The Fasci Siciliani (1891-1894) was a popular movement, of democratic and socialist inspiration, which arose in Sicily between the years 1891 and 1893 and whose aim was the collective organization of farmers, workers and miners, especially in the areas rich with sulphur. Fascio (plural: fasci) is an Italian language word which was used in the late 19th century to refer to radical political groups of many different (and sometimes opposing) orientations. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Democracy is a form of government under which the power to alter the laws and structures of government lies, ultimately, with the citizenry. ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For the chemical element see: sulfur. ...

Attempting to establish a new sort of organization in Italy, somewhere between the political societies common to the age and the trade unions, between traditional mutualism and cooperation, the Fasci, led by Rosario Garibaldi Bosco (in Palermo), by the physician Nicola Barbato (at Piana dei Greci), by Bernardino Verro (at Corleone), and by Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida (at Catania), gained the support of the poorest and most exploited classes of the island by channelling their enormous frustration and discontent with the existing order into a coherent program based on vast economic transformation and the establishment of new rights. Consisting of a hodgepodge of traditionalist sentiment, religiosity, and modernist consciousness, the fruit of a mature socialist culture, the movement touched its apex in the summer of 1893, when strong, new conditions were presented to the landowners and mine owners of Sicily concerning the renewal of share cropping and rental contracts. A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers. ... For other uses, see Palermo (disambiguation). ... Corleone is a small town of approximately 12,000 inhabitants in the province of Palermo in Sicily, Italy. ... The Roman Odeon. ... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Sharecropping is a system of farming in which employee farmers work a parcel of land in return for a fraction of the parcels crops. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with rental agreement. ...

Immediately upon the rejection of these conditions, there was an outburst of strikes which rapidly spread throughout the island, and the following autumn was marked by violent social conflict, almost rising to the point of insurrection. The heads of the movement themselves were not always able to successfully keep the situation from getting out of control. The proprietors and landowners finally asked the government to intervene militarily and Francesco Crispi, the President of the Counsel of Ministers (or Premier) at the time, declared a state of emergency on January 3 1894, dissolving the new labour organization, having its leaders arrested and restoring order through the use of extreme force. Insurrection could refer to: * in a general sense, it means Rebellion * it is also a title of a Star Trek film, see Star Trek: Insurrection ... Francesco Crispi (October 4, 1819 – August 12, 1901) was a 19th century Italian politician. ... A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Political and historical context

After January 1891, the governments which succeeded that of Francesco Crispi in Italy, those of Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì and Giovanni Giolitti, involuntarily demonstrated how the work of that Sicilian statesman had succeeded in providing such an organic and comprehensive, if not necessarily effective, set of answers to the social problems of the times that it would be difficult for anyone who intended to do so to change direction without having to go down a radically new and different path. Crispi had fallen as a result of budgetary problems caused, in part, by his excessive military spending, in part by his political adventurism, in part by his protectionism which led to virtual trade wars with France, and in part by his politics of industrial development. Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Francesco Crispi (October 4, 1819 – August 12, 1901) was a 19th century Italian politician. ... Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (April 16, 1839 – August 7, 1908) was Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898. ... Giovanni Giolitti (October 27, 1842–July 17, 1928) was an Italian statesman. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over...

The government of Di Rudinì, constituted almost immediately after the fall of Crispi, represented only in part a return to the old historical right. His policies would bring the Triple Alliance to its historical apogee, giving it a solidity and cohesion which would remain substantially unchanged until 1915. In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... , Italian: Triplice Alleanza) was the treaty by which Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy pledged on 20 May 1882 to support each other militarily in against any of them by two or more great powers. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Di Rudinì’s successor, Giolitti, was able to delineate a program which took into account the new problems and challenges posed by the industrial revolution. Giolitti would evidence a tendency to accept the implications of a new mode of political direction of the nation which tended to actually try to confront social problems while simultaneously attempting to reorganize the fundamental institutions and structures of political power. However, his administration was often referred to as a system of small-scale piemontesismo (meaning in thrall to the House of Savoy) and he very effectively represented an elite political class which had accompanied the transformation of the monarchy from a regional state to a national state and from, what might be called an administrative monarchy to a truly representative monarchy. "Giolitti is not Cavour, but he was born in the same community as Cavour: a man of strict fealty to the monarchy", it was said of him. A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... For other uses, see Piedmont (disambiguation). ... The House of Savoy or in Italian, La Casa di Savoia, or simply Casa Savoia, (or Savoie, French) is a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region that includes present-day Piemonte, other parts of Northern Italy, and a smaller region in France. ... In political geography, a regional state is a state more centralized than a federation, but less centralized than an unitary state. ... The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A constitutional monarchy is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state, as opposed to an absolute monarchy, where the monarch is not bound by a... Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (Turin, August 10, 1810 - Santena, near Turin, June 6, 1861) was a statesman who was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification and the first Prime Minister of the new Kingdom of Italy. ...

Elected deputy of the Italian lower house (or Camera dei Deputati) in 1885, he had immediately distanced himself from the policies of Agostino Depretis, promoting the existence of a sub-alpine opposition group which espoused a position of strong economic liberalism. While not being an uncompromising opponent of Francesco Crispi, he went on to also distance himself from him for the same reasons that led to him to separate himself from De Pretis. In the fall of 1892, he was elected Prime Minister by a large margin. Despite Giolitti’s best intentions, the budgetary situation turned out to be far more complex and intractable than he had anticipated. Giolitti was unable to confront the crisis through domestic spending cuts and other small-scale economies while safeguarding military spending, as he had wished. The Italian Chamber of Deputies (Italian: Camera dei Deputati) is the lower house of the Parliament of Italy. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Agostino Depretis (January 31, 1813 – July 29, 1887) was an Italian statesman. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... In Italy, the President of the Council of Ministers (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the countrys prime minister or head of government, and occupies the fourth-most important state office. ...

In the meantime, a series of scandals involving the Banca Romana continued to plunge the nation deeper and deeper into social crisis, as it was revealed that the causes of the corruption had their roots deep within the Italian political and social systems.

In fact, the social crisis began to expand to include entire sectors which up until the time had seemed to remain immune. The manifestations and protests which had their origins in nationalistic and anti-French sentiment, and which were generally directed against the French embassies and consulates, were gradually transformed into authentic proletarian uprisings. In reality, the first movements of protest which simultaneously agitated several large Italian cities, were clear demonstrations of the existence of a diffuse discontent throughout the peninsula, illustrating the total absence of weight of the organized workers' movement and the persistence of a widespread and capillary anarchist influence. Anarchist redirects here. ...

In Genoa, in Messina, in Rome, and in Naples the manifestations lasted for several days, becoming increasingly focused on the government and Italian society. The Party of Italian Workers (or Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani, the initial name of the Italian Socialist Party) dissociated itself from these actions and declared itself extraneous to the organization of these agitations, with Antonio Labriola himself calling the events "spontaneous anarchy". For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... Location within Italy Messina with a population of about 260,000 is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, Italy and the capital of the province of Messina. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... For other uses see, Naples (disambiguation) and Napoli (disambiguation) Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Antonio Labriola Antonio Labriola (1843-1904) was an Italian Marxist theoretician. ...

The regional dialectic of the socialist party experienced a new, and decisive manifestation in the movement of the Fasci of workers in Sicily.

With the extension of the Mezzogiorno to include Sicily, in fact, the socialist movement began to assume a genuinely national geographic dimension because it was forced to confront the problems of the South and, hence, to come to grips with the complex reality of the entire nation. It had to cease being an exclusively northern-corporative entity in order to become a meaningful force in the history of the nation. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

The term fascihad had a large diffusion in the Italian post-unification democratic movement open to workers. Numerous associations derived from the international association of workers had called themselves fasci operai. Fascio della Democrazia was the name of a radical-republican-socialist conglomerate promoted by Felice Cavallotti, Giovanni Bovio, and Andrea Costa in August of 1883, and Fascio Operaio was also an extremely common name for many Italian workers newspapers, from a weekly magazine published in Bologna to the much more famous organ of the Workers' Party of Italy. Organizations called fasci dei lavoratori sprung up all over Sicily at the end of the 1880's as an expression of a much more intense participation of workers in the struggle for social and political rights and, along with the aid of radicals and republicans, in order to ensure a base among the masses for electoral and administrative struggles. These groups, however, began to assume a new and different character as a consequence of the extension of the influence of the ideals of socialism and, even more, as a consequence of the repercussions in Sicily of the economic crisis that invested Italy in those years. The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) has been used since the late 18th century as a label in political science for those favoring or trying to produce thoroughgoing or extreme political reforms which can include changes to the social order to a greater or lesser extent. ... Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Andrea Costa (1851-1913) was an Italian socialist activist, born in Imola. ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Bologna (IPA , from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Emiliano-Romagnolo dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly between the Reno River and the Sàvena River. ... Workerism is a name given to different trends in left-wing political discourse, especially anarchism and Marxism. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

There was no other region of Italy which had been hit anywhere nearly as brutally as Sicily by the combination of the internal economic crisis and the trade war with France in every sector of the economy. The crisis of the sulphur mines was heaped on top of the agricultural crisis, causing a general discomfort in the population.

The reduction of the outward flow of Sicilian migrants to Tunisia, as a result of the French occupation there, accentuated the pressure of workers on the land and contributed to an eventual explosion of all the contradictions which had built up over the course of the centuries.

Giuseppe Ravioli, who was a professor of the history of Italian rights at the University of Palermo during the time to which this article refers, described the intermingling of ancient and new forms of exploitation and oppression which were strangling and suffocating Sicilian farmers and workers. The ideology of the leaders of the fasci was a mixture of republicanism and socialism, strongly marked by evolutionistic and futuristic sociologism of the two most distinguished intellectuals of the island, Napoleone Colajanni and Andrea Rapisardi, but also influenced by the contacts that the major exponents of the movement had begun to entertain with Italian and international workers movements. The University of Palermo (Italian: Università degli Studi di Palermo) is a university located in Palermo, Italy, and founded in 1806. ...

The founder of the Fascio palermitano, Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, had had a major part in supporting the work of Filippo Turati and Anna Kuliscioff at the Congress of Genoa. He affirmed that the model for his constitution of the Fasci was the French Bourses du travail. The movement did not uniformly and unanimously adhere to the principles of the Congress of Genoa, however, and many maintained their adhesion to anarchism while others rebelled against it. Filippo Turati. ... Anna Kuliscioff (born Anija Rosenstein in approximately 1857 in Moskaja, Crimea; died 27 December 1925 in Milan) was a Russian revolutionary. ... The Bourse de Travail or labour exchanges, is a form of French labour council, were working class organizations in that encouraged mutual aid, education, and self-organization amongst their members in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ...

The movement started out as an urban movement, animated by artisans and by the intermediate classes closest to social decomposition. A more combative impulse was impressed by the agitations of the sulphur miners. But that which finally conferred on the Fasci the character of a powerful and meaningful mass movement was its extension to the more regressive, agrarian zones and the participation at the manifestation of an enormous number of women and children which infused it with a notable sense of combativeness and enthusiasm.

The labor conflicts of the cities and of the mines came together with the agitations and claims of the farmers in the autumn of 1893 and hurled itself up against the institutions around which the dominant classes consolidated themselves. Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The movement reached its greatest breadth in the manifestations against taxes, involving the lowest tiers of the city and the country, assuming a much more pointed character, becoming difficult, if not impossible, to control by its leaders.

The Giolitti government, meanwhile, had maintained a relatively benevolent attitude toward the movement. He had wished to create an electoral base in Sicily and a solid backing among the poor against Crispi. Nevertheless, there was strong pressure by the dominant local groups on their regional representatives in the government towards a much more decisive repressive intervention against the Fasci on the part of the central powers.

But precisely as these repressive tendencies were beginning to carry the day and when the scandal of the Banca Romana was about to submerge him, Giolitti, between the choice of falling out of power by repressing the Sicilian uprisings or reiterating and developing the original nucleus of his political program, chose the latter course and, in an electoral speech held at Dronero on October 18 1893, announced his decision to introduce progressive taxation on income and to increase the inheritance tax. One month later, he handed in his resignation. Country Italy Region Piedmont Province Province of Cuneo (CN) Mayor Elevation 622 m Area 58. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1893, a new government with Francesco Crispi once again at its head was formed. Crispi seemed to many to be "the man for the situation". He had always maintained the belief that the bourgeoisie constituted the only class authentically capable of managing Italian society. It was their role, according to his view, to bring to term the real revolution and he identified in the unified national State that he had helped to found and reinforce, the living incarnation of this revolution. He was, therefore, the last person capable of comprehending even the possibility that some significant political and social push for transformation might come from the plebs. The political program with which Crispi returned to office included the repression of the movement of the Fasci. Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The dissolution of the Fasci was followed by two thousand arrests. The trials against the major exponents of the movement (Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida, Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, Nicola Barbato), carried out by military tribunals, ended with heavy condemnations which ranged from twelve to eighteen years in jail. The state of emergency was still in place while the President of the Counsel (Crispi) confirmed in Palermo a certain piece of libellous gossip on a presumed Treaty of Bisacquino, the tiny center of Sicily where there was supposed to have been held a fictitious meeting where an accord was reached between the representatives of the Fasci and French agents stipulating that the French would support any movement for Sicilian secession militarily. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of making a false statement of fact that injures someones reputation. ... Country Italy Region Sicily Province Palermo (PA) Mayor Elevation 744 m Area 64 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 5,119  - Density 82/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Bisacquinesi Dialing code 091 Postal code 90032 Patron Madonna del Balzo  - Day August 15 Website: [1] Bisacquino...

In July of 1894, Crispi presented and had approved by Parliament a series of laws which substantially restricted the base of political power and the exercise of free association. Moreover, using the pretext of a series of alleged attacks on his person, he had approved a package of measures which he defined as "anti-anarchic", which were only partially designed to prevent assassination attempts, but were fundamentally designed to strike at, through the prohibition of association and meetings, the associative movement of workers. It was, in fact, the application of this law that resulted in the dissolution of the Party of Italian Workers in 1894.

The Rise and Fall of the Fasci Siciliani

Between the months of February and June 1892, the young republicans who were becoming increasingly favourable to a more revolutionary socialist outlook began to create in western Sicily, and more precisely at Palermo and Trapani, the Fasci dei Lavoratori, associations of workers from various categories which were modelled on those that had already been formed in Messina and Catania. They would have had no idea that those small beginnings would eventually lead to the grand organization and mass movement which the Fasci would come to represent the next year in the island and in the whole nation. As compared to the movement that had been formed in the northern regions, the particularity of the Sicilian movement consisted in the fact that this new organization developed as a union of all categories of workers in a single disciplined organization with a unique leadership and an explicitly socialist orientation. 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Torre della Colombaia Trapani (2004 population 67,456) is a city in the west coast of Sicily in Italy. ...

In other words, the Fasci Siciliani were completely autonomous of all political parties and powerful individual influences of the traditional democratic post-unification bourgeoisie. It was the first time in Italy that there arose a typically modern organization of workers which had received from Milanese workers a push toward unity and organization on a mass basis. In 1892, there arose several so-called fasci in Sicily, the fasci of Trapani, of Marsala, of Favara, of Riposto, of Misterbianco, of Motta Sant'Anastasia and of Misilmeri. The movement, however, still needed to bring in among its adherents the rural populations and this was strongly facilitated by the massacre of many rural farmers at Catavuturo at the hands of landowners and police. The members of the Fasci demonstrated a sense of solidarity and political concern toward the victims which obviously appealed to the rural population. For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ... Marsala is a seaport city located in the Province of Trapani on the island of Sicily in Italy. ... Country Italy Region Sicily Province Agrigento (AG) Mayor Lorenzo Airò (since June 11, 2002) Elevation 340 m Area 81 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 33,666  - Density 381/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Favaresi Dialing code 0922 Postal code 92026 Patron St. ... Riposto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Catania in the Italian region Sicily, located about 170 km east of Palermo and about 25 km northeast of Catania. ... Misterbianco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Catania in the Italian region Sicily, located about 160 km southeast of Palermo and about 6 km west of Catania. ... Motta SantAnastasia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Catania in the Italian region Sicily, located about 160 km southeast of Palermo and about 9 km west of Catania. ... Misilmeri is a town and commune in the province of Palermo, Sicily, Italy. ...

Some weeks after the events at Catavuturo, the prefect of Palermo sent several reports to the Minister of Interior, Giollitti, regarding the propaganda activities of the leaders of the Fasci in the countryside. Giolitti recommended the strictest surveillance and the immediate denunciation to judicial authorities as soon as any members of the movement could be proved to have violated any laws. The prefect gave orders to the sub-prefect and to the police to "surprise the agitators and collect evidence in order to have them arrested and refer them to the judicial authorities". The results were the first arrests of many members of the Fasci. But the difficult job of organization, of propaganda, and of action on the part of the leaders of the Fasci in the countryside continued. A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front, i. ... For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ...

The Fasci Siciliani, from an organizational point of view, was considered an organization of the masses adhering to the principles, but autonomous, of the Party of Italian Workers with its seat in Milan, and dependent on a Central regional committee residing in Palermo. But it is important to point out that even in the Fasci of the major cities, such as Palermo, Catania, Messina and Trapani; there was never really a uniformity of principles and actions. Even though adhering to the Party of Italian Workers, neither in Messina nor in Catania had the Fasci proceeded to exclude the anarchists, as had happened in Palermo. And it was precisely at Palermo that that the first Congress of the Fasci was held in Sicily on the May 21 1893. Many major leaders, such as De Felice, of the principle Fasci appeared and spoke at this Congress.

The Fasci constituted an autonomous organization of the popular masses with their own insignia, Medals of order, uniforms and even a musical band which never missed an occasion to intone the hymns of the workers, their own local pubs and halls for reunions and congresses in which anyone who was not a member was rigorously excluded. In some centres, the material and social betterment generated by the work of the Fasci created an atmosphere of solidarity which extended well beyond the movement itself. Many workers, small proprietors, students and even public functionaries outside of the movement sympathized with its spirit and goals. It was this enormous influence which most concerned the political and judicial authorities and the large landowners (or latifondisti) were terrified and offended by the new demands which renters, even outside of the movement, began demanding on the basis of the principles and declarations of the movement of the Fasci. The rapid and vast development of the organization of the Fasci is due, above all, to the direct intervention of the leaders of these organizations in the economic agitations of the workers whom they managed and inspired in the struggle against the exploitation practiced by the landowning classes.

The denunciations and arrests which ended up finally suppressing the movement were targeted not only against the heads of the Fasci but also against regular members and associates. Even though it was Giolitti who had initiated the Italian government’s attempts to put a halt to the manifestations and protests of the Fasci, his measures were relatively mild. It was largely with the second Crispi regime, as noted above, that the repression of the Fasci was accentuated into outright persecution. The government arrested not just the leaders of the movement, but masses of poor farmers, students, professionals, sympathizers of the Fasci, and even those simply suspected of having sympathized with the movement at some point in time, progressive democrats, anti-monarchists, republicans and anarchists, in many cases without any evidential justification for the accusation of criminality. After the declaration of the state of emergency, the condemnations began falling on the heads of innocent citizens for the paltriest of reasons. Many rioters were incarcerated for having shouted things such as "Viva l’anarchia" or "down with the King Umberto I". At Palermo, in April and May of 1894, the trials against the central committee of the Fasci took place and this was the final blow that signalled the death knell of the movement of the Fasci Siciliani. Umberto I, King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy (Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy), (14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900) was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death. ...

References

• Romano, S.F. Storia dei Fasci Siciliani, Editore Laterza, Bari, 1959.
• Storia d'Italia: Dall'Unità ad Oggi, Editore Einaudi.
• G. De Felice Giuffrida, Mafia e delinquenza in Sicilia - Milano, 1900;
• G. De Felice Giuffrida, La questione sociale in Sicilia - Roma, 1901.

Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

See also

• History of Italy