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Allegations Deicide · Blood libel · Ritual murder Well poisoning · Host desecration Jewish lobby · Jewish Bolshevism Usury · Dreyfus affair Zionist Occupation Government Holocaust denial This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Blood libels are the accusations that Jews use human blood in certain aspects of their religious rituals. ... Ritual murder is murder performed in a ritualistic fashion or on a basis of rituals. ... For the logical fallacy, see poisoning the well. ... Host desecration is a form of sacrilege in Christianity, involving the mistreatment or malicious use of a consecrated Host, or communion wafer. ... Jewish lobby is a term referring to allegations that Jews exercise undue influence in a number of areas, including politics, government, business, the media, academia, popular culture, public policy, international relations, and international finance. ... Conditions in Russia (1924) A Census -Bolsheviks by Ethnicity Jewish Bolshevism, Judeo-Bolshevism, Judeo-Communism, or in Polish, Å»ydokomuna, is an antisemitic conspiracy theory which blames the Jews for Bolshevism; it is an antisemitic political epithet. ... Look up usury in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Dreyfus affair was a political scandal with anti-Semitic overtones which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s. ... Zionist Occupation Government (abbreviated as ZOG) is an antisemitic conspiracy theory according to which Jews secretly (or overtly in the case of the United States of America) control a country, while the formal government is a puppet regime. ... Richard Harwoods Did Six Million Really Die? Holocaust denial is the claim that the mainstream historical version of the Holocaust is either highly exaggerated or completely falsified. ... Antisemitic publications On the Jews and Their Lies Protocols of the Elders of Zion The International Jew Mein Kampf The Culture of Critique series Title page of Martin Luthers On the Jews and their Lies. ... For the 2005 documentary film by Marc Levin, see Protocols of Zion (film). ... The International Jew: The Worlds Foremost Problem is a four volume set of books originally published and distributed in the early 1920s by Henry Ford, an American industrialist, automobile developer and manufacturer. ... Mein Kampf (English translation: My Struggle) is a book by the German-Austrian politician Adolf Hitler, which combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitlers National Socialist political ideology. ... The Culture of Critique series comprises Kevin B. MacDonalds principal writings on Judaism and Jewish culture: MacDonald, K. B. A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy, With Diaspora Peoples, (Praeger 1994) ISBN 0-595-22838-0 MacDonald, K. B. Separation and Its Discontents Toward... Persecutions Expulsions · Ghettos · Pogroms Jewish hat · Judensau Yellow badge · Spanish Inquisition Segregation · The Holocaust Nazism · Neo-Nazism This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... In the course of history, Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Anti-Semitism numerous times. ... For the rapper, see Ghetto (rapper). ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. ... The Jewish poet Süßkind von Trimberg wearing a Judenhut (Codex Manesse, 14. ... Judensau (German for Jewish swine) is a derogatory and dehumanizing imagery of the Jews that appeared around the 13th century in Germany and some other European countries. ... Compulsory Jewish badge under the Nazi occupation of Europe: the Star of David with the word Jew inside (this one in German) A yellow badge, also referred to as a Jewish badge, was a mandatory mark or a piece of cloth of specific geometric shape, worn on the outer garment... This article is about one of the historical Inquisitions. ... The Pale of Settlement (Russian: , chertA osEdlosti) was a western border region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, extending from the pale or demarcation line, to live near the border with central Europe. ... “Shoah” redirects here. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... Opposition Anti-Defamation League Community Security Trust EUMC · Stephen Roth Institute Wiener Library · SPLC · SWC UCSJ · SCAA · Yad Vashem The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an advocacy group founded by Bnai Brith in the United States whose stated aim is to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. ... A 2005 CST report into anti-Semitism in the UK The Community Security Trust (CST) is an organization established to ensure the safety and security of the Jewish community in Britain (UK). ... The European Fundamental Rights Agency (formally, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights) is a proposed agency of the European Union which will be set up in Vienna. ... The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism is a resource for information, provides a forum for academic discussion, and fosters research on issues concerning antisemitic and racist theories and manifestations. ... The Wiener Library is the worlds oldest institution devoted to the study of the Holocaust, its causes and legacies. ... The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ... The Simon Wiesenthal Center The Simon Wiesenthal Center is an international Jewish organization that declares itself to be a human rights group dedicated to preserving the memory of the Holocaust by fostering tolerance and understanding through community involvement, educational outreach and social action. ... UCSJ, or the Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, is a collection of Jewish human rights organisations working in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... The Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism (Swedish: , SKMA) is a Sweden-based non-profit organization, founded in 1983, that works to counteract and spread knowledge about antisemitism. ... New Yad Vashem museum building designed by Safdie Yad Vashem (Hebrew: ‎; Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority) is Israels official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust established in 1953 through the Memorial Law passed by the Knesset, Israels parliament. ... Categories Antisemitism · Jewish history v • d • e

Farhud (translation from Arabic: "pogrom", "violent dispossession") was a violent pogrom against the Jews of Baghdad, Iraq on June 1-2, 1941. It took place when the city was without a political leadership after Rashid Ali al-Kaylani had fled but before British and Transjordanian forces had arrived. It was the only pogrom in the history of Iraqi Jews,^[1] although there were many instances of violence against Jews during their long history in Iraq ^[2] as well as numerous enacted decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues in Iraq and some forced conversion to Islam. ^[3] About 180 Jews were killed and 240 injured. Arabic redirects here. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. ... Pogrom (from Russian: ; from громить IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sayyad Rashid Ali al-Gillani Son of Sayyad Abdul Wahhab al-Gillani (رشيد علي الكيلاني)‎ (1892–1965) served as prime minister of Iraq on three occasions: March 20, 1933 – October 29, 1933 March 31, 1940 – January 31, 1941 April 3, 1941 – May 29, 1941 He is chiefly remembered for his efforts to bring... Map of the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine The Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political division of the British Mandate of Palestine, created as an administrative entity in April 1921 before the Mandate came into effect. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

General historical background

The Jews lived in the land of Babylon for more than 2,500 years that followed the Babylonian captivity (see History of the Jews in Iraq). By 1941, the approximately 150,000 Iraqi Jews played active roles in many aspects of Iraqi life, including farming, banking, commerce and the government bureaucracy. For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Babylonian captivity (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

After the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the First World War, the League of Nations granted the mandate of Iraq to Britain. After King Ghazi who inherited the throne of Faisal I, died in a 1939 car accident, Britain installed 'Abd al-Ilah as Iraq’s governing regent. Ottoman redirects here. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... 1939–1941 semi-official emblem Anachronous world map in 1920–1945, showing the League of Nations and the world Capital Not applicable¹ Language(s) English, French and Spanish Political structure International organisation Secretary-general  - 1920–1933 Sir James Eric Drummond  - 1933–1940 Joseph Avenol  - 1940–1946 Seán Lester Historical... The British Mandate of Iraq was a League of Nations Class A mandate under Article 22 and entrusted to Britain when the Ottoman Empire was divided in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles following World War I. This award was completed on April 25, 1920, at the San Remo conference... King Ghazi I of Iraq Ghazi (Arabic: ) (March 21, 1912 - April 4, 1939) was king of Iraq from 1933 to 1939. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Abd al-Ilah (also written Abdul Ilah) was the cousin of and brother-in-law of King Ghazi, and was regent of Iraq for King Faisal II from April 4, 1939 to May 2, 1953, when Faisal came of age. ...

Events preceding the Farhud

Propaganda

Between 1932 and 1941, the German embassy in iraq, headed by Dr. Fritz Groebe, significantly supported antisemitic and fascist movements. Intellectuals and army officers were invited to germany as guests of the nazi party, and antisemite material was published in the newspapers. the german embassy purchased the newspaper "Al-alam Al-arabi" ("The arab world") which published, aside from antisemite propaganda, a by-episode translation of mein kampf to arabic. the german embassy also supported the establishment of al-fatwa, a youth organization based upon the model of the Hitler Youth. Mein Kampf (English translation: My Struggle) is a book by the German-Austrian politician Adolf Hitler, which combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitlers National Socialist political ideology. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         For the SS division with the nickname Hitlerjugend see; 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth (German:   , abbreviated HJ) was a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party. ...

The Golden Square coup

Main article: Iraq coup (1941)

Michael Eppel, in his book "The Palestinian Conflict in Modern Iraq" blames the Farhud on the influence of German ideology on the Iraqi people, as well as extreme nationalism, both of which were heightened by the Golden Square coup: The Iraq coup of 1941, also known as the Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup. ...

In 1940, a group of pro-Nazi Iraqi officers, known as the "Golden Square" led by General Rashid Ali, overthrew the regent. On April 1, 1941, the "Golden Square" staged a coup, forcing the regent to flee. Iraq's new government then was quickly involved in confrontation with the British over the terms of the military treaty forced on Iraq at independence. The treaty gave the British unlimited rights to base troops in Iraq and transit troops through Iraq. The British arranged to land large numbers of soldiers from India in Iraq to force the country to show its intentions. Iraq refused to let them land and confrontations afterward occurred both near Basra in the south and to the west of Baghdad near the British base complex and airfield. The Germans dispatched a group of 26 heavy fighters to aid in a futile air attack on the British airbase at Habbaniya which accomplished nothing. Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Winston Churchill sent a telegram to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning him that if the Middle East fell to Germany, victory against the Nazis would be a "hard, long and bleak proposition" given that Hitler would have access to the oil reserves there. The telegram dealt with the larger issues of war in the middle east rather than Iraq exclusively. Churchill redirects here. ... FDR redirects here. ...

On May 25, Hitler issued his Order 30, stepping up German offensive operations: "The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England. In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq... I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq." is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On May 30, the British-organized force called Kingcol led by Brigadier J.J. Kingstone reached Baghdad, causing the "Golden Square" and their supporters to escape via Iran to Germany. Kingcol included some elements of the Arab Legion led by Major John Glubb known as Glubb Pasha. is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... The Arab Legion (al-Jaysh al-Arabī) was Transjordans and later also Jordans regular army. ... // John Glubb Pasha in uniform Sir John Bagot Glubb, better known as Glubb Pasha (born 16 April 1897, Preston, Lancashire – died 17 March 1986, Mayfield, Sussex), was a British soldier best known for leading and training Transjordans Arab Legion 1939-1956 as its commanding general. ...

On May 31, Regent Illah prepared to fly back into Baghdad to reclaim his leadership. To avoid the reality of a British-organized countercoup, the regent entered Baghdad without a British escort. is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Antisemite actions directly preceding the Farhud

Sami Michael, a witness to the Farhud, testified: "Antisemite propaganda was broadcast routinely by the local radio and radio berlin in arabic. various anti-jewish slogans were written on walls on the way to school, such as "hitler was killing the jewish germs". shops owned by muslims had 'muslim' written on them, so they will not be damaged in the case of anti-jewish riots." Sami Michael (born 1926) is an Israeli author. ...

Shalom Darwish, the secretary of the jewish community in baghdad, testified that several days before the Farhud, the homes of jews were marked with a red palm print ("Hamsa"), by al-fatwa youth.

two days before the Farhud, Younis sabawi, a government minister that proclaimed himself the governor of baghdad, summoned rabbi Sasson Khduri, the community leader, and recommended to him that jews stay in their homes for the next three days as a protective measure. an investigative committee later found that Younis had the intent of killing the jews, although his rule of baghdad lasted only a few hours, to be seized by a public security committee.

During the fall of the Rashid ali government, false rumors were circulated that jews used mirrors to signal the british airforce.

Farhud (June 1-2, 1941)

A delegation of Iraqi Jews, sent to meet the Regent Abdul Illah arriving at Baghdad airport, was attacked by the mob as they crossed Al Khurr Bridge. Violence quickly spread to the Al Rusafa and Abu Sifyan districts and got worse the next day, when Iraqi policemen joined in on the attacks on the Jewish community. Shops belonging to Jews were burned, and a synagogue was destroyed. Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...

In the afternoon of June 2, British forces quelled the violence by imposing the curfew and shot violators on sight. According to some testimonies it is possible that the British delayed their entry into Baghdad for 48 hours because they wanted passions in the city to boil over and had an interest in a clash between Jews and Muslims.^[4] An investigation conducted by the journalist Tony Rocca of the london sunday times rejects this thesis and relates it to a personal decision by the british ambassador of the time (Kinahan Cornwalis), who simply did not execute orders recieved from london and refused pleas by his officers to act. This article is about the restrictions and constraints of particular movements. ...

Aftermath

As a result of Farhud, about 180 Jews were killed and about 240 were wounded, 586 Jewish-owned businesses were looted and 99 Jewish houses were destroyed.^[5] Eight assailants, including army officers and police, were condemned to death after the violence by the Iraqi government. Other accounts set the estimates higher: Nearly 200 Jews were slaughtered, more than 2000 injured; some 900 Jewish homes were destroyed and looted, as were hundreds of Jewish-owned shops.^[6]

In some accounts the Farhud marked the turning point for Iraq’s Jews who, following this event, were targeted for violence, persecution, boycotts, confiscations, and near complete expulsion in 1951.

It is estimated that in 2003, the Iraqi Jewish population numbered less than 100.

See also

• Jewish exodus from Arab lands
• History of antisemitism
• Jewish refugees
• Babylonian Talmud
• Jerusalem pogrom of April, 1920

The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion and emigration of Jews, primarily of Sephardi and Mizrahi background, from majority Arab lands. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... In the course of history, Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Anti-Semitism numerous times. ... The Talmud (Hebrew: ) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs, and history. ... This article describes violent events in the Old City of Jerusalem in April 4-7, 1920. ...

Footnotes

Further reading

• Cohen, Hayyim (1996). The Anti Jewish Farhud in Baghdad 1941. (Middle Eastern Studies, 3, 2–17)
• Levin, Itamar (2001). Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries. (Praeger/Greenwood) ISBN 0-275-97134-1
• Shenhav, Yehouda (2002). Ethnicity and National Memory: The World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries (WOJAC) in the Context of the Palestinian National Struggle. (British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 29(1), 27–56)
• Kedouri Elie (1974) The Sack of Basra and the Farhud in Baghdad, (Arabic Political Memoirs. London), pp. 283-314.
• Meir-Glitzenstein Esther (2004). Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s. (London and New York: Routledge)

External links

• The Farhud: Sephardic Holocaust Project
• The Farhud of 1941 in Iraq.
• The Iraq Coup Attempt of 1941, the Mufti, and the Farhud
• The Jews of Iraq
• Baghdad & Forgotten Pogrom by Edwin Black (The Jewish Times) October 5, 2004
• The terror behind Iraq's Jewish exodus
• JIMENA
• Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center
• The Iraqi Jews
• The Farhud (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum)
• Those Responsible for the FarhudPDF (137 KiB)] Lecture given by Dr. Zvi Yehuda on June 4, 2006 at the Babylonian Heritage Center in Or-Yehuda during the Memorial Evening of the 129 Jewish Victims of the Farhud (International Sephardic Leadership Council)
• Hebrew documentary video about the Farhud
• [1] the chapter on the farhud of "memories of eden", a book on iraqi jew history.
• [2] review of "memories of eden", Haaretz.