A Common Coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui), arguably the most recognizable species of Puerto Rico's fauna

The fauna of Puerto Rico is similar to other island archipelago faunas, with high endemism, and low, skewed taxonomic diversity.^[1] Bats are the only extant native terrestrial mammals in Puerto Rico. All other terrestrial mammals in the area were introduced by humans, and include species such as cats, goats, sheep, the Small Asian Mongoose, and escaped monkeys. Marine mammals include dolphins, manatees, and whales. Of the 349 bird species, about 120 breed in the archipelago, and 47.5% are accidental or rare. The most recognizable and famous animal of Puerto Rico is probably the coquí, a small endemic frog, and one of the 85 species that constitute Puerto Rico's herpetofauna. No native freshwater fish inhabit Puerto Rico, but some species, introduced by humans, have established populations in reservoirs and rivers. The low richness-high diversity pattern is also apparent among invertebrates, which constitute most of the archipelago's fauna.k Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Eleutherodactylus coqui Thomas, 1966 The Common Coquí or Coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is a frog native to Puerto Rico belonging to the Eleutherodactylus genus of the Leptodactylidae family. ... Fauna is a collective term for animal life of any particular region or time. ... In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or introduced. ... Alpha diversity (α-diversity) is the biodiversity within a particular area, community or ecosystem, and is measured by counting the number of taxa within the ecosystem (usually species). ... “Chiroptera” redirects here. ... In biology, extant taxon is commonly used in discussions of living and fossil species. ... Species See Species and subspecies The goat is a mammal in the genus Capra, which consists of nine species: the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818) Subspecies H. j. ... Approximate worldwide distribution of monkeys. ... Various species of reef fish in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. ... Genera See article below. ... Species Trichechus inunguis Trichechus manatus Trichechus senegalensis For the record label, see Manatee Records. ... A Fin Whale The term whale is ambiguous: it can refer to all cetaceans, to just the larger ones, or only to members of particular families within the order Cetacea. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Species See text Coquí is the common name for several species of small frogs native to the archipelago of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, onomatopoeically named for the loud sound (sometimes reaching as high as 100 dB) the males make at night. ... Coquí Puerto Rican Boa This is a list of the amphibians and reptiles of the archipelago of Puerto Rico. ... ... This bridge across the Danube River links Hungary with Slovakia. ... Invertebrate is a term that describes any animal without a spinal column. ...

The arrival of the first people about 4,000 years ago and, to a larger extent, of Europeans more than 500 years ago, had a significant effect on Puerto Rico's fauna.^[2] Hunting, habitat destruction, and the introduction of non-native species led to extinctions and extirpations (local extinctions). Conservation efforts, the most notable being for the Puerto Rican Parrot, began in the second half of the 20th century. According to IUCN, as of 2002, there were 21 threatened species in Puerto Rico: two mammals, eight breeding birds, eight reptiles, and three amphibians.^[3] World map showing the location of Europe. ... “Hunter” redirects here. ... Habitat (which is Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species live and grow. ... The Dodo, shown here in a 1651 illustration by Jan Savery, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ... The conservation ethic is an ethic of resource use, allocation, exploitation, and protection. ... Binomial name Amazona vittata Boddaert, 1783 Subspecies A. v. ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Subclasses Anapsida Diapsida Synonyms Reptilia Laurenti, 1768 Reptiles are tetrapods and amniotes, animals whose embryos are surrounded by an amniotic membrane, and members of the class Sauropsida. ... For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ...

Origin of Puerto Rican fauna

Geographic location of Puerto Rico

The Caribbean Plate, an oceanic tectonic plate on which Puerto Rico and the Antilles (with the exception of Cuba) lie, was formed in the late Mesozoic.^[4] According to Rosen, when South America separated from Africa, a volcanic archipelago known as "Proto-Antilles" was formed. It later divided into the present-day Greater and Lesser Antilles because of a new fault line in the "Proto-Antilles".^[5] Geologically, the archipelago of Puerto Rico is young, having formed about 135 Ma (million years) ago. The prevailing hypothesis, proposed by Howard Meyerhoff, posits that the Puerto Rican Bank, consisting of Puerto Rico, its outlying islands, and the Virgin Islands with the exception of St. Croix, was formed from volcanism in the Cretaceous Period.^[6] Rock samples from Sierra Bermeja in southwestern Puerto Rico, dated to the late Jurassic/early Cretaceous period, confirm this theory.^[7] File links The following pages link to this file: Puerto Rico ... File links The following pages link to this file: Puerto Rico ... Detail of tectonic plates from: Tectonic plates of the world. ... The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. ... The Antilles (the same in French; Antillas in Spanish; Antillen in Dutch) refers to the islands forming the greater part of the West Indies in the Caribbean. ... The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... The Greater Antilles, an island group in the Caribbean Sea, are part of the Antilles. ... Location of the Lesser Antilles (green) in relation to the rest of the Caribbean Islands of the Lesser Antilles The Lesser Antilles, also known as the Caribbees,[1] are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas and Greater Antilles form the West Indies. ... Annum is a Latin noun meaning year. ... A separate article treats the several rivers known as the St. ... The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i. ...

There is ongoing debate over when and how the ancestors of vertebrate fauna colonized the Antilles—particularly whether the Proto-Antilles were oceanic islands or whether they once formed a land connection between South and North America. The first, and prevailing, model favors overwater dispersal from continental, primarily South American, fauna; the other suggests the vicarization of proto-Antillean fauna. Hedges et al. conclude that dispersal was "the primary mechanism for the origin of West Indian biota". Vertebrate terrestrial genera such as Eleutherodactylus dispersed in a "filter" effect among the islands before any vicarization event occurred. However, other fauna such as the endemic Antillean insectivores (Nesophontes sp., Solenodon marcanoi and others) and freshwater fish appear to have colonized the West Indies earlier through other means.^[8] Woods provides evidence to support this hypothesis by analyzing the arrival of ancestors of the Antillean capromyids and echimyids, concluding that an ancient echimyid must have arrived on the Greater Antilles from South America either by island-hopping through the Lesser Antilles or by rafting either to Puerto Rico or Hispaniola.^[9] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Charles Darwins first sketch of an evolutionary tree from his First Notebook on Transmutation of Species (1837) Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Species Many, see text. ... Species †Nesophontes edithae †Nesophontes hypomicrus †Nesophontes longirostris †Nesophontes major †Nesophontes micrus †Nesophontes paramicrus †Nesophontes submicrus †Nesophontes superstes †Nesophontes zamicrus The membersof the genus Nesophontes, sometimes called West Indies shrews, were members of the extinct family of mammals Nesophontidae in the order Soricomorpha. ... Binomial name (Patterson, 1962) The Marcanos Solenodon (Solenodon marcanoi) was a species of mammal in the Solenodontidae family. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... Genera Capromys Geocapromys †Hexolobodon Isolobodon Mesocapromys Mysateles Plagiodontia Rhizoplagiodontia Hutias are cavy-like rodents that inhabits the Caribbean Islands. ... Genera †Cercomys †Maruchito †Paulacoutomys †Willidewu †Adelphomys †Deseadomys †Paradelphomys †Stichomys †Xylechimys Dactylomys Kannabateomys Olallamys †Boromys †Brotomys †Heteropsomys †Puertoricomys †Acarechimys †Chasichimys †Eumysops Lonchothrix Mesomys †Palaeoechimys †Pampamys †Pattersomys †Protacaremys †Protadelphomys †Sallamys Proechimys Thrichomys Trinomys Carterodon Clyomys Euryzygomatomys Callistomys Diplomys Echimys Isothrix Makalata Pattonomys Phyllomys Santamartamys The spiny rats are a group of hystricognath... Early map of Hispaniola The island of Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of Cuba to the west, and Puerto Rico to the east. ...

MacPhee and Iturralde provide an alternate hypothesis that the initiators of land mammal clades arrived on the Proto-Antilles by the mid-Tertiary period, approximately at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary. A short-lived (~1 Ma) landmass named "GAARlandia" (Greater Antilles + Aves Ridge land) connected northwestern South America with three of the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) during this period.^[10] Afterwards, during the fragmentation of the Proto-Antilles, divergence of vacariated lines would have begun.^[11] A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ... Tertiary geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately 65 million to 1. ... hfajhfiudshfas == == == --24. ... The Oligocene epoch is a geologic period of time that extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present. ...

The last major changes in Puerto Rican fauna occurred about 10,000 years ago as a result of the post-Ice Age rise in sea level and associated environmental changes. Puerto Rico's transformation from a dry savanna environment to its present moist, forested state led to mass extinctions, especially of the vertebrate fauna.^[12] Around this time, the Puerto Rican Bank—a single landmass comprising the archipelago of Puerto Rico (except for Mona, Monito and Desecheo) and the Virgin Islands (except for St. Croix)—became separated.^[6] The Puerto Rican Bank has never been to connected to its closest eastern bank, St. Maarten.^[6] Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... Mona Island redirects here. ... Monito Island is an unhabited island about 5 kilometers northwest of Mona Island. ... Desecheo Island is located 20 km from the west coast of the main island of Puerto Rico, in the northeast of Mona Passage. ... Saint Martin - NASA NLT Landsat 7 (Visible Color) Satellite Image Saint Martin is a tropical island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 150 miles east of Puerto Rico. ...

Mammals

Artistic representation of the extinct Puerto Rican shrew

The richness of mammals in Puerto Rico, like many other islands, is low relative to to mainland regions. The present-day native terrestrial mammal fauna of Puerto Rico is composed of only 13 species, all of which are bats. Eighteen marine mammals, including manatees, dolphins and whales, occur in Puerto Rico.^[13] Fossil records show the existence of one shrew (Puerto Rican shrew, Nesophontes edithae), one sloth (Puerto Rican Sloth),^[14] three additional leaf-nosed bats (Macrotus waterhoussii, Monophyllus plethodon, and Phyllonycteris major),^[15] and five rodents (one giant hutia: Elasmodontomys obliquus], one hutia: Isolobodon portoricensis and three spiny rats: Heteropsomys antillensis, Heteropsomys insulans, and Puertoricomys corozalus).^[16] Woods suggests a reason for their exinction: "Taxa evolving in isolation on oceanic islands without competition or predators may not be able to adapt to rapidly changing conditions, such as the extensive climatic fluctuations of the Ice Ages or sudden competition or predation from introduced animals".^[17] Image File history File linksMetadata Puerto_Rican_shrew. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Puerto_Rican_shrew. ... Puerto Rican Shrew (Nesophontes edithae) is a shrew. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in... Species Trichechus inunguis Trichechus manatus Trichechus senegalensis For the record label, see Manatee Records. ... Genera See article below. ... A Fin Whale The term whale is ambiguous: it can refer to all cetaceans, to just the larger ones, or only to members of particular families within the order Cetacea. ... FOSSIL is a standard for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under DOS. FOSSIL is an acronym for Fido Opus Seadog Standard Interface Layer. ... Puerto Rican Shrew (Nesophontes edithae) is a shrew. ... Families Megalonychidae Bradypodidae †Rathymotheriidae †Scelidotheriidae †Mylodontidae †Orophodontidae †Megatheriidae Sloths are medium-sized mammals that live in Central and South America belonging to the families Megalonychidae and Bradypodidae, part of the order Pilosa. ... The Leaf-nosed bats, family Phyllostomidae are by far the most varied and diverse within the whole order Chiroptera and count within their number true predatory species that take vertebrate prey including small Dove -sized birds in the case of the False Vampire, Vampyrum spectrum, the largest bat in the... Binomial name Miller, 1900 The Insular Single Leaf Bat (Monophyllus plethodon) is a species of bat in the Phyllostomidae family. ... Binomial name Anthony, 1917 The Puerto Rican Flower Bat (Phyllonycteris major) was a species of bat in the Phyllostomidae family. ... Suborders Sciuromorpha Castorimorpha Myomorpha Anomaluromorpha Hystricomorpha Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents. ... Genera Amblyrhiza Clidomys Elasmodontomys Quemsia The giant hutias are an extinct group of large rodents known from fossil and subfossil material in the West Indies. ... Genera Capromys Geocapromys †Hexolobodon Isolobodon Mesocapromys Mysateles Plagiodontia Rhizoplagiodontia Hutias are cavy-like rodents that inhabits the Caribbean Islands. ... Binomial name Allen, 1916 The Puerto Rican Hutia (Isolobodon portoricensis) is a species of rodent in the Capromyidae family. ... Genera †Cercomys †Maruchito †Paulacoutomys †Willidewu †Adelphomys †Deseadomys †Paradelphomys †Stichomys †Xylechimys Dactylomys Kannabateomys Olallamys †Boromys †Brotomys †Heteropsomys †Puertoricomys †Acarechimys †Chasichimys †Eumysops Lonchothrix Mesomys †Palaeoechimys †Pampamys †Pattersomys †Protacaremys †Protadelphomys †Sallamys Proechimys Thrichomys Trinomys Carterodon Clyomys Euryzygomatomys Callistomys Diplomys Echimys Isothrix Makalata Pattonomys Phyllomys Santamartamys The spiny rats are a group of hystricognath...

Other terrestrial mammals have been introduced throughout the history of Puerto Rico. Indigenous settlers first introduced dogs and guinea pigs from South or Central America. Afterwards, Taínos introduced hutias as a food source from Hispaniola. When the Spanish colonized the island in the early 16th century, they introduced domesticated animals such as dogs, cats, goats, pigs, cattle, horses, and donkeys.^[18] Other species such as Black Rats (Rattus rattus), Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) and house mice (Mus sp.) have been unintentionally introduced as stowaways, possibly since Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1493. More recently, species have been introduced as a means of biological pest control. For example, the Small Asian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) was introduced in the 19th century to control the damage caused by rats in sugar cane plantations. The introduction was a failure: the mongoose failed to control the rat population and instead contributed to the decline of native fauna such as the Yellow-shouldered Blackbird and possibly the Elfin-woods Warbler. Reconstruction of a Taíno village in Cuba The Taíno are pre-Columbian indigenous inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and some of the Lesser Antilles. ... Genera Capromys Geocapromys †Hexolobodon Isolobodon Mesocapromys Mysateles Plagiodontia Rhizoplagiodontia Hutias are cavy-like rodents that inhabits the Caribbean Islands. ... cow and ox, see Cow (disambiguation) and Ox (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 For other uses, see Donkey (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) Black Rat range The Black Rat (Rattus rattus), also known as the Asian black rat, Ship Rat, Roof Rat or House Rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the genus Rattus (Old World rodents) and the subfamily Murinae (murine rodents). ... Binomial name Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) The Brown Rat or Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the most well-known and common rats, and also one of the largest. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator and maritime explorer credited as the discoverer of the Americas. ... Predatory Polistes wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on a cotton plant Biological control of pests and diseases is a method of controlling pests (including weeds and diseases) in agriculture that relies on natural predation, parasitism or other natural mechanism, rather than introduced chemicals. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... Binomial name Agelaius xanthomus Sclater, 1862 Subspecies Agelaius xanthomus xanthomus Agelaius xanthomus monensis The Yellow-shouldered Blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus), La Mariquita de Puerto Rico or Capitán is a diurnal blackbird endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico and one of the eleven species belonging to the Agelaius genus of... -1...

Rhesus Macaques, an introduced mammal to Puerto Rico

As part of a study on adaptation, 57 Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) were introduced to the island of Desecheo and other southern off-shore islands and cays in 1967.^[18] Prior to the introduction, Desecheo was the largest nesting colony of the Brown Booby, but mainly as a result of egg predation by the introduced macaques, no bird species presently nests in the island. Efforts to trap and remove the species have been unsuccessful and it has expanded its range to southwestern Puerto Rico. Other primates also have established populations in Puerto Rico. As a result of vandalism, 107 Squirrel monkeys escaped from a research station at Sabana Seca in the late 1970s. The latest estimate for this population is 35 individuals.^[18] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 436 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 436 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Binomial name Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) The Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), often called the Rhesus Monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys. ... A biological adaptation is an anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioral trait of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection such that it increases the expected long-term reproductive success of the organism. ... Binomial name Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) The Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), often called the Rhesus Monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys. ... Location of Desecheo within the archipelago of Puerto Rico The Rincon lighthouse with Desecheo in the background. ... Binomial name Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) The Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster) is a large seabird of the gannet family, Sulidae. ... A juvenile Red-tailed Hawk eating a California Vole In ecology, predation describes a biological interaction where a predator organism feeds on another living organism or organisms known as prey. ... Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Type species Simia sciurea Linnaeus, 1758 Species Saimiri oerstedii Saimiri sciureus Saimiri ustus Saimiri boliviensis Saimiri vanzolini The squirrel monkeys are the New World monkeys of the genus Saimiri. ...

West Indian Manatee, an aquatic mammal of Puerto Rico

Arguably the most famous of aquatic mammals occurring in Puerto Rican waters is the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) which is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. The archipelago's waters are one of the species' main breeding areas. Manatees gathered local media attention when a two-month manatee nicknamed Moisés was rescued and raised for 27 months by the Caribbean Stranding Network (CSN). Moisés was the first successful release of an orphaned, captive-raised manatee to the marine environment in the Caribbean.^[19] The animal became a Puerto Rican cultural, as well as scientific, icon when Tony Croatto wrote a song titled "Moisés". A municipality of Puerto Rico, Manatí (Spanish for Manatee) is believed to be named after the species. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Binomial name Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758 A group of three West Indian manatees. ... Binomial name Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758 A group of three West Indian manatees. ... Tony Croatto (March 2, 1940 - April 3, 2005) was an Croatian/Italian-Puerto Rican singer and composer best known for his interpretations of Puerto Rican folk music. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Ciudad Metropolitana, La Atenas de Puerto Rico Gentilic: Manatieños Location Location of Manatí, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded 1738 Mayor Juan Bin Cruz Manzano Political party PNP Senatorial district 3 - Arecibo Representative district 12, 13 Geographical characteristics Area Total 145. ...

Puerto Rico's waters are also an important breeding site for the Humpback whale during the Northern Hemisphere's winter. Humpback whale watching is a popular tourist attraction in the municipality of Rincón in western Puerto Rico. Binomial name Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski, 1781 Humpback Whale range The Humpback Whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, is a baleen whale. ... Whale watching off the coast of Bar Harbor, Maine. ... Flag Seal Nickname: El Pueblo de los Bellos Atardeceres, Los Surfers, El Pueblo del Surfing Gentilic: Rinconeños Location Location of Rincón, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded 1771 Mayor Hon. ...

Bats

Extant bats of Puerto Rico belong to five families (Noctilionidae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae, and Molossidae) and include a total of 13 species, of which six subspecies are endemic to the archipelago. Seven of the 13 species are insectivores, four can be considered frugivores, one species feeds on nectar and another on fish. The species total is a relatively low number in comparison to the other Greater Antilles. Jamaica, for example, with an area approximately 1.2 times that of Puerto Rico, has 21 species (1.6 times that of Puerto Rico). A possible explanation for this is the comparatively large distance between the archipelago and the mainland dispersion areas. Jamaica, for example, is closer to Cuba and Hispaniola which are themselves closer to the mainland dispersion areas of North and Central America. In biology, extant taxon is commonly used in discussions of living and fossil species. ... The Noctilionidae family of bats, commonly known as Bulldog bats, are represented by two species, the Greater Bulldog Bat and the Lesser Bulldog Bat. ... Mustached bats are a small group of bats of the family Mormoopidae. ... The Leaf-nosed bats, family Phyllostomidae are by far the most varied and diverse within the whole order Chiroptera and count within their number true predatory species that take vertebrate prey including small Dove -sized birds in the case of the False Vampire, Vampyrum spectrum, the largest bat in the... Evening bats or perhaps more correctly Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae) are the largest and best-known family of bats. ... The Free-tailed bats in the family Molossidae are generally quite robust and consist of many strong flying forms with relatively long and narrow wings. ... Any organism with a diet that consists chiefly of insects and similar small creatures is an insectivore. ... A frugivore is an animal that feeds primarily or less commonly exclusively on fruit. ...

Bats play an important role in forest and cave ecology in Puerto Rico and help control mosquito populations. Most species (10 of 13) are cave-dwellers with low reproductive rates; the area with the highest species richness is the Caribbean National Forest, where eleven species occur.^[20] The Red Fig-eating Bat, endemic to the Puerto Rican Bank, plays an important role in the ecology of tabonuco^[21] forest in the Luquillo Mountains since it is believed to be the only seed disperser of bulletwood (Manilkara bidentata). Cave ecosystems are enhanced by bat feces (guano) since many of the invertebrate cave fauna are either guano scavengers, detrivores or predators of the former two. Yunque waterfall The Caribbean National Forest located in the island of Puerto Rico, and commonly known as El Yunque (named after the Taino Indian spirit Yuquiyú, and meaning Forest of Clouds) is the only tropical forest in the United States National Forrest System. ... The Chincha guano islands in Peru. ... Detritivores (also detrivores or detritus feeders) are animals that recycle detritus (decomposing organic material), returning it into the food chain. ...

The bat species that occur in the archipelago of Puerto Rico are: Greater Bulldog Bat (Noctilio leporinus), Antillean Ghost-faced Bat (Mormoops blainvillii), Parnell's Mustached Bat (Pteronotus parnellii), Sooty Mustached Bat (Pteronotus quadridens), Jamaican Fruit Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis), Antillean Fruit Bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum), Brown Flower Bat (Erophylla sezekoni bombifrons), Greater Antillean Long-tongued Bat (Monophyllus redmani), Red Fig-eating Bat (Stenoderma rufum), Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus), Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), Velvety Free-tailed Bat (Molossus molossus), and Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). Binomial name Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Greater Bulldog Bat or Fisherman Bat is a type of fishing bat native to South America. ... Binomial name Leach, 1821 The Antillean Ghost-faced Bat (Mormoops blainvillii) is a species of bat in the Mormoopidae family. ... Binomial name Pteronotus parnellii Gray, 1843 The Parnells Mustached Bat, Pteronotus parnellii is an insectivorous bat native to North, Central and South America. ... Binomial name (Gundlach, 1840) The Sooty Mustached Bat (Pteronotus quadridens) is a species of bat in the Mormoopidae family. ... Binomial name Artibeus jamaicensis Leach, 1821 The Jamaican or Mexican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) is a fruit bat native to Central and South America. ... Binomial name Brachyphylla cavernarum Gray, 1834 The Antillean Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum) is one of two leaf-nosed bat species belonging to the Brachyphylla genus. ... Binomial name Eptesicus fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796) The Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus, is larger in size than comparitive species of bats, from about 4 to 5 inches (10 - 13 cm) in length and weighing 1/2 to 5/8 ounce. ... The Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis) is a species of bat from the Vespertilionidae family. ... Binomial name Molossus molossus Pallas, 1766 The Velvety Free-tailed Bat (Molossus molossus), is a bat species from South and Central America. ... Binomial name Tadarida brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy, 1824) The Mexican Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) is a medium sized bat. ...

Birds

Bananaquit, the most abundant bird in Puerto Rico^[22]

The avifauna of Puerto Rico is composed of 349 species, 16 of which are endemic to the archipelago. Almost half of the species (166) are accidental, meaning that they have been sighted only once or twice, and 42 of the species have been introduced, either directly or indirectly (mainly through habitat alteration), by humans. Approximately 120 species, including both native and introduced, breed regularly in the archipelago.^[23] Image File history File links Bananaquit. ... Image File history File links Bananaquit. ... Binomial name Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola, is a passerine bird, the only member of the family Coerebidae. ... Puerto Rican Spindalis (Reina Mora in Spanish), the national bird of Puerto Rico. ... This is a list of the endemic fauna of Puerto Rico. ... This article is a parent page for a series of articles providing information about endemism among birds in the Worlds various zoogeographic zones. ... Vagrancy is a phenomenon in biology whereby individual animals appear well outside their normal range; individual animals which exhibit vagrancy are known as vagrants. ... Sweet clover (), introduced and naturalized to the U.S. from Eurasia as a forage and cover crop. ...

The avifauna of the West Indies is predominantly of tropical North American (southern North America and Central America) origin with aggressive South American species having colonized the area only recently.^[24] The South American families occurring in the Greater Antilles are the hummingbirds (Trochilidae), tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae), Bananaquit (Coerebidae) and tanagers (Thraupidae), all of which are represented in Puerto Rico. The prevailing theory suggests that bird fauna colonized the West Indies by transoceanic dispersal during the glacial periods of the Pleistocene. The most primitive West Indies birds are the Todies which have an endemic representative in Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rican Tody.^[24] Subfamilies Phaethornithinae Trochilinae For a taxonomic list of genera, see: List of hummingbirds in taxonomic order For an alphabetic species list, see: Alphabetic species list Hummingbirds are small birds in the family Trochilidae, native only to the Americas. ... Genera Many, see text. ... Binomial name Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola, is a passerine bird, the only member of the family Coerebidae. ... Genera many: see text The tanagers are a large group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly in the tropics. ... Species see text The todies are a family of tropical birds in the order Coraciiformes, which also includes the kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers. ... Binomial name Todus mexicanus Lesson, 1838 The Puerto Rican Tody is a tropical forest bird. ...

Puerto Rico's avifauna has diminished due to extinction and extirpation, either by natural forces or human intervention. For example, fossil evidence was discovered for a species of swift, Tachornis uranoceles, dated to the late Pleistocene (between 17,000 and 21,000 years ago).^[25] The species is believed to have become extinct as a result of habitat alteration after the Wisconsin glaciation.^[12] At least six endemic species have become extinct in the last millennia: Puerto Rican Barn Owl (Tyto cavatica), Puerto Rican Caracara (Polyborus latebrosus), Puerto Rico Parakeet (Aratinga chloroptera maugei), Puerto Rican Woodcock (Scolopax anthonyi), Puerto Rican quail-dove (Geotrygon larva), and the Antillean Cave-Rail (Nesotrochis debooyi).^[26] With a population of 13 individuals in 1975, the Puerto Rican Parrot almost became the seventh, but conservation efforts helped save the species from extinction. However, it is still one of the ten most critically-endangered birds in the world. Four Puerto Rican birds, the Hispaniolan Parakeet, the White-necked Crow, the Cuban Crow, and the Limpkin, became extirpated after Puerto Rico's population expansion in the latter half of the nineteenth century and three more species, the Black-bellied Whistling Duck, the Black Rail, and the Greater Flamingo, no longer breed in the archipelago. Binomial name Todus mexicanus Lesson, 1838 The Puerto Rican Tody is a tropical forest bird. ... Genera Many; see text. ... The Wisconsin (in North America), Devensian (in the British Isles), Midlandian (in Ireland), Würm (in the Alps), and Weichsel (in northern central Europe) glaciations are the most recent glaciations of the Pleistocene epoch, which ended around 10,000 BCE. The general glacial advance began about 70,000 BCE, and... . ... Binomial name (Souancé, 1856) The Hispaniolan Parakeet, Conure Maîtresse, Aratinga De La Española, or Perico (Aratinga chloroptera) is a species of parrot in the Psittacidae family. ... Binomial name Corvus leucognaphalus Daudin, 1800 The White-necked Crow, Corvus leucognaphalus, is the largest (42-46 cm in length) of the four West Indian Crow species. ... Binomial name Corvus nasicus Temminck,, 1826 The Cuban Crow, Corvus nasicus, is one of four fascinating species of crow that occur on a few key islands in the West Indies. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Binomial name Dendrocygna autumnalis Linnaeus, USA and tropical Central and South America. ... Binomial name Laterallus jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1789) The Black Rail is a mouse_sized member of the Rallidae family of birds. ... Binomial name Phoenicopterus roseus Pallas, 1811 Synonyms Phoenicopterus antiquorum The Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is the most widespread species of the flamingo family. ...

Amphibians and reptiles

Puerto Rican Crested Toad, an endemic amphibian species of Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico's herpetofauna consists of 25 amphibian species and 61 reptile species. The majority of West Indian terrestrial reptile clade is believed to have arrived by flotsam dispersion from South America. Little evidence exists to support the alternative hypothesis of proto-Antillean vicariance.^[27] Other terrestrial herpetofauna are believed to have arrived to the West Indies (and Puerto Rico) by the same method and subsequently undergone vicarization by banks or islands.^[28] As a result, Puerto Rico, and the Caribbean in general, has one of the highest percentages of endemism among amphibians and reptiles in the world. Amphibian species in Puerto Rico belong to four families: Bufonidae (2 species), Hylidae (3), Leptodactylidae (18) and Ranidae (2). Reptiles include turtles (freshwater and marine), lizards, worm lizards, snakes and a caiman. Image File history File links Puerto_Rican_crested_toad. ... Image File history File links Puerto_Rican_crested_toad. ... Binomial name Bufo lemur (Cope, 1869) Synonyms Peltophryne lemur The Puerto Rican Crested Toad or simply Puerto Rican Toad (Bufo lemur) is a species of toad found in Puerto Rico. ... For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ... Subclasses Anapsida Diapsida Synonyms Reptilia Laurenti, 1768 Reptiles are tetrapods and amniotes, animals whose embryos are surrounded by an amniotic membrane, and members of the class Sauropsida. ... For other uses, see Toad (disambiguation). ... Genera see Text Tree frog, in zoology, any individual of the family Hylidae. ... Leptodactylidae are a diverse family of frogs in the suborder Neobatrachia. ... Genera Batacia Opyum Rana - Frog is the common name for amphibians in the order, Anura. ... Diversity ca. ... Families Many, see text. ... Families Amphisbaenidae Trogonophidae Bipedidae Suborder Amphisbaenia is a group of peculiar, usually legless squamates distantly related to lizards and snakes, in spite of their resemblance to worms (many possessing a pink body color and scales arranged in rings). ... Infraorders and Families Alethinophidia - Nopcsa, 1923 Acrochordidae- Bonaparte, 1831 Aniliidae - Stejneger, 1907 Anomochilidae - Cundall, Wallach & Rossman, 1993 Atractaspididae - Günther, 1858 Boidae - Gray, 1825 Bolyeriidae - Hoffstetter, 1946 Colubridae - Oppel, 1811 Cylindrophiidae - Fitzinger, 1843 Elapidae - F. Boie, 1827 Loxocemidae - Cope, 1861 Pythonidae - Fitzinger, 1826 Tropidophiidae - Brongersma, 1951 Uropeltidae - Müller, 1832... Genera Alligator Caiman Melanosuchus Paleosuchus Alligators and caimans are reptiles closely related to the crocodiles and forming the family Alligatoridae (sometimes regarded instead as the subfamily Alligatorinae). ...

All species of Ranidae and Hylidae occurring in Puerto Rico are introduced. One species from the Bufonidae family, the Cane Toad, is introduced while the other, the Puerto Rican Crested Toad, is endemic and critically endangered. The Cane Toad was introduced to Puerto Rico in the 1920s to control the populations of white-grub (Phyllophaga spp.), a sugar cane pest. All species from the Leptodactylidae family are native to the region. Of the 18 Leptodactylidae species, 17 are from the Eleutherodactylus genus and are commonly known in Puerto Rico as coquís. Three of these, the Web-footed Coqui, the Golden Coqui and the Mottled Coqui, are likely to be extinct. The Golden Coqui is the only live-bearing species from the Leptodactylidae family and Cook's Robber Frog (E. cooki) is the only Eleutherodactylus sp. that exhibits sexual dimorphism in both size and color. The Common Coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is an unofficial national symbol of Puerto Rico and an important aspect of Puerto Rican culture. Since 14 of the 17 coquís are endemic to the archipelago, a common phrase used by Puerto Ricans to assert their national pride is "De aquí como el coquí" (From here Puerto Rico like the coquí). Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution of the Cane Toad. ... Binomial name Bufo lemur (Cope, 1869) Synonyms Peltophryne lemur The Puerto Rican Crested Toad or simply Puerto Rican Toad (Bufo lemur) is a species of toad found in Puerto Rico. ... Phyllophaga is a genus of New World scarab beetles in the subfamily Melolonthinae. ... Species Many, see text. ... Binomial name Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Grant, 1931 The Web-footed Coqui (Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti) also known as Karls Robber Frog is a possible extinct Puerto Rican frog species from the coquí (Eleutherodactylus) genus. ... Binomial name Eleutherodactylus jasperi Drewry & Jones, 1976 The Golden coqui (Eleutherodactylus jasperi; Spanish: Coquí dorado) is a rare and possibly extinct leptodactylid frog species endemic to Puerto Rico. ... Binomial name Rivero, 1959 The Mottled Coquí (Eleutherodactylus eneidae) is a species of Coquí, a small variety of frog endemic to the main island of Puerto Rico and its archipelago. ... Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size, between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ... Species See text Coquí is the common name for several species of small frogs native to the archipelago of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, onomatopoeically named for the loud sound (sometimes reaching as high as 100 dB) the males make at night. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Hawksbill turtle, a critically endangered species

Puerto Rico's turtle fauna includes both freshwater (5 species, including two extinct species) and marine turtles (5). Two of these species, the Hawksbill turtle and the Leatherback Sea Turtle, are critically endangered. Threats to these species include habitat destruction and illegal capture of eggs and individuals. The Spectacled Caiman, an introduced species, is the only representative of the Crocodilia order in Puerto Rico. The largest terrestrial lizard of the archipelago of Puerto Rico is the Mona Ground Iguana (Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri). A subspecies of the Rhinoceros Iguana (Cyclura cornuta), it is endemic to Mona Island, located in the Mona Passage between the main island of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Another Cyclura species of similar size, the Anegada Ground Iguana (Cyclura pinguis), once occurred in the archipelago but it became extirpated due to predation by dogs, cats, and humans, habitat destruction, and competition from goats and pigs, and is now restricted to Anegada. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Eretmochelys imbricata Linnaeus, 1766 Range of the Hawksbill turtle subspecies Eretmochelys imbricata bissa (Rüppell, 1835) Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) Synonyms Eretmochelys imbricata squamata junior synonym The hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. ... Binomial name Eretmochelys imbricata Linnaeus, 1766 Range of the Hawksbill turtle subspecies Eretmochelys imbricata bissa (Rüppell, 1835) Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) Synonyms Eretmochelys imbricata squamata junior synonym The hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. ... Binomial name Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) The Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) is the biggest of all living turtles, reaching a length of over 2. ... Binomial name Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Spectacled Caiman (Caiman crocodilus) is a crocodilian reptile found in much of Central and South America. ... Binomial name Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri Barbour, 1937 The Mona Ground Iguana is an endemic reptile of the Mona Island, Puerto Rico. ... The Rhinoceros Iguana (Cyclura cornuta) is a medium-sized iguana that is primarily found on the Caribbean islands. ... The Mona Passage is a strait that separates the islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. ... Unlike the other British Virgin Islands, Anegada is a flat atoll. ...

Puerto Rican Boa, Puerto Rico's largest snake

The 11 snake species occurring in Puerto Rico are generally considered non-poisonous, although research has concluded that at least one species, the Puerto Rican Racer (Alsophis portoricensis), secretes venom.^[29] These species belong to 3 families and 4 genera: Typhlopidae (Thyplops genus), Boidae (Epicrates) and Colubridae (Alsophis and Arrhyton). The largest snake in Puerto Rico is the endemic Puerto Rican Boa (Epicrates inornatus) with a maximum length of 12 ft (3.7 m). The diet of snakes in Puerto Rico consists of reptiles (Ameiva, Anolis, Geckos), coquís and other frogs, and, to a lesser extent, mice, birds and bats (exclusively by the Puerto Rican Boa). Image File history File links Puerto_Rican_Boa. ... Image File history File links Puerto_Rican_Boa. ... Binomial name Epicrates inornatus (Reinhardt, 1843) The Puerto Rican Boa is a slender, terrestrial, viviparous boa with a dark brown coloration. ... Binomial name Epicrates inornatus (Reinhardt, 1843) The Puerto Rican Boa is a slender, terrestrial, viviparous boa with a dark brown coloration. ...

The most common lizard in Puerto Rico is the Sharp-mouthed Lizard (Anolis pulchellus).^[30] The Anolis lizards of Puerto Rico, and the Greater Antilles in general, represent an interesting case of adaptive radiation. Anolis lizards in the Greater Antilles are more closely related to other species within the same island than to species of adjacent islands. Surprisingly, even though species divergence occurred independently on each island, the same set of ecomorphs (habitat specialists) have evolved on each island.^[31] Binomial name Anolis pulchellus Duméril and Bibron, 1837 The Sharp-mouthed Lizard (Anolis pulchellus) is a small lizard belonging to the Anolis genus of the Polychrotidae family. ... Species See text. ... Four of the 13 finch species found on the Galápagos Archipelago, and thought to have evolved by an adaptive radiation that diversified their beak shapes to adapt them to different food sources. ...

Fish

White grunt (Haemulon plumieri), one of the most common reef fish in the Caribbean

The first fish descriptions from Puerto Rico were compiled by Cuvier and Valenciennes in 1828. They reported 33 taxa for the archipelago.^[32] Puerto Rico has few native freshwater fish species; however, there are over 30 introduced species, mainly originating from Africa, South America and the southeastern United States, have established populations, and 60 marine species use Puerto Rico's freshwater bodies intermittently during the year.^[18] Introductions have been intentional and accidental. The purposes of intentional introductions have been sport fishing for recreation and food, mosquito control, and to provide baitfish for largemouth bass.^[33] Accidental introductions, such as the sailfin armored catfish (Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus), are mainly attributed to the release of aquarium fish.^[34] Since 1936, the Puerto Rican Department of Natural and Environmental Resources runs a hatchery at the municipality of Maricao. About 25,000 fish, including largemouth bass, peacock bass, and channel catfish, and some turtle species are raised annually to stock Puerto Rico's reservoirs and rivers.^[35] Image File history File links White_grunt. ... Image File history File links White_grunt. ... Georges Cuvier Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier (August 23, 1769–May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist and zoologist. ... Achille Valenciennes (August 9, 1794 - April 13, 1865) was a French zoologist. ... Sport fishing is a popular attraction in Cabo San Lucas Sport fishing is a term (often used interchangeably with game fishing) that describes recreational fishing where the primary reward is the challenge of finding and catching the fish rather than the culinary or financial value of the fishs flesh. ... Bait fish are small fishes caught for use as bait to attract large predatory fish, particularly game fish. ... Binomial name Micropterus salmoides The Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is a species of fish. ... Binomial name Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Hancock, 1828) Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus is a tropical fish known as a Plecostomus belonging to the armored catfish family (Loricariidae). ... A hatchery is a facility where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions, especially those of fish or poultry. ... Image:Maricao seal. ... Binomial name Cichla orinocensis The Peacock Bass (Cichla orinocensis), also commonly known as the Peacock Cichlid, is a freshwater fish native to South America (where it it is known as the pavon), and introduced to Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia deliberately by anglers as a popular game fish. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Three types of habitats, mangroves, reefs and seagrasses, are found in Puerto Rico's ocean waters. A total of 677 fish species live in these habitats;^[13] 242 being reef species.^[36][37] Fish species found in Puerto Rican reefs are representative of the general Caribbean fauna. Common reef fishes include wrasses, damselfishes, white grunts (Haemulon plumieri), bluestriped grunts (Haemulon sciurus), queen parrotfish (Scarus vetula), and sharks (Carcharhinidae family).^[38] Sea breams (Archosargus rhomboidalis) and yellowfin mojarras (Gerres cinereus) are some of the species commonly found in mangrove habitats.^[38] Other species of interest include flatfishes, with 21 recorded species,^[39] and sharks, with more than 20 species. Oceanic whitetip sharks and silky sharks are common in the Mona Passage. Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal. ... A reef surrounding an islet. ... Seagrass from the coast of Florida Sea grass (or sea-grass in British English) are flowering plants from four plant families (Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, and Cymodoceaceae) that grow in the marine saline environment. ... Genera (60 genera) The wrasses are a family (family Labridae) of reef safe marine fish, many of which are brightly-colored and popular for aquaria. ... Genera Many, e. ... Orders Carcharhiniformes Heterodontiformes Hexanchiformes Lamniformes Orectolobiformes Pristiophoriformes Squaliformes Squatiniformes † Symmoriida Sharks (superorder Selachimorpha) are fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton [1] and a streamlined body. ... Genera Carcharhinus Galeocerdo Glyphis Isogomphodon Lamiopsis Loxodon Nasolamia Negaprion Prionace Rhizoprionodon Scoliodon Sphyrna Triaenodon The requiem sharks are a family (Carcharhinidae) that includes some of the best-known and most common types of sharks, such as the tiger shark, blue shark, bull shark, and milk shark. ... Families Suborder Psettodoidei     Psettodidae Suborder Pleuronectoidei     Citharidae     Scophthalmidae (turbots)     Bothidae (lefteye flounders)     Pleuronectidae (righteye flounders)     Paralichthyidae (large-tooth flounders)     Achiropsettidae (southern flounders)     Samaridae Suborder Soleoidei     Soleidae (soles)     Achiridae (American soles)     Cynoglossidae (tonguefishes) The flatfish are an order (Pleuronectiformes) of ray-finned fish, also called the Heterosomata, sometimes classified as a... Binomial name (Poey, 1861) Range of oceanic whitetip shark Synonyms Squalus maou, Lesson 1822-1825 Squalus longimanus, Poey 1861 Pterolamiops longimanus Carcharhinus obtusus, Garman 1881 Carcharhinus insularum, Snyder 1904 Pterolamiops magnipinnis, Smith 1958 Pterolamiops budkeri, Fourmanoir 1961 The oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus, is a large pelagic shark of tropical... Binomial name Carcharias falciformis (Müller & Henle, 1839) The silky shark (Carcharias falciformis) is a large pelagic shark of tropical and warm temperate seas. ...

Invertebrates

The invertebrate fauna of Puerto Rico is high in richness but low in diversity relative to mainland neotropical faunas of similar size and habitat diversity. Puerto Rico, in comparison to other Antillean islands, is the most extensively studied in regards to invertebrates. Invertebrate is a term that describes any animal without a spinal column. ... Neotropical or Neotropic relates to a biogeographical region in the New World, bordered in the north by the dry areas in Mexico and the southern states of the USA. in the south by southern Patagonia. ...

Aedes aegypti, arguably the most famous mosquito of Puerto Rico and host of the dengue virus

Puerto Rico's insect fauna, similar to the majority of major invertebrate taxa in the archipelago, is considered depauperate when compared to its mainland counterparts.^[40] For example, approximately 300 species of butterfly occur in Puerto Rico, in contrast to more than 600 species in Trinidad and more than 1,500 species documented from a 7.5 km² region in Brazil.^[40] As of 1998, out of the estimated 925,000 described insect species, only 5,573 were documented from Puerto Rico.^[41] In terms of diversity, of the 31 extant insect orders, 27 have representatives in Puerto Rico. The orders without reported representatives are Microcoryphia, Grylloblattaria, Plecoptera, and Mecoptera. The largest insect depository in Puerto Rico resides at the Museo de Entimología y Biodiversidad Tropical (Museum of Entimology and Tropical Biodiversity), part of the Agricultural Experimental Station of the University of Puerto Rico.^[42] Download high resolution version (2391x1895, 752 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2391x1895, 752 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... joyce This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Diversity 41 genera Genera See text. ... Dengue fever (IPA: ) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases, found in the tropics, with a geographical spread similar to malaria. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Monura - extinct Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (may be paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Diaphanopterodea - extinct Protodonata - extinct Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Caloneurodea - extinct Titanoptera - extinct Protorthoptera - extinct Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera... A taxon (plural taxa) is an element of a taxonomy, e. ... Superfamilies and families Superfamily Hedyloidea: Hedylidae Superfamily Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae Superfamily Papilionoidea: Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptora. ... Look up Trinidad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Monura - extinct Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (may be paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Diaphanopterodea - extinct Protodonata - extinct Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Caloneurodea - extinct Titanoptera - extinct Protorthoptera - extinct Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera... Families Machilidae Meinertellidae The Archaeognatha are known as the bristletails, so named because of their three-pronged tails. ... Genera Galloisiana Grylloblatta Grylloblattella Grylloblattina Namkungia Grylloblattodea is a small order of extremophile and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains, consisting of a single family, Grylloblattidae. ... Suborders Antarctoperlaria Arctoperlaria Euholognatha Systellognatha Plecoptera are an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. ... Families Nannochoristidae Boreidae (snow fleas) Siphonaptera (fleas) Meropeidae (earwig flies) Eomeropidae Apteropanorpidae Choristidae Panorpodidae Bittacidae (hanging flies) Panorpidae (scorpion flies) Mecoptera are an order of insects with about 600 species worldwide. ... The University of Puerto Rico (UPR) is the university system of Puerto Rico. ...

Arachnids are important to the forest ecology, as both predators and prey. In some forest types, such as tabonuco forest, they are the major arboreal invertebrate predators; spiders being the most abundant representative.^[43] The Maricao Commonwealth Forest's 27 spider species belong to five families: Uloboridae, Pholcidae, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae and Araneidae.^[44] Theotima minutissima, a small spider species found in abundance in the Caribbean National Forest, is believed to be parthenogenetic, meaning that it reproduces without fertilization by a male.^[45] Extant orders Acarina Amblypygi Araneae Opiliones Palpigradi Pseudoscorpionida Ricinulei Schizomida Solifugae Uropygi Wikispecies has information related to: Arachnida Arachnids are a class (Arachnida) of joint-legged invertebrate animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. ... Genera Ariston Astavakra Conifaber Daramulunia Hyptiotes Lubinella Miagrammopes Octonoba Orinomana Philoponella Polenecia Purumitra Siratoba Sybota Tangaroa Uloborus Waitkera Zosis The hackled orbweavers (family Uloboridae) have the special distinction of being non-venomous spiders. ... Diversity 80 genera, 959 species Genera Holocnemus Modisimus Pholcus Smeringopus Spermophora many others The Pholcidae are a spider family in the suborder Araneomorphae. ... Genera Latrodectus Argyrodes Theridion Steatoda The tangle-web spiders or comb-footed spiders (family Theridiidae) are a large group (over 2000 species in nearly 80 genera) of haphazard web-builders found throughout the world. ... Genera many, see text The bowl and doily and dwarf spiders, also known as money spiders (family Linyphiidae) include nearly 4250 species in over 550 genera worldwide. ... Genera many, see text The orb-weaver spiders (family Araneidae) are the familiar builders of spiral wheel-shaped webs often found in gardens, fields and forests. ... Binomial name Theotima minutissima (Petrunkevitch, 1929) Theotima minutissima is a minute (0. ... Kaguya is one success from 460 attempts at growing embryos. ...

Other terrestrial invertebrates described from Puerto Rico include earthworms and cave dwelling animals. Eighteen native species of earthworm have been described, with 11 species belonging to the Glossoscolecidae family, 3 to the Megascolecidae family, and 4 to the Exxidae family.^[46][47] Seventy-eight invertebrate species are known to inhabit Puerto Rico's caves. Six of these species are restricted to the Antilles, 23 come from North America and 23 are endemic to Puerto Rico. Only two of the species are confirmed as troglobites, or restricted to caves. Forty-five percent of the species are predators while the remaining 55% are guano scavengers, detrivores and herbivores. It is believed that most of this fauna arrived at Puerto Rico in the Pleistocene.^[48] Families   Acanthodrilidae   Ailoscolecidae   Alluroididae   Almidae   Criodrilidae   Eudrilidae   Exxidae   Glossoscolecidae   Lumbricidae   Lutodrilidae   Megascolecidae   Microchaetidae   Ocnerodrilidae   Octochaetidae   Sparganophilidae Earthworm is the common name for the largest members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. ... Glossoscolecidae is a large family of earthworms which has native representatives in South and Central America. ... Genera See text. ... In archaeology, a troglodyte is any member of a primitive tribe of cave-dwelling people (from the Greek troglodytai, from trogle, a hole and dyein, to enter). More recently troglodyte is used to describe a technophobic person; i. ... A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage A herbivore is often defined as any organism that eats only plants[1]. By that definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, about 1% of flowering plants and some protists can be considered herbivores. ...

Elkhorn coral, listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 2006

The marine invertebrate fauna of Puerto Rico is composed of 61 sponges, 171 cnidarians, 8 nemerteans, 1,176 mollusks, 129 annelids (polychaetes), 342 crustaceans, 165 echinoderms, 131 bryozoans, 117 hard corals, 99 soft corals and gorgonians, 13 corallimorphs, and 8 hydrocorals.^[13][49] Coral species found in Puerto Rican reefs are representative of the general Caribbean fauna. Commonly occurring corals include Boulder Star coral (Montrastaea annularis), Finger coral (Porites porites), and Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata). Image File history File links Elkhorn_coral. ... Image File history File links Elkhorn_coral. ... Classes Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongiae The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus pore and ferre to bear) are animals of the phylum Porifera. ... Classes Anthozoa - Corals and sea anemones Cubozoa - Sea wasps or box jellyfish Hydrozoa - Hydroids, hydra-like animals Scyphozoa - Jellyfish Cnidaria is a phylum containing some 10,000 species of relatively simple animals found exclusively in aquatic environments (most species are marine). ... Classes Anopla Enopla The phylum Nemertea (also Nemertina, Nemertinea or Nemertini) contains the ribbon worms or proboscis worms, which are a group of unsegmented marine invertebrates. ... Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora Monoplacophora Bivalvia Scaphopoda Gastropoda Cephalopoda † Rostroconchia The mollusks or molluscs are the large and diverse phylum Mollusca, which includes a variety of familiar creatures well-known for their decorative shells or as seafood. ... Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta (paraphyletic?) Class Clitellata*    Oligochaeta - earthworms, etc. ... Classes & Subclasses Branchiopoda Phyllopoda Sarsostraca Remipedia Cephalocarida Maxillopoda Thecostraca Tantulocarida Branchiura Pentastomida Mystacocarida Copepoda Ostracoda Myodocopa Podocopa Malacostraca Phyllocarida Hoplocarida Eumalacostraca The nauplius larva of a dendrobranchiate Porcellio scaber, the common rough woodlouse, a terrestrial crustacean Pollicipes polymerus, the gooseneck barnacle Glyphea pseudastacus, a fossil glypheoid The crustaceans (Crustacea) are... Classes Subphylum Homalozoa Gill & Caster, 1960 Class Homostelea Class Homoiostelea Class Stylophora Gill & Caster, 1960 Class Ctenocystoidea Robison & Sprinkle, 1969 Subphylum Crinozoa Class Eocrinoidea Jaekel, 1899 Class Paracrinoidea Regnéll, 1945 Class Cystoidea von Buch, 1846 Class Blastoidea Class Crinoidea Subphylum Asterozoa Class Ophiuroidea Class Asteroidea Subphylum Echinozoa Helicoplacoidea †  ?Arkarua... Fossilized Bryozoa, Ordovician limestone, Batavia, Ohio Bryozoans (moss animals) are tiny colonial animals that generally build stony skeletons of calcium carbonate, superficially similar to coral. ... Families Suborder Astrocoeiina   Acroporidae   Astrocoeniidae   Pocilloporiidae Suborder Caryophylliina   Caryophylliidae Suborder Dendrophylliina   Dendrophylliidae Suborder Faviina   Astrangiidae   Faviidae   Meandrinidae   Mirulinidae   Mussidae   Oculinidae   Pectiniidae   Trachyphyllidae Suborder Fungiina   Agariciidae   Fungiidae   Poritidae   Siderastreidae   Thamnasteriidae Scleractinia, also called Stony star corals, are exclusively marine animals; they are very similar to sea anemones but generate a hard... Families Suborder Alcyoniina Suborder Calcaxonia Suborder Holaxonia Suborder Protoalcyonaria Suborder Scleraxonia Suborder Stolonifera Suborder Incertae sedis Wikispecies has information related to: Alcyonacea Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Alcyonaria The Alcyonacea, or the soft corals are an order of corals which do not produce calcium carbonate cups. ... Purple sea whip gorgonian A sea fan, or gorgonian, is a form of sessile colonial cnidarian, similar to a sea pen or a soft coral, found in tropical and subtropical seawater. ... Binomial name Elkhorn coral(Acropora palmata) is considered to be one of the most important reef-building corals in the Caribbean. ...

Invertebrate introductions have had an observable effect on Puerto Rican fauna. Native freshwater snails such as Physa cubensis have been adversely affected by introduced species. Currently, the most abundant snail in Puerto Rico is the Quilted Melania (Tarebia granifera), a species introduced from Africa.^[50] Another invertebrate introduced to Puerto Rico is the honeybee. This animal competes with the endangered Puerto Rican Parrot for secondary nesting cavities at the Caribbean National Forest. Africanized bees, which pose an even greater threat for secondary cavity nesters, have recently extended their range to Puerto Rico. Other introductions include 18 species of ant, one of the most abundant taxa in leaf litter habitats.^[51] Species Apis andreniformis Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Apis florea Apis koschevnikovi Apis laboriosa Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta Apis nuluensis Honey bees are a subset of bees which represent a far smaller fraction of bee diversity than most people... Species HYBRID (see text) Africanized honey bees (AHB), (known colloquially as killer bees) are hybrids of the African honey bee, Apis mellifera scutellata (not ; see Collet , 2006), with various European honey bees such as the Italian bee A. m. ... Subfamilies Aenictogitoninae Agroecomyrmecinae Amblyoponinae (incl. ... Blanket of reddish-brown ponderosa pine needles covering the ground. ...

Human effect and conservation

The fauna of Puerto Rico has been subjected to human influence since the arrival of the Ortoiroid, Puerto Rico's first settlers, approximately 4,000 years ago. The native fauna was used by the island's indigenous population as a source of food, while others were used for skins and trade. Significant declines in the populations and diversity of the islands fauna are believed to have begun after the arrival of European settlers in the sixteenth century. Habitat destruction, primarily as a result of forest clearing for sugar cane plantations, had a devastating effect on Puerto Rican fauna during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Furthermore, human-introduced species such as rats, cats, the Small Asian Mongoose, and the Cane Toad have had a profound effect on the native fauna of Puerto Rico. Rats on Monito Island are believed to be a limiting factor on the abundance of the endemic Monito Gecko,^[52] feral cats on Mona Island have been documented attacking Common Ground Doves and endemic reptiles, and have been associated with the reduction of Mona Ground Iguana juveniles,^[53] and mongooses have been documented predating on Puerto Rican Parrot fledgings.^[54] The Ortoiroid people are first human settlers of the Caribbean. ... A family of Russian settlers in the Caucasus region, ca. ... Binomial name Sphaerodactylus micropithecus Schwartz, 1977 The Monito Gecko is an endangered gecko endemic to the island of Monito in the archipelago of Puerto Rico belonging to the Sphaerodactylus genus of the Gekkonidae family of reptiles. ... Binomial name Columbina passerina (Linnaeus, 1758) The Common Ground Dove (Columbina passerina) is a small New World tropical dove. ...

Conservation efforts include both land and species protection. Approximately 8.95 km² (equal to 3.4% of total land area) divided among 34 reserves are protected in Puerto Rico.^[3] According to the IUCN there are 21 threatened species in Puerto Rico: 2 mammals, 8 breeding birds, 8 reptiles, and 3 amphibians. The U.S. federal government lists 5 mammals, 2 amphibians, 8 birds, and 10 reptiles under the Federal Endangered Species Act. The Puerto Rican government, through the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DNER), produces its own threatened species list which includes 18 critically endangered species (3 amphibians, 7 birds, 3 reptiles, 2 fish and 3 invertebrates), and 14 endangered species.^[55] The DNER follows the IUCN classification scheme for species' priority assignment. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Puerto Rican Parrot. Conservation efforts have saved this species from extinction.

Birds currently receive the greatest attention in regards to conservation. Arguably the most successful recovery plan in Puerto Rico is the Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Plan. Initiated in 1968, its main objective was to downlist the Puerto Rican Parrot's status from critical to threatened by the year 2020. Other objectives include the establishment of two separate, effective, wild populations (500 or more individuals for 5 years), the protection of habitat for those populations and the control of predators, parasites and competitors of the species. Currently, the total wild parrot population is estimated at 44 individuals, and 105 birds are in captivity.^[56] This program was fundamental in raising ecological awareness in Puerto Rico. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 458 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (640 × 838 pixel, file size: 135 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Image found at [1]. Created by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 458 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (640 × 838 pixel, file size: 135 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Image found at [1]. Created by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ... Binomial name Amazona vittata Boddaert, 1783 Subspecies A. v. ...

The Puerto Rico Breeding Bird Survey (PRBBS), established in 1997, is a program with the purpose of monitoring the status and trends of Puerto Rican breeding bird populations.^[57] The information gathered by these surveys is used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to assess bird conservation priorities. Other conservation programs by the USFWS include the Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands Migratory Bird Conservation and the maintenance of 5 wildlife refuges at Cabo Rojo, Laguna Cartagena, Vieques, Culebra and Desecheo. Other institutions supporting bird conservation in Puerto Rico are the Puerto Rican Ornithological Society and the Puerto Rico National History Association. The USFWS logo The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that is dedicated to managing and preserving wildlife. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Gentilic: Caborrojeños Location Location of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded December 17, 1771 Mayor Hon. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Isla Nena (Baby Girl Island) Gentilic: Viequenses Location Location of Vieques, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded — Mayor Damaso Serrano López Political party PPD Senatorial district 8 (Carolina) Representative district 36 Geographical characteristics Area Total 348. ... Flag Seal Nickname: La Isla Chiquita (Little Island), Última Virgen (Last Virgin) Gentilic: Culebrenses Location Location of Culebra, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded October 27, 1880 Mayor Abraham Peña Nieves Political party PNP Senatorial district 8 - Carolina Representative district 36 Geographical characteristics Area Total 30. ...

Marine conservation has recently garnered support in Puerto Rico. The archipelago has an estimated 700 miles (1,126.5 km) of coastline and 1,300 mi² (3,370 km²) of coral reef communities.^[58] The Department of Natural Resources of Puerto Rico maintains 25 areas with marine components but only two of these (11 km²) are designated as no-take zones. All turtle species occurring in Puerto Rico's waters are classified as either endangered or threatened. Earthwatch-supported turtle conservation programs and U.S. federal programs have raised local awareness and have contributed to the decline of egg-poaching and turtle meat consumption. Marine conservation, also known as marine resources conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. ... Earthwatch Institute is an international non-profit organization that was founded in 1971 near Boston (USA). ...

See also

• List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
• List of Vieques birds

This is a list of the endemic fauna of Puerto Rico. ... Vieques Island from air. ...

Footnotes and references

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... InsertSLUTTY WHORES≤ non-formatted text here{| class=toccolours border=1 cellpadding=4 style=float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right; |+ United States Geological Survey |- |style= align=center colspan=2| [[Image:USGS logo. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Wisconsin (in North America), Devensian (in the British Isles), Midlandian (in Ireland), Würm (in the Alps), and Weichsel (in northern central Europe) glaciations are the most recent glaciations of the Pleistocene epoch, which ended around 10,000 BCE. The general glacial advance began about 70,000 BCE, and... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 236th day of the year (237th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2206 (MMCCVI in Roman Numerals) will be a year in the Common Era (CE or AD) according to the Gregorian Calendar, corresponding to 5966/7 in the Hebrew Calendar. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Albert Schwartz (1991). Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History. Univ Pr of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1049-7. 
• Charles L. Hogue (1993). Latin American Insects and Entomology. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07849-7. 
• Juan A. Rivero (1998). Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto Rico. San Juan, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico Press. ISBN 0-8477-0243-X. 

Nickname: Location of San Juan within the island of Puerto Rico Coordinates: Country United States Territory Puerto Rico Founded 1508/1521 Area  - City 76. ...

External links

• Deparment of Natural Resources of Puerto Rico (Spanish)