from other Slavic cultures. Most prominent are the shared root words and suffixes. For example, the root koval (blacksmith) compares to the Polish kowal, and the root bab (woman) is shared with Polish, Slovakian, and Czech. The suffix -vych (son of) corresponds to the South Slavic -vic, the Russian -vich, and the Polish -wicz, while -sky, -ski, and -ska are shared with both Polish and Russian, and -ak with Polish. Old East Slavic, traditionally known as Old Russian (Russian: Ð´Ñ€ÐµÐ²Ð½ÐµÑ€ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹), is a name for a vernacular literary language used between the 10th and 14th centuries by East Slavs in Kievan Rus and other states formed by that ethnic group. ... Ruthenian was a historic East Slavic language, spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later in the East Slavic territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Rus (Ð ÑƒÑÑŒ in the Cyrillic Alphabet, transliterated Rusâ€™) may refer to one of the following: Rus (people) - a medieval people of Eastern Europe Etymology of Rus and derivatives - ethnonym Kievan Rus - state Ruthenia - land Rus, brother of Lech and Czech - legendary character Rus (special forces) - a unit of the Russian Interior... Kowalski (feminine: Kowalska, plural Kowalscy) is the second most common surname in Poland (139,719). ...

However some suffixes are more uniquely characteristic to Ukrainian and Belarusian names, especially: -chuk (Western Ukraine), -enko (all other Ukraine) (both son of), -ko (little [masculine]), -ka (little [feminine]), -shyn, and -uk. See, for example, Ukrainian Presidents Leonid Kravchuk, and Viktor Yushchenko, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, or former Soviet diplomat Andrei Gromyko. Western Ukraine (Західно-українська Народна Республіка, West-Ukrainian Peoples Republic) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of Lviv, Kolomyja, and Stanislav. ... Leonid Kravchuk in Kiev, August 1992 Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk (Ukrainian: Ð›ÐµÐ¾Ð½Ñ–Ð´ ÐœÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÑ€Ð°Ð²Ñ‡ÑƒÐº born 10 January 1934) is a Ukrainian politician. ... Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Ukrainian: ) (born February 23, 1954) is the current President of Ukraine. ... Aleksandr Grigoryevich Lukashenko or Alyaksandar Ryhoravich Lukashenka (Belarusian: , Russian: ) (born August 30, 1954 at Kopys, Vitebsk voblast) has been the President of Belarus since 1994. ... Andrei Gromyko Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€ÐµÌÐ¹ ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€ÐµÌÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð“Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼Ñ‹ÌÐºÐ¾) (July 18 (July 5, Old Style), 1909 â€“ July 2, 1989) was Minister for Foreign Affairs and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. ...

Burundi/Rwanda

In Burundi and Rwanda, most, if not all surnames have God in it, for example Hakizimana (meaning God cures), Nshimirimana (I thank God) or Havyarimana/Habyarimana (God gives birth). But not all surnames end with the suffix -imana. Irakoze is one of these. (technically meaning Thank God, though it's hard to translate it correctly in English or probably any other languages.)

Eritrea/Ethiopia/Somalia

The patronymic custom in most of Eritrea and Ethiopia gives children the father's first name as their surname. The family then gives child its first name. Middle names are unknown. So, for example, a person's name might be Demesie Birhanu. In this case, Demesie is the first name and Birhanu is the surname, and also the first name of the father. Habesha names are constructed in a fashion similar to Arabic name convention. ...

The paternal grandfather's name is often used if there is a requirement to identify a person further, for example, in school registration. Also, different cultures and tribes use as the family's name the father's or grandfather's given name. For example, some Oromos use Warra Ali to mean families of Ali, where Ali, is either the householder, a father or grandfather.

In Ethiopia, the customs surrounding the bestowal and use of family names is as varied and complex as the cultures to be found there. There are so many cultures, nations or tribes, that currently there can be no one formula whereby to demonstrate a clear pattern of Ethiopian family names. In general, however, Ethiopians use their father's name as a surname in most instances where identification is necessary, sometimes employing both father's and grandfather's names together where exigency dictates.

By ethnic group

Jewish

Jewish names have historically varied, encompassing throughout the centuries several different traditions The Jewish name has historically varied, encompassing throughout the centuries several different traditions. ...

Kurdish

The majority of Kurds do not hold Kurdish names because the names have been banned in the countries they primarily live in (namely Iran, Turkey and Syria). Kurds in these respective countries tend to hold Turkish, Persian or Arabic names, in the majority of cases, forcefully appointed by the ruling governments.^[10] Others hold Arabic names as a result of the influence of Islam and Arab culture.

Kurds holding authentic Kurdish names are generally found in Diaspora or in Iraqi Kurdistan where Kurds are relatively free. Traditionally, Kurdish family names are inherited from the tribes of which the individual or families are members. However, some families inherit the names of the regions they are from. Anthem Ey ReqÃ®b (English: Hey Guardian) Location of Iraqi Kurdistan (dark green) with respect to Iraq (light green) on a map of the Middle East. ...

Some common Kurdish last names, which are also the names of their respective tribes, include Baradost, Barzani, Berwari, Berzinji, Chelki, Diri, Doski, Jaf, Mutki, Rami, Rekani, Rozaki, Sindi, Tovi and Zebari. Other names include Akreyi, Alan, Amedi, Botani, Hewrami, Kurdistani (or Kordestani), Mukri, and Serhati.

Traditionally, Kurdish women did not inherit a man's last name. Although still not in practice by many Kurds, this can be more commonly found today.

Tibet

Tibetan people are often named at birth by the parents, by a local Buddhist Lama or they may request a name from the Dalai Lama. They are often given two names, but they do not have a family name. Therefore all members of the family will have different names eg. Sonam Gyatso, Lhamo Drolma, Tenzin Choden etc. They may change their name throughout life if advised by a Buddhist Lama, for example if a different name removes obstacles. The Tibetans who enter monastic life take a name from their ordination Lama, which will be a combination of the Lama's name and a new name for them.

North Caucasian Adyghe Family Surnames

In the case of Circassians, especially Adyges and Kabardians, hereditary surnames have been borne by people for thousand of years. All Circassian people belong to a Clan. The Kabardian horse breed is a breed from Caucasus, currently part of Russia. ...

"Shogen" comes from the Christian era and "Yefendi" and "Mole" come from the Muslim era. A patronymic is a personal name based on the name of ones father. ...

In Circassian culture, women even when they marry, do not change their surnames. By keeping their surnames and passing that it on to the next generation, children come to distinguish relatives from the maternal side and respect her family as well as those from their father's side.

On the other hand, children cannot marry someone who bears the same surname as they do no matter how distantly related.

In the Circassian tradition, the formula for surnames is patterned to mean “daughter of ...”

Abkhaz families follow similar naming patterns reflecting the common roots of the Abkhazian, Adygean and Wubikh peoples.

Circassian family names cannot be derived from women's names and of the name of female ancestors.

Contents

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