The term fashion usually applies to a prevailing mode of expression, but quite often applies to a personal mode of expression that may or may not adhere to prevailing ideals. Inherent in the term is the idea that the mode will change more quickly than the culture as a whole. The terms "fashionable" and "unfashionable" are employed to describe whether someone or something fits in with the current popular mode of expression. The term is "fashion" is frequently used in a positive sense, as a synonym for glamour and style. In this sense, fashions are a sort of communal art, through which a culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness. The term "fashion" is also sometimes used in a negative sense, as a synonym for fads, trends, and materialism. The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning to cultivate, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... The original meaning of the word glamour was the act of casting a spell over someone. ... The Bath, a painting by Mary Cassatt (1891-1892). ... 1984 photograph of an Afghan girl (Sharbat Gula) is regarded as among the worlds most iconic and compelling images for its plain and vivid reflection of human beauty within a context of conflict and suffering. ... For the philosophical concept of goodness see Goodness and value theory. ... A fad, also known as a craze, refers to a fashion that becomes popular in a culture (or subcultures) relatively quickly, remains popular, often for a rather brief period, then loses popularity dramatically. ... Look up Trend in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikiquote quotations related to: Trend The word trend has a number of possible meanings: In statistics, a trend is a long-term movement in time series data after other components have been accounted for. ... In philosophy, materialism is that form of physicalism which holds that the only thing that can truly be said to exist is matter; that fundamentally, all things are composed of material and all phenomena are the result of material interactions. ...

Fashions are social psychology phenomena common to many fields of human activity and thinking. The rises and falls of fashions have been especially documented and examined in the following fields: Social psychology is often conceived to be the study of how individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others. ...

• Architecture, interior design, and landscape design
• Arts and crafts
• Body type, clothing or costume, cosmetics, grooming, and personal adornment
• Cuisine
• Dance and music
• Forms of address, slang, and other forms of speech
• Economics and spending choices, as studied in behavioral finance
• Entertainment, games, hobbies, sports, and other pastimes
• Etiquette
• Politics and media, especially the topics of conversation encouraged by the media
• Philosophy and spirituality (One might argue that religion is prone to fashions, although official religions tend to change so slowly that the term cultural shift is perhaps more appropriate than "fashion")
• Technology, such as the choice of programming techniques

Of these fields, costume especially has become so linked in the public eye with the term "fashion". The more general term "costume" has been relegated by many to only mean fancy dress or masquerade wear, while the term "fashion" means clothing generally, and the study of it. This linguistic switch is due to the so-called fashion plates which were produced during the Industrial Revolution, showing novel ways to use new textiles. For a broad cross-cultural look at clothing and its place in society, refer to the entries for clothing and costume. The remainder of this article deals with clothing fashions in the industrialized world. The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, a master builder, from αρχι- chief, leader and τεκτων, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, through the manipulation of spatial volume as well as surface treatment. ... Landscape design is a subset of landscape architecture. ... Arts and crafts comprise a whole host of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with ones own hands and skill. ... In human biology and sport sciences, humans are classified according to three body types: People with an ectomorphic body type are naturally thin and lightly build with flat chest and poorly muscled limbs. ... It has been suggested that folding clothes be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Grooming refers to removing obvious imperfections in ones appearance, or improving ones hygiene. ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... A cuisine (from French cuisine, meaning cooking; culinary art; kitchen; itself from Latin coquina, meaning the same; itself from the Latin verb coquere, meaning to cook) is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a place of origin. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Music is a form of art and entertainment or other human activity that involves organized and audible sounds and silence. ... A Style is a form of address which by tradition or law precedes a reference to a person who holds a title or post, or to the office itself. ... Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. ... Face-to-face trading interactions among on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor Economics, as a social science, studies human choice behavior and how it effects the production, distribution, and consumption of scarce resources. ... Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel winner Daniel Kahneman, was an important figure in the development of behavioral finance and economics and continues to write extensively in the field. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Recreation. ... GAMES Magazine is a United States based magazine devoted to games published by GAMES Publications, a division of Kappa Publishing Group. ... This article is about pastimes. ... Etiquette, also known as decorum, is the code that governs the expectations of social behavior, the conventional norm. ... Politics is a process by which decisions are made within groups. ... For the movie from Francis Ford Coppola, see The Conversation. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Spirituality, in a narrow sense, concerns itself with matters of the spirit. ... It has been suggested that Techie be merged into this article or section. ... Computer programming (often simply programming) is the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract algorithms using a particular programming language to produce a concrete computer program. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... A costume party (also referred to as fancy dress party in the United Kingdom) is a type of party where the guests dress up in a costume. ... A masquerade ball (or masque) is an event which the participants attend in costume, usually including a mask. ... It has been suggested that folding clothes be merged into this article or section. ... A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ...

Fashion and variation

Albrecht Dürer's drawing contrasts a well-turned out bourgeoisie from Nuremberg (left) with her counterpart from Venice, in 1496-97. The Venetian lady's high chopines make her taller.

The European idea of fashion as a personal statement rather than a cultural expression begins in the 16th century: ten portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats. But the local culture still set the bounds, as Albrecht Dürer recorded in his actual or composite contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century (illustration, right). Fashions among upper-class Europeans began to move in synchronicity in the 18th century; though colors and patterns of textiles changed from year to year, (Thornton), the cut of a gentleman's coat and the length of his waistcoat, or the pattern to which a lady's dress was cut changed more slowly. Men's fashions derived from military models, and changes in a European male silhouette are galvanized in theatres of European war, where gentleman officers had opportunities to make notes of foreign styles: an example is the "Steinkirk" cravat (see Cravat). Image:ADurerNuremburgVenetianWomen. ... Image:ADurerNuremburgVenetianWomen. ... Self-Portrait, 1493, Oil on Canvas Albrecht Dürer (May 21, 1471 – April 6, 1528) [1] was a German painter, wood carver, engraver, and mathematician. ... Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ... Country Italy Region Veneto Province Venice (VE) Mayor Massimo Cacciari (since April 18, 2005) Elevation m Area 412 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 271,251  - Density 646/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Veneziani Dialing code 041 Postal code 30100 Frazioni Chirignago, Favaro Veneto, Mestre... A chopine is a type of womens platform shoe that was popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. ... World map showing Europe Political map (neighbouring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Self-Portrait, 1493, Oil on Canvas Albrecht Dürer (May 21, 1471 – April 6, 1528) [1] was a German painter, wood carver, engraver, and mathematician. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Modern neckties, shown here tied as if they were on a person, may be found in a plethora of colours and designs. ...

The pace of change picked up in the 1780s with the publication of French engravings that showed the latest Paris styles. By 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike: local variation became first a sign of provincial culture, and then a badge of the conservative peasant (James Laver; Fernand Braudel). Nothing much really happened in the 1780s only that Mary-Anne Tobin was hung in public for wearing a flase beard and voting. ... 1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. ... In a detail of Brueghels Land of Cockaigne (1567) a soft-boiled egg has little feet to rush to the luxuriating peasant who catches drops of honey on his tongue, while roast pigs roam wild: the 16th century was a good time for European peasants A peasant, from 15th... Fernand Braudel Fernand Braudel (August 24, 1902–November 27, 1985) was a French historian. ...

Fashion in clothes has allowed wearers to express emotion or solidarity with other people for millennia. Modern Westerners have a wide choice available in the selection of their clothes among females, and to a significantly lesser extent among males. What a person chooses to wear can reflect that person's personality or likes. When people who have cultural status start to wear new or different clothes a fashion trend may start. People who like or respect them may start to wear clothes of a similar style. Emotion, in its most general definition, is an intense neural impulse-produced mental state that arises subjectively rather than through conscious effort and evokes either a positive or negative psychological response to move an organism to action. ... For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ... It has been suggested that Personality psychology be merged into this article or section. ...

Fashions may vary significantly within a society according to age, social class, generation, occupation and geography as well as over time. If, for example, an older person dresses according to the fashion of young people, he or she may look ridiculous in the eyes of both young and older people. The term "fashion victim" refers to someone who slavishly follows the current fashions (implementations of fashion). Human relationships within an ethnically diverse society. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Generation (From the Greek γιγνμαι), also known as procreation, is the act of producing offspring. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Look up Fashionista in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

One can regard the system of sporting various fashions as a fashion language incorporating various fashion statements using a grammar of fashion. (Compare some of the work of Roland Barthes.) A fashion consists of a current (constantly changing) trend, favoured for frivolous rather than practical, logical, or intellectual reasons. ... Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language. ... Roland Barthes Roland Barthes (November 12, 1915 – March 25, 1980) was a French literary critic, literary and social theorist, philosopher, and semiotician. ...

• Thornton, Peter. Baroque and Rococo Silks.

This is an example list of some of the fads and trends of the 21st century: Capri pants, handbags, sport suits and sports jackets, ripped jeans, designer jeans, blazer jackets, and high-heeled shoes. Designer jeans are jeans that were marketed as fashion and status symbols. ...

See also: History of Western fashion

The History of Western fashion is the story of the changing fashions in clothing for men and women in Western Europe and other countries under its influence in the period 1500 to the present. ...

Fashion and the process of change

Fashion, by definition, changes constantly. The changes may proceed more rapidly than in most other fields of human activity (language, thought, etc). For some, modern fast-paced changes in fashion embody many of the negative aspects of capitalism: it results in waste and encourages people qua consumers to buy things unnecessarily. Others, especially young people, enjoy the diversity that changing fashion can apparently provide, seeing the constant change as a way to satisfy their desire to experience "new" and "interesting" things. Note too that fashion can change to enforce uniformity, as in the case where so-called Mao suits became the national uniform of mainland China. Thought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends and desires. ... Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately owned, and capital is invested in the production, distribution and other trade of goods and services, for profit in a competitive free market. ... Consumers are individuals or households that consume goods and services generated within the economy. ... Zhongshan suit The Mao suit, also known as Chinese tunic suit or tunic suit, is the western name for the style of male attire known in China as the Zhongshan suit (Traditional Chinese: 中山裝; Simplified Chinese: 中山装; pinyin: Zhōngshān zhuāng, or Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhōngshān fú); named after... The highlighted area in the map is what is commonly known as mainland China. Mainland China (Simplified Chinese: 中国大陆; Traditional Chinese: 中國大陸; pinyin: Zhōnggúo Dàlù; literally The Chinese Massive Landmass or Continental China) is an informal (disputed — see talk page) geographical term which is usually synonymous with the area...

Materially affluent societies can offer a variety of different fashions, in clothes or accessories, to choose from. At the same time there remains an equal or larger range designated (at least currently) 'out of fashion'. (These or similar fashions may cyclically come back 'into fashion' in due course, and remain 'in fashion' again for a while.)

Practically every aspect of appearance that can be changed has been changed at some time, including heels for men, skirt lengths ranging from ankle to mini, etc. In the past, new discoveries and lesser-known parts of the world could provide an impetus to change fashions based on the exotic: Europe in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries, for example, might favor things Turkish at one time, things Chinese at another, and things Japanese at a third. A modern version of exotic clothing includes club wear. Globalization has reduced the options of exotic novelty in more recent times, and has seen the introduction of non-Western wear into the Western world such as kaftans for women (traditionally a man's garment), and various skirted wear such as kilts and sarongs for men - common articles of men's clothing found elsewhere, but novel throughout most of Western culture. Exoticism (from exotic) is a trend in art and design, influenced by some ethnic groups or civilizations since the late 19th-century. ... Club wear is a general term for the type of provocative, revealing, or fetish clothing that is worn to sex clubs, swing clubs or other nightclubs featuring a sensual atmosphere with a very relaxed dress code. ... This kaftan was a gift from Venicians to Sultan Suleyman The Magnificent in the 16th Century. ... It has been suggested that Irish kilt be merged into this article or section. ... A village chief in Thailand relaxes in the early evening. ...

Fashion houses and their associated fashion designers, as well as high-status consumers (including celebrities), appear to have some role in determining the rates and directions of fashion change. Logo Fashion House is an American telenovela airing at 9 p. ... Brief introduction on the history of fashion design and designers Fashion design is the art dedicated to the creation of wearing apparel and lifestyle. ... A celebrity is a person who is widely recognized (famous) in a society and commands a high degree of public and media attention. ...

Fashion and the media

An important part of fashion is fashion journalism. Editorial critique and commentary can be found in magazines, on television, fashion websites and in Fashion Blogs. Fashion blogs are websites created by people who have an interest in fashion design, supermodels, and style. ...

At the beginning of the twentieth century, fashion magazines began to include photographs and became even more influential than in the past. In cities throughout the world these magazines were greatly sought-after and had a profound effect on public taste. Talented illustrators drew exquisite fashion plates for the publications which covered the most recent developments in fashion and beauty. Perhaps the most famous of these magazines was La Gazette du bon ton which was founded in 1912 by Lucien Vogel and regularly published until 1925 (with the exception of the war years). An illustrator is a graphic artist who specializes in enhancing written text by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text. ... 1984 photograph of an Afghan girl (Sharbat Gula) is regarded as among the worlds most iconic and compelling images for its plain and vivid reflection of human beauty within a context of conflict and suffering. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

High fashion did not become popular among the general population until it started getting featured on television; few designers were household names, models weren’t famous and fashion shows were not the celebrity driven extravaganzas of today. It began in the 1950s with small fashion how-tos during commercial breaks. In the 1960s and 1970s, fashion segments on various entertainment shows became more frequent, and by the 1980s, dedicated fashion shows like FashionTelevision started to appear. FashionTelevision, sometimes only referred to as FT, is a Canadian produced special interest show that originally aired weekly on Citytv in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ...

Fashion made its debut on the world wide web in January 1995 with the launch of Fashion Net by Stig Harder in Paris, France. In the mid 1990s, the Internet was still largely a research network populated by academics. But the strong appeal of this entirely new medium was made evident by the pioneering efforts of fashion's early entrants and soon both independent and established fashion publishers, designers and visual artists were online. As Nick Knight - possibly the very first fashion photographer to embrace the Internet - succinctly put it, it showed great potential over "yet another glossy picture in a magazine." WWWs historical logo designed by Robert Cailliau The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is a global, read-write information space. ... Fashion Net is a fashion-specific search engine and guide aimed at style conscious consumers. ... Nick Knight, Director of SHOWstudio, is an influential British photographer. ...

Quotes

"Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening." - Coco Chanel

"Etiquette are for those without manners, in the same way as fashion is for those without style." - Coco Chanel

"Fashion is a form of ugliness so intolerable that we have to alter it every six months." - Oscar Wilde

"The only thing that separates us from the animals is our ability to accessorize." - Olympia Dukakis

Gabrielle Bonheur Coco Chanel (August 19, 1883 – January 10, 1971)[1] was a pioneering French couturier whose modernist philosophy, menswear-inspired fashions, and pursuit of expensive simplicity made her arguably the most important figure in the history of 20th-century fashion design. ... Gabrielle Bonheur Coco Chanel (August 19, 1883 – January 10, 1971)[1] was a pioneering French couturier whose modernist philosophy, menswear-inspired fashions, and pursuit of expensive simplicity made her arguably the most important figure in the history of 20th-century fashion design. ... It has been suggested that Wildes Manuscripts be merged into this article or section. ... Olympia Dukakis Olympia Dukakis (born June 20, 1931 in Lowell, Massachusetts) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. ...

See also

• List of fashion designers
• List of grands couturiers
• Alternative fashion
• Fashion design
• Fashion Week
• Haute couture
• Resort wear
• Retro Thinking
• Fashion on the Internet

List of fashion designers // American Amsale Mark Badgley Jhane Barnes Marc Bauer Bill Blass Ole Borden Sean Combs Hattie Carnegie Oscar de la Renta Perry Ellis Patricia Field Tom Ford Eric Gaskins Tommy Hilfiger Marc Jacobs Betsey Johnson Donna Karan Norma Kamali Calvin Klein Michael Kors Ralph Lauren Nanette Lepore... This is a list of grands couturiers Carlota Alfaro Arkadius Giorgio Armani Cristobal Balenciaga (1895-1972) Rocco Barocco Laura Biagiotti Bill Blass Mariella Burani Pierre Cardin Hattie Carnegie Roberto Cavalli Coco Chanel (1883-1971) Enrico Coveri Oscar de la Renta Christian Dior (1905-1957) Fendi Salvatore Ferragamo Gianfranco Ferré Alberta... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fashion design is the applied art dedicated to the design of clothing and lifestyle accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time. ... A Fashion Week is a fashion industry event, typically named after the host city or major commercial sponsor, lasting four to ten days. ... Haute couture (French for high sewing or high dressmaking; IPA: ) refers to the creation of exclusive fashions. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Fashion on the Internet made its debut in January 1995 with the launch of Fashion Net by Stig Harder in Paris, France. ...

External links

• Fashion Net Fashion Net - the web's oldest fashion site
• Women's Wear Daily Women's Wear Daily - the daily trade newspaper for the fashion industry
• The British Library The British Library - finding information on the fashion industry
• Fashion Television Fashion Television - the show and the channel
• Fashion Wire Daily Fashion Wire Daily - daily online fashion magazine

International Fashion Federation (IFF) www.theiff.com