Fathers and Sons is an 1862 novel by Ivan Turgenev, his best known work. The title of this work in Russian is Отцы и дети (Ottsy i Deti), which literally means "Fathers and Children"; the work is often translated to Fathers and Sons in English for reasons of euphony. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Ivan Turgenev, photo by Félix Nadar (1820-1910) “Turgenev” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Country (disambiguation). ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ... Romantics redirects here. ... Philosophy (from the Greek words philos and sophia meaning love of wisdom) is understood in different ways historically and by different philosophers. ... A publisher is a person or entity which engages in the act of publishing. ... This article is about 1862 . ... A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) book is bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with cloth or heavy paper) and a stitched spine. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... “ISBN” redirects here. ... On the Eve (Накануне in Russian) is the third novel by famous Russian writer Ivan Turgenev, best known for his short stories and the novel Fathers and Sons. ... The Smoke was an english pop group from Yorkshire. ... The Snows of Kilimanjaro cover The Snows of Kilimanjaro is a collection of short stories by Ernest Hemingway. ... Fathers & Sons is a 1992 film drama written and directed by Paul Mones about a serial killer starring Jeff Goldblum, Rory Cochrane and Famke Janssen. ... REDIRECT Television Broadcasts Limited ... Fathers and Sons is a TVB drama series to be released and had finished airing in Hong Kong on TVB. It stars Bobby Au-Yeung, Wong He, Yoyo Mung and Tavia Yeung. ... This article is about the literary concept. ... Ivan Turgenev, photo by Félix Nadar (1820-1910) “Turgenev” redirects here. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Euphony describes flowing and aesthetically pleasing speech. ...

Historical context and notes

The fathers and children of the novel refers to the growing divide between the two generations of Russians, and the character Yevgeny Bazarov has been referred to as the "first Bolshevik", for his nihilism and rejection of the old order. For other uses, see Bolshevik (disambiguation). ... This article is about the philosophical position. ...

Turgenev wrote Fathers and Sons as a response to the growing cultural schism that he saw between liberals of the 1830s/1840s and the growing nihilist movement. Both the nihilists (the "sons") and the 1830s liberals sought Western-based social change in Russia. Additionally, these two modes of thought were contrasted with the conservative Slavophiles, who believed that Russia's path lay in its traditional spirituality. // Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Evolutionary theorist Charles Darwins expedition on the HMS Beagle. ... // First use of general anesthesia in an operation, by Crawford Long The first electrical telegraph sent by Samuel Morse on May 24, 1844 from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.. First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) on February 6, 1840 at Waitangi, Northland New Zealand. ... The Nihilist movement was an 1860s Russian cultural movement which rejected existing authorities and values. ... A Slavophile was an advocate of the supremacy of Slavic culture over that of others, especially Western European culture. ... The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ...

Fathers and Sons might be regarded as the first wholly modern novel in Russian Literature (Gogol's Dead Souls, another main contender, is sometimes referred to as a poem or epic in prose as in the style of Dante's Divine Comedy). The novel introduces a dual character study, as seen with the gradual breakdown of Bazarov's and Arkady's nihilistic opposition to emotional display, especially in the case of Bazarov's love for Madame Odintsova and Fenichka. This prominent theme of character duality and deep psychological insight would exert an influence on most of the great Russian novels to come, most obviously echoed in the novels of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. Nikolai Vasilevich Gogol (Russian: Николай Васильевич Гоголь) (March 31, 1809 - March 4, 1852) was a Ukrainian-born Russian writer. ... For other uses, see Dead Souls (disambiguation). ... Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy(Lyof, Lyoff) (September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 – November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910) (Russian: , IPA:  ), commonly referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer – novelist, essayist, dramatist and philosopher – as well as pacifist Christian anarchist and educational reformer. ... Fyodor Dostoevsky. ...

The novel is also the first Russian work to gain prominence in the Western world, eventually gaining the approval of well established novelists Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant, and Henry James, proving that Russian literature owes much to Ivan Turgenev. Gustave Flaubert Gustave Flaubert (December 12, 1821 – May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among the greatest Western novelists. ... Guy de Maupassant. ... For other uses of this name, see Henry James (disambiguation). ...

Major characters

• Yevgeny Vasil'evich Bazarov - A nihilist, a student of science, and is training to be a doctor. As a nihilist he is a mentor to Arkady, and a challenger to the liberal ideas of the Kirsanov brothers and the traditional Russian Orthodox feelings of his own parents.

• Arkady Nikolaevich Kirsanov - A recent graduate of St. Petersburg University and friend of Bazarov. He is also a nihilist, although his conviction seems to stem from his admiration of Bazarov rather than his own conviction.

• Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov - A landlord, a liberal democrat, and Arkady’s father. At the start of the work he is ashamed to acknowledge his non-aristocratic lover Fenichka, but with the example of ideals in practice presented by the nihilists, and finally with the approval of his brother, he marries her.

• Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov - Nikolai’s brother and a bourgeois with aristocratic pretensions, who prides himself on his refinement but like his brother is reform minded. Although he is reluctantly tolerant of the nihilism, he cannot help hating Bazarov.

• Vasily Ivanovich Bazarov - Bazarov’s father, a retired army surgeon, and a small countryside land/serf holder. Educated and enlightened, he nonetheless feels, like many of the characters, that rural isolation has left him out of touch with modern ideas. He thus retains a loyalty to traditionalist ways, manifested particularly in devotion to God and to his son Yegveny.

• Arina Vlas'evna Bazarova - Bazarov’s mother. A very traditional woman of the 15th c. Moscovy style aristocracy: a pious follower of Orthodox Christianity, woven with folk tales and falsehoods. She loves her son deeply, but is also terrified of him and his rejection of all beliefs.

• Anna Sergeevna Odintsova - A wealthy widow who entertains the nihilist friends at her estate. She falls in love with Bazarov, but is unable to admit her love, because of her fear for the emotional chaos it could bring. Her reciprocated love with Bazarov is a challenge to his nihilist ideal of rejection of all established order.

• Katya Sergeevna Lokteva - A character similar to Arkady and the younger sister of Anna. She lives comfortably with her sister but lacks confidence, finding it hard to escape Anna Sergeevna's shadow. This shyness makes her and Arkady’s love slow to realize itself.

• Fenichka - Nikolai’s servant, with whom he has fallen in love and fathered a child out of wedlock. The implied obstacles to their marriage are difference in class, and perhaps Nikolai's previous marriage - the burden of 'traditionalist' values.

• Viktor Sitnikov - A pompous and somewhat stupid friend of Bazarov who joins populist ideals and groups

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Themes

Transgression and redemption

Bazarov (the prototypical nihilist) argues with Pavel Kirsanov (the prototypical liberal of the 1840s generation) about the nature of nihilism and usefulness to Russia in an episode which personifies the struggle between the fathers (i.e., the liberals of the 1840s) and their nihilist "sons". "Aristocratism, liberalism, progress, principles," Bazarov says. "Just think, how many foreign…and useless words!" ^[1] Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The term aristocracy refers to a form of government where power is held by a small number of individuals from an elite or from noble families. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Progress can refer to: The idea of a process in which societies or individuals become better or more modern (technologically and/or socially). ... The term moral obligation has a number of meanings in moral philosophy, in religion, and in laymans terms. ...

Bazarov tells Pavel that he will abandon nihilism when Pavel can show him "…a single institution of contemporary life, either in the family or in the social sphere, that doesn’t deserve absolute and merciless rejection." ^[2] But despite this utter scorn for all things associated with traditional Russia, Bazarov still believes that there is a purpose and a value in pure science. Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ...

Human emotion and love as redemption

Bazarov's nihilism falls apart in the face of human emotions, specifically his love for Anna Odintsova. His nihilism does not account for the pain that his unrequited love causes him, and this introduces a despair that he is not capable of contending with. For other uses, see Emotion (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Love (disambiguation). ... Unrequited love is love that is not reciprocated, even though reciprocation is usually deeply desired. ...

Bazarov returns to his family after Odintsova rejects him. Bazarov complains to Arkady that "…they, that is, my parents, are occupied, and don't worry in the least about their own insignificance; they don't give a damn about it… While I…I feel only boredom and anger." ^[3] His theory's inability to account for his emotions frustrates him and he sinks deep into boredom and ennui. ^[4]

And then there is the enigmatic Anna Odintsova, a beautiful young woman of lowly origin. By virtue of having married well and been widowed young, she has inherited an exceedingly comfortable and insular life on a palatial country estate. In a letter written the same year the novel was published, Turgenev revealed that he conceived of Anna as “the representative of our idle, dreaming, curious and cold epicurean young ladies, our female nobility.” ^[5] And yet, as with Bazarov, Turgenev’s fictional creation takes on a life of its own, superseding the author’s intellectual scheme to become a complex and perplexing figure.

Apparently content at the outset with her unattached life, Anna finds herself increasingly attracted to the blunt, unorthodox, highly intelligent Bazarov. She proceeds almost unwittingly to emotionally seduce the self-declared womanizer, luring him step by step in a pair of riveting, back-to-back passages to reveal his love. In the intimacy of her study, Anna confesses that she is very “unhappy,” that she has no desire to “go on,” that she longs for a “strong attachment” that is “all or nothing. A life for a life. You take mine, you give up yours, without regrets, without turning back.” ^[6]

And yet, a moment after Bazarov capitulates and confesses his love, Odintsova rejects him brutally. Afterward, she is tortured, alternately blaming and excusing herself while fearing she may have thrown away a chance for genuine love. Finally she decides, “No. God knows where it might have led; one mustn’t fool around with this kind of thing.” ^[7]

Conversely, Turgenev shows us Arkady and Nikolai's traditional happiness in marriage and estate management as the solution to Bazarov's cosmic despair and Anna's life of loveless comfort. (Arkady marries Anna Odintsova's sister Katya, though he was also originally in love with Anna). The height of the conflict between Bazarov and the older generation comes when Bazarov wounds Pavel in a duel. Finally, Turgenev also refutes Bazarov's "insignificance principle", i.e., the nihilist idea that life is utterly insignificant and that nothing remains after death: after leaving and then returning again to his parents, Bazarov dies of typhus. The final passage of the book portrays Bazarov's parents visiting his grave. For other uses, see Death (disambiguation). ... For the unrelated disease caused by Salmonella typhi, see Typhoid fever. ...

They walk with a heavy step, supporting each other; when they approach the railing, they fall on their knees and remain there for a long time, weeping bitterly, gazing attentively at the headstone under which their son lies buried: they exchange a few words, brush the dust off the stone, move a branch of the pine tree, and pray once again; they can’t forsake this place where they seem to feel closer to their son, to their memories of him… Can it really be that their prayers and tears are futile? Can it really be that love, sacred, devoted love is not all powerful? Oh, no! ^[8]

Their love causes them to remember Bazarov: he has transcended death, but only through the love of other people. Fyodor Dostoevsky, who read Fathers and Sons and apparently appreciated Bazarov as a character, explores a similar theme with Raskolnikov's religious redemption (via the love of Christ) in Crime and Punishment. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Russian: Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, IPA: , sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, or Dostoevski  ) (November 11 [O.S. October 30] 1821–February 9 [O.S. January 28] 1881) was a Russian novelist and writer of fiction whose works, including Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov, have had a profound and lasting effect... Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov (Russian: Родион Романович Раскольников) is the fictional protagonist of Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky. ... For other uses, see Salvation (disambiguation). ... This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ... For other uses, see Crime and Punishment (disambiguation). ...

Footnotes

1. ^  Ivan Turgenev, Fathers and Sons, 38.
2. ^  Ibid., 42.
3. ^  Ibid., 98.
4. ^  Ibid., 142-3.
5. ^  Ibid., 176
6. ^  Ibid., 75-6
7. ^  Ibid., 80
8. ^  Ibid., 156-7.

Ivan Turgenev, photo by Félix Nadar (1820-1910) “Turgenev” redirects here. ...

References

• Fathers and Sons: Russia at the Cross-Roads. Wasiolek, Edward. ISBN 0-8057-9445-X

External links

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• Fathers and Sons – Norton Critical Edition. Translated by Michael R. Katz. 1996. Contains criticism, letters by the author, and contemporary reactions to the text.
• Full text of Fathers and Sons in the original Russian at Alexei Komarov's Internet Library
• CliffsNotes on Fathers and Sons; includes plot summary, character analysis and various footnotes.