The Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The purpose of FEMA (begun by Presidential Order on March 30, 1979) ^[1] is to coordinate the response to a disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities. The governor of the state in which the disaster occurred must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the President that FEMA and the federal government respond to the disaster. The only exception is when an emergency or disaster occurs on federal property or to a federal asset, for example, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the 1995 bombing, or the Space Shuttle Columbia in the 2003 return-flight disaster. FEMA may refer to: Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999, India This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... USD redirects here. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Official portrait of Paulison Robert David Paulison (b. ... “DHS” redirects here. ... “DHS” redirects here. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... This article describes the government of the United States. ... Alfred Paul Murrah (27 October 1904 - 30 October 1975), was an American attorney and judge. ... Alfred P. Murrah building four days before its demolition Alfred P. Murrah building during demolition Aerial view of Alfred P. Murrah building after bombing The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was a United States Federal Government complex located at 200 N.W. 5th Street in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. ... OKC redirects here. ... Official language(s) None Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Largest metro area Oklahoma City metro area Area  Ranked 20th  - Total 69,898 sq mi (181,196 km²)  - Width 230 miles (370 km)  - Length 298 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... The Oklahoma City bombing was an attack on April 19, 1995 aimed at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, a U.S. government office complex in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. ... Space Shuttle Columbia (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first spaceworthy space shuttle in NASAs orbital fleet. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earths atmosphere, shortly before concluding its 28th mission, STS-107. ...

While on-the-ground support of disaster recovery efforts is a major part of FEMA's charter, the agency provides state and local governments with experts in specialized fields and funding for rebuilding efforts and relief funds for individual citizens and infrastructure, in conjunction with the Small Business Administration. FEMA also assists individuals and businesses with low interest loans. FEMA also provides funds for training of response personnel throughout the United States and its territories as part of the agency's preparedness effort. The Small Business Administration (SBA) is a United States government agency that provides support to small businesses. ...

FEMA was widely criticized for what was seen as a slow and incompetent response after Hurricane Katrina. In the aftermath, some have called^{[citation needed]} for the agency to be abolished or replaced with a different agency. The criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina primarily consisted of condemnations of mismanagement and lack of preparation in the relief effort in response to Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath. ... This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2005. ...

History

Federal emergency management in the United States has existed in one form or another for over 200 years. The history of FEMA can be divided into the following parts.

Pre-1930

A series of devastating fires struck the port city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, early in the 19th century. The 7th U.S. Congress passed a number of measures in the Congressional Act of 1803 that provided relief for Portsmouth merchants by waiving duties and tariffs on imported goods. This is widely considered^{[citation needed]} the first piece of legislation passed by the federal government that provided relief after a disaster. Location in Rockingham County, New Hampshire Coordinates: , Country State County Rockingham County Incorporated 1653 Government  - Mayor Steve Marchand  - City manager John P. Bohenko Area  - City  16. ... Official language(s) English Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Area  Ranked 46th  - Total 9,350 sq mi (24,217 km²)  - Width 68 miles (110 km)  - Length 190 miles (305 km)  - % water 4. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Seventh United States Congress Links and spelling have to be verified. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... An Act of Vaginapenis is a bill or resolution adopted by both houses of the United States Congress to which one of the following events has happened: Acceptance by the President of the United States, Inaction by the President after ten days from reception (excluding Sundays) while the Congress is... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Tax rates around the world Tax revenue as % of GDP Economic policy Monetary policy Central bank   Money supply Fiscal policy Spending   Deficit   Debt Trade policy Tariff   Trade agreement Finance Financial market Financial market participants Corporate   Personal Public   Banking   Regulation        For other uses of this word, see tariff (disambiguation). ... A good or commodity in economics is any object or service that increases utility, directly or indirectly, not be confused with good in a moral or ethical sense (see Utilitarianism and consequentialist ethical theory). ...

Between 1803 and 1930, ad hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times for relief or compensation after a disaster. Examples of these include the waiving of duties and tariffs to the merchants of New York City after a fire in the mid-1830s. After President Abraham Lincoln's assassination at John T. Ford's Theatre, the 54th Congress passed legislation compensating those who were injured in the theatre. Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means for this [purpose]. It generally signifies a solution that has been tailored to a specific purpose, such as a tailor-made suit, a handcrafted network protocol, and specific-purpose equation and things like that. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... // Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Evolutionary theorist Charles Darwins expedition on the HMS Beagle. ... For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ... Assassination of Abraham Lincoln From left to right: Major Henry Rathbone, Clara Harris, Mary Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, and John Wilkes Booth. ... John T. Ford John Thomson Ford (April 16, 1829 â€“ March 14, 1894) was a 19th-century American theatre manager. ... Fords Theatre at 511 10th Street, NW, Washington, D.C. is an active theatre in Washington DC, United States, used for various performances. ... Dates of Sessions 1895-1897 The first session of this Congress took place in Washington, DC from December 2, 1895 to June 11, 1896. ...

Piecemeal approach (1930s–1960s)

After the start of the Great Depression in 1929, President Herbert Hoover had commissioned the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932. The purpose of the RFC was to lend money to banks and institutions to stimulate economic activity. RFC was also responsible for dispensing federal dollars in the wake of a disaster. RFC can be considered the first organized federal disaster response agency. For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964), the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933), was a world-famous mining engineer and humanitarian administrator. ... The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was an independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Bureau of Public Roads in 1934 was given authority to finance the reconstruction of highways and roads after a disaster. The Flood Control Act of 1944 also gave the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authority over flood control and irrigation projects and thus played a major role in disaster recovery from flooding. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Mountain road with hairpin turns in the French Alps For other uses, see Road (disambiguation). ... The Flood Control Act of 1944 (P.L. 78-534), enacted by the 78th Congress, authorized the construction of thousands of dams and levies across the United States. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The USACE gold castle insignia, worn by officers of the Corps The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 civilian and 650 military men and women. ... Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ... Flooding in Amphoe Sena, Ayutthaya Province, Thailand. ...

This "piecemeal approach" to disaster recovery was troubled by poor inter agency cooperation and bureaucratic red tape. Until March 30, 1979,^[1] there was no single federal agency to carry out the various functions of disaster assistance and civil defense. From 1950 until 1979, Congress met the nation’s needs for disaster preparedness and assistance somewhat reactively, by enacting various forms of legislation in response to recognized needs.^[2] Over the years, Congress increasingly extended the range of covered categories for assistance, and several presidential executive orders did the same. By enacting these various forms of legislative direction, Congress established a category for annual budgetary amounts of assistance to victims of various types of hazards or disasters, it specified the qualifications, and then it established or delegated the responsibilities to various federal and non-federal agencies.^[3] In time, this expanded array of agencies themselves required reorganization, as the evidence of their history reflects. One of the first such federal agencies was the Federal Civil Defense Administration, which operated within the Executive Office of the President. Then, functions to administer disaster relief were given to the President himself, who delegated to the Housing and Home Finance Administration; subsequently, a new office of the Office of Defense Mobilization was created; then, the new Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, managed by the EOP; after that, the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, which renamed the former agency; then, the Office of Civil Defense, under the Department of Defense (DoD); the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW); the Department of Agriculture; the Office of Emergency Planning (OEmP); the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (replacing the OCD in the DoD); the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the General Services Administration (GSA) (upon termination of the OEmP).^[3] Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Red tape (or sometimes paperwork) is a derisive term for excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that is considered redundant or bureaucratic and hinders or prevents action or decision-making. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Federal Civil Defense Administration, or FCDA, was established by President Harry S. Truman to show the public how they could survive a nuclear war, if they were prepared. ... Office of Civil Defense Drinking Water Container The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) was an agency of the United States Department of Defense from 1961-64. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare (also known as HEW) was a cabinet level department of the United States government from 1953 until 1979. ... “USDA” redirects here. ... The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, often abbreviated HUD, is a Cabinet department of the United States government. ... The General Services Administration (GSA) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1949 to help manage and support the basic functioning of federal agencies. ...

These actions demonstrated that during those years, the nation’s domestic preparedness was addressed by several disparate legislative actions, motivated by policy and budgetary earmarking, and not by a single, unifying, comprehensive strategy to meet the nation’s needs over time.^[2] Then, in 1978 an effort was made to consolidate the several singular functions; FEMA was created to house civil defense and disaster preparedness under one roof. This was a very controversial decision.^[3] Many felt the coordination of federal preparedness functions would be too challenging, and the needs of developing civil defense preparedness might lose its priority if it was included within the same organization handling natural disaster response. In the end, FEMA was created as the primary federal source for both financial and technical support assistance to victims in need of emergency aid. The controversy was not resolved by the decision, though. Those who managed the mandates of the agency still held their particular points of view concerning which function of FEMA was more important, civil defense or natural disaster preparedness, and the issue failed to resolve itself due to Congress’ prior history of placing value on policy and the budgetary concerns of the times. Eventually, these points of view developed their separate cultures within FEMA, causing a “stovepiping” within the agency, thus creating insularity and preventing a mutuality and collegial sharing of interests and resources.^[3] Many feel that the hybrid that FEMA became never was able to meld the two separate and distinct functions, those of counter terrorism and natural disaster management. They feel that this essentially unyielding dichotomy has created the several problems for which FEMA has been criticized over the years.^[2]

After FEMA’s creation through reorganization and executive orders, Congress continued to expand FEMA’s authority by assigning responsibilities to it. Those responsibilities include dam safety under the National Dam Safety Program Act; disaster assistance under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act; earthquake hazards reduction under the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 and further expanded by Executive Order 12699, regarding safety requirements for federal buildings and Executive Order 12941, concerning the need for cost estimates to seismically retrofit federal buildings; emergency food and shelter under the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987; fire control, under the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974; hazardous materials, under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986; insurance, under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968; national security, under the National Security Act of 1947, the Defense Production Act of 1950; and various executive orders under presidents Eisenhower, Reagan, H. W. Bush, Clinton, and G.W. Bush.^[3] In addition, FEMA received authority for counter terrorism through the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici amendment under the Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996, which was a response to the recognized vulnerabilities of the U.S. after the sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995.^[2] These actions reveal that no real effort was made to seriously unify the nation’s continuing and evolving needs for homeland security, beyond the act of creating a single agency to manage these different functions. Again, there was no overarching strategy to streamline and consolidate the functions and focus of FEMA. The actions of Congress continued to show a pattern of short-term responses to long-term needs. FEMA has had to manage its expanding responsibilities while sources of funding would vary year-after-year, as Congress would react and respond to various natural disasters and national security threats. Various mandates would have their own budgets, and even those were not dedicated from year to year. They were subject to recisions and reallocations as various other needs superseded them, requiring financial adjustments to budgetary limitations.^[4] The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 is a peice of legislation passed in the United States that led to the creation of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). ... A wanted poster in Japan. ...

With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, President George W. Bush intended to rectify the causes of the criticisms that have continued to plague FEMA throughout the years. Yet, after the DHS’s creation in 2003, Hurricane Katrina in 2005 demonstrated that the vision of further unification of functions and another reorganization could not address the problems FEMA had previously faced. The "Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina", released February 15, 2006 by the U.S. Government Printing Office, revealed that federal funding to states for “all hazards” disaster preparedness needs was not awarded unless the local agencies made the purposes for the funding a “just terrorism” function.^[5] Emergency management professionals testified that funds for preparedness for natural hazards was given less priority than preparations for counter terrorism measures. Testimony also expressed the opinion that the mission to mitigate vulnerability and prepare for natural hazard disasters before they occurred had been separated from disaster preparedness functions, making the nation more vulnerable to known hazards, like hurricanes.^[6] These issues continue to be debated, and have not been resolved with FEMA’s inclusion in DHS. This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2005. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Department of Housing and Urban Development (1960–1979)

By the start of the 1960s, federal disaster relief and recovery was brought under the umbrella of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), which created the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration. This agency would oversee disasters such as Hurricane Carla in 1961, Hurricane Betsy in 1965, Hurricane Camille in 1969 and Hurricane Agnes in 1972, the Alaskan (Good Friday) Earthquake of 1964 and the San Fernando Earthquake of 1971. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, often abbreviated HUD, is a Cabinet department of the United States government. ... Hurricane Carla, a Category 5 at peak intensity, was one of the most powerful storms to ever strike the United States. ... Hurricane Betsy was a powerful hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season which caused enormous damage in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. ... Lowest pressure 905 mbar (hPa; 26. ... Hurricane Agnes was the first tropical storm and first hurricane of 1972 Atlantic hurricane season. ... Earthquake Damage, Anchorage The Good Friday Earthquake (also called the Great Alaska Earthquake) of Friday, March 27, 1964 (Good Friday, a Christian holy day associated with a historical earthquake[1]), 5:36 P.M. AST (03:36 3/27 UTC) had a magnitude of 9. ... The Sylmar earthquake struck at 6:00 a. ...

Many government agencies were still involved in disaster relief; in some cases, more than 100 separate agencies might be jockeying for control and jurisdiction of a disaster.

FEMA as an independent agency (1979–2003)

FEMA seal before 2003

FEMA was established under the 1978 Reorganization Plan No. 3, and activated April 1st, 1979 by Jimmy Carter in his Executive Order 12127.^[7] In July, at the prompting of the National Governors Association,^{[citation needed]} Carter signed Executive Order 12148 putting the new agency in charge of coordinating all disaster relief efforts at the federal level. FEMA absorbed the Federal Insurance Administration, the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, the National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program, the Federal Preparedness Agency of the General Services Administration and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration activities from HUD. FEMA was also given the responsibility for overseeing the nation's Civil Defense, a function which had previously been performed by the Department of Defense's Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. Image File history File links US-FEMA-Pre2003Seal. ... Image File history File links US-FEMA-Pre2003Seal. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... The National Governors Association (NGA) is an organization of the governors of the fifty U.S. states and five U.S. territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). ... Summary Executive Order 12148 was an Executive Order enacted by President James Earl Carter on July 20, 1979 to establish the Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA. The Order combined several federal agencies tasked with Emergency Preparedness and Civil Defense spread across the Executive Departments into a single unified entity... The National Weather Service (NWS) is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States government. ... The General Services Administration (GSA) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1949 to help manage and support the basic functioning of federal agencies. ... The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, often abbreviated HUD, is a Cabinet department of the United States government. ... The old United States civil defense logo. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

One of the first disasters FEMA responded to was the dumping of toxic waste into Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York in the late 1970s. FEMA also responded to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident where the nuclear generating station suffered a partial core meltdown. These disasters, while showing the agency could function properly, also uncovered some inefficiencies. Love Canal is a neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, United States of America (USA). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station consists of two nuclear reactors, each with its own containment building and cooling towers. ... Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station consisted of two pressurized water reactors manufactured by Babcock & Wilcox each inside its own containment building and connected cooling towers. ...

In 1993, President Bill Clinton elevated FEMA to a cabinet level position and appointed James Lee Witt as FEMA Director. Witt initiated reforms that would help to streamline the disaster recovery and mitigation process. The end of the Cold War also allowed the agency’s resources to be turned away from civil defense to natural disaster preparedness. William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... James Lee Witt James Lee Witt (born 6 January 1944) was Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) during the administration of President Bill Clinton. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

FEMA under DHS (2003–present)

President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, President George W. Bush created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to better coordinate among the different federal agencies that deal with law enforcement, disaster preparedness and recovery, border protection and civil defense. FEMA was absorbed into DHS as of 2003. As a result, FEMA became part of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate of DHS, and employs more than 2,600 full time employees. In September 2003, Michael D. Brown, FEMA’s director and DHS Undersecretary, warned that the shift would make a mockery of FEMA’s new motto, "A Nation Prepared", and would "fundamentally sever FEMA from its core functions", "shatter agency morale" and "break longstanding, effective and tested relationships with states and first responder stakeholders". The inevitable result of the reorganization of 2003, warned Brown, would be "an ineffective and uncoordinated response" to a terrorist attack or a natural disaster.^[8] Caption: President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 (PL 108-90) at the Department of Homeland Security in Washington, D.C., Wednesday, Oct. ... Caption: President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 (PL 108-90) at the Department of Homeland Security in Washington, D.C., Wednesday, Oct. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet department of the federal government of the United States that is concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ... Michael Brownie Brown For other people of the same name, see Michael Brown (disambiguation). ... The term stakeholder has two distinct uses in the English language: The traditional usage, in law and notably gambling, a third party who temporarily holds money or property while its owner is still being determined. ...

FEMA and DHS both came under intense criticism for their handling of the Hurricane Katrina disaster in 2005 (see "Hurricane Katrina – 2005" and "Criticism" below). As a result, FEMA Director Brown was relieved of command of the Gulf Coast region and resigned shortly thereafter. This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2005. ... The Gulf of Mexico is a major body of water bordered and nearly landlocked by North America. ...

Response to major disasters

Hurricane Andrew – 1992

See also: Hurricane Andrew

In August 1992, Hurricane Andrew struck the Florida and Louisiana coasts with 165 mph (265 km/h) sustained winds. FEMA was widely criticized for the agency’s response to Andrew, summed up by the famous exclamation, "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one?" by Dade County, Florida, emergency management director Kate Hale. FEMA and the federal government at large were accused of not responding fast enough to house, feed and sustain the approximately 250,000 people left homeless in the affected areas. Within five days the federal government and neighboring states had dispatched 20,000 National Guard and active duty troops to South Dade County to set up temporary housing. FEMA had previously been criticized for its response to Hurricane Hugo, which hit South Carolina in September 1989, and many of the same issues that plagued the agency during Hurricane Andrew were also evident during the response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Lowest pressure 922 mbar (hPa; 27. ... County slogan: Delivering Excellence Every Day Location of county in the state of Florida County Seat Miami, Florida Area  - Total  - Water 6,297 km² (2,431 mi²) 1,257 km² (485 mi²) 19. ... Lowest pressure 918 mbar (hPa; 27. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude...

Terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001

See also: September 11, 2001 attacks

In the minutes after the first hijacked plane slammed into the World Trade Center towers, FEMA, as well as emergency services all over the city and state of New York, were mobilized. FEMA had deployed 25 of the 28 Urban Search and Rescue teams at its disposal to the World Trade Center site; however, the New York City Office of Emergency Management was in charge of the WTC recovery effort. FEMA played its largest role in the appropriation of federal funds to aid local and state governments in paying for the disaster. As of 2003, FEMA had received $5.5 billion USD to distribute among local and state agencies to help offset the cost of recovery. Within the $5.5 billion, FEMA was also allotted funds to pay for its own recovery efforts. A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly...

Hurricane Katrina – 2005

Evacuees taking shelter at the Reliant Astrodome

See also: Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina

August 2005 saw one of the worst natural disasters in United States history. FEMA received intense criticism for its response to the disaster. FEMA had pre-positioned response personnel in the Gulf Coast region, however many were only able to report on the dire situation along the Gulf Coast, especially from New Orleans. FEMA was responsible for the evacuation of thousands of people who had remained in New Orleans during the storm, as well as for initial recovery work and appropriations. Within three days, a large contingent of National Guard and active duty troops were deployed to the region. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1803x1200, 1198 KB) it is really bad to see a superpower like US struggling with the aftermath of such diaster it is spending 20B USD for the relief effort why not it spend such a large of money to poverty striken... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1803x1200, 1198 KB) it is really bad to see a superpower like US struggling with the aftermath of such diaster it is spending 20B USD for the relief effort why not it spend such a large of money to poverty striken... Reliant Astrodome, previously known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome, is a domed sports stadium, the first of its kind, located in Houston, Texas. ... The criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina primarily consisted of condemnations of mismanagement and lack of preparation in the relief effort in response to Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath. ... The United States National Guard is a reserve forces component of the United States Army (the Army National Guard) and the United States Air Force (the Air National Guard). ... In the United States military active duty refers to military members who are currently serving full time in their military capacity. ...

The enormous number of evacuees simply overwhelmed rescue personnel. The situation was compounded by flood waters in the city that hampered transportation and poor communication among the federal government, state and local entities. FEMA was widely criticized for what is seen as a slow initial response to the disaster and an inability to effectively manage, care for and move those trying to leave the city.

Then-FEMA Director Michael D. Brown was criticized personally for a slow response and an apparent disconnection with the situation. Michael Brown would eventually be relieved of command of the Katrina disaster and soon thereafter resign.

Katrina was seen as the first major test of the nation’s new disaster response plan under DHS. It is widely held that many things did not function as planned.

According to the U.S. House of Representatives Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina:^[9] The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ...

• "The Secretary Department of Homeland Security should have designated the Principal Federal Official on Saturday, two days prior to landfall, from the roster of PFOs who had successfully completed the required training, unlike then FEMA Director Michael Brown. Considerable confusion was caused by the Secretary’s PFO decisions."
• "DHS and FEMA lacked adequate trained and experienced staff for the Katrina response."
• "The readiness of FEMA’s national emergency response teams was inadequate and reduced the effectiveness of the federal response."
• "Long-standing weaknesses and the magnitude of the disaster overwhelmed FEMA’s ability to provide emergency shelter and temporary housing."
• "FEMA logistics and contracting systems did not support a targeted, massive, and sustained provision of commodities."
• "Before Katrina, FEMA suffered from a lack of sufficiently trained procurement professionals."

Other failings were also noted. The Committee devoted an entire section of the report to listing the actions of FEMA.^[10] Their conclusion was: The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet department of the federal government of the United States that is concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ...

"For years emergency management professionals have been warning that FEMA’s preparedness has eroded. Many believe this erosion is a result of the separation of the preparedness function from FEMA, the drain of long-term professional staff along with their institutional knowledge and expertise, and the inadequate readiness of FEMA’s national emergency response teams. The combination of these staffing, training, and organizational structures made FEMA’s inadequate performance in the face of a disaster the size of Katrina all but inevitable."^[10]

Pursuant to a temporary restraining order issued by Hon. Stanwood R. Duval, United States District Court Judge, Eastern District of Louisiana as a result of the McWaters v. FEMA class-action, February 7, 2006 was set as the deadline for the official end of any further coverage of temporary housing costs for Katrina victims.^[11][12] McWaters v. ... is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

After the February 7 deadline, Katrina victims were left to their own devices either to find permanent housing for the long term, or to continue in social welfare programs set up by other organizations. There are many Katrina evacuees living in temporary shelters and/or trailer parks set up by FEMA and other relief organizations in the first months after the disaster hit, but many more are still unable to find housing. is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

A second round of evictions is tentatively planned for March 15, and in response, activists from across the United States are holding a mass march in Washington, D.C. the afternoon of the previous day. Meanwhile, March 11 is said by many news sources to be the deadline for filing Hurricane Katrina disaster relief applications (though one source does mention this deadline applies only to those who have never contacted FEMA in regards to Katrina before).^{[citation needed]} is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In July 2007, ice that had been ordered for Katrina victims and never used and had been kept in storage facilities at a cost of $12.5 million was melted down.^[13]

The telephone number to receive disaster assistance from FEMA is 1-800-621-3362. Survivors of Katrina can learn more about FEMA assistance, and get forms for FEMA recertification, at a wiki web site FEMAanswers.org.

Buffalo snowstorm – 2006

FEMA came under attack for their response to the October 13, 2006 snowstorm in Buffalo, New York. Claims state that FEMA officials did not arrive until October 16, three days after the storm hit. The damage by this time, which had been compared to that of Hurricane Katrina, included downed power wires, downed trees, and structural damage to homes and businesses. is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Location of Buffalo in New York State County Government  - Mayor Byron Brown (D) Area  - City 52. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Dumas Arkansas tornadoes - 2007

Many people of Dumas, Arkansas, especially victims of the February 24, 2007 tornadoes, criticized FEMA's response, not supplying the amount of new trailers they needed, only sending a set of used trailers, lower than the needed quantity. Following the storm, U.S Senator Mark Pryor had criticized FEMA's response to the recovery and cleanup efforts.^[14] Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... Mark Lunsford Pryor (born January 10, 1963) is a politician in Arkansas. ...

California wildfires - 2007

See also: Harvey E. Johnson, Jr.

FEMA came under intense criticism when it was revealed that a press conference on the California wildfires of October 2007 was staged. Deputy Administrator Harvey E. Johnson was answering questions from FEMA employees who were posing as reporters. Many of these questions were "soft ball" questions, intentionally asked in a way that would evoke a positive response giving the impression that FEMA was doing everything right. In this way, any scrutiny from real reporters (many of whom were only given a 15 minute notice) would have been avoided. Fox News, MSNBC, and other media outlets aired the staged press briefing live.^[15] Harvey E. Johnson Jr. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Harvey E. Johnson Jr. ...

White House Press Secretary Dana Perino criticized the agency for the incident, stating "It's not something I would have condoned, and they, I'm sure, will not do it again."^[16] Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff, who oversees FEMA, said, "I think it was one of the dumbest and most inappropriate things I've ever seen since I've been in government." Following the incident, FEMA's external affairs director, John P. "Pat" Philbin, lost a planned position as Director of Public Affairs for the Director of National Intelligence.^[17] The White House Press Secretary is a senior White House official with a rank one step below Presidential Cabinet level. ... Dana Marie Perino (born May 9, 1972) currently occupies the positions of deputy White House Press Secretary and director of communications for the press team. ... The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ... [[Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2007]] Michael Chertoff (born November 28, 1953) is the current United States Secretary of Homeland Security. ... The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is the United States government official subject to the authority, direction and control of the President of the United States who is responsible under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 for: Serving as the principal adviser to the President of the...

Criticism

In 1997, James Bovard criticized FEMA for subsidizing rebuilding in places that are vulnerable to natural disasters, asking, "[D]o we really want to help rebuild homes and government property in areas that should never have been built on in the first place?" He also claimed that localities are less likely to fund their own snow removal if they know the federal government will bail them out in the event of snow emergencies.^[18] Moreover, he said that FEMA is used by incumbent presidents to shore up political support.^[19] The Cato Institute's Handbook for Congress argues that private companies could perform the tasks carried about by FEMA, and that this would encourage home construction in safer areas: James Bovard is a bestselling libertarian author and lecturer, whose political commentary targets examples of governmental waste, failures, and abuses of power. ... The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace by striving to achieve greater involvement...

Any time there is a natural disaster FEMA is trotted out as an example of how well government programs work. In reality, by using taxpayer dollars to provide disaster relief and subsidized insurance, FEMA itself encourages Americans to build in disaster-prone areas and makes the rest of us pick up the tab for those risk decisions. In a well-functioning private marketplace, individuals who chose to build houses in flood plains or hurricane zones would bear the cost of the increased risk through higher insurance premiums. FEMA's activities undermine that process. Americans should not be forced to pay the cost of rebuilding oceanfront summer homes. This $4 billion-a-year agency should be abolished.^[20]

FEMA does encourage disaster victims to reduce future losses by considering "taking steps to rebuild safer and smarter", advising them to:

• Take measures to reduce losses in the future;
• Encourage community to participate in National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP);
• Consider buying flood insurance.^[21]

South Florida newspaper Sun-Sentinel has an extensive list of documented criticisms of FEMA during the four hurricanes that hit the region in 2004.^[22] Some of the criticisms include: The Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel is the main daily newspaper of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and all of Broward County. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

• When Hurricane Frances hit South Florida on Labor Day weekend (over 100 miles north of Miami-Dade County), 9,800 Miami-Dade applicants were approved by FEMA for $28 million in storm claims for new furniture; clothes; thousands of new televisions, microwaves and refrigerators; cars; dental bills; and a funeral even though the Medical Examiner recorded no deaths from Frances. A U.S. Senate committee and the inspector general of the Department of Homeland Security found that FEMA inappropriately declared Miami-Dade county a disaster area and then awarded millions, often without verifying storm damage or a need for assistance.^[23][24]

• FEMA used hurricane aid money to pay funeral expenses for at least 203 Floridians whose deaths were not caused by the 2004 Hurricanes, the state's coroners have concluded. Ten of the people whose funerals were paid for were not even in Florida at the time of their deaths.^[25]

Since Hurricane Katrina, some critics have called for FEMA to be removed from the Department of Homeland Security, saying that its position in the department badly hindered the agency's response, and that FEMA is beyond repair. Sen. Joe Lieberman called for Congress to dissolve FEMA and rebuild it from scratch, but within the Department of Health and Human Services. B C D E F G H I 10 J K L M N O Categories: | | | | | ... Location of metropolitan area in the state of Florida Major cities Miami, Florida Fort Lauderdale, Florida West Palm Beach, Florida Area  - Total  - Water 15,896 km² (6,137 mi²) 2,621 km² (1,011 mi²) 16. ... Labour Day (or Labor Day) is an annual holiday that resulted from efforts of the labour union movement, to celebrate the economic and social achievements of workers. ... The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet department of the federal government of the United States that is concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ... Joseph Isadore Joe Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is an American politician from Connecticut. ... The United States Department of Health and Human Services, often abbreviated HHS, is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. ...

A Senate panel has also come to the conclusion that it would be better to abolish FEMA. Sen. Susan Collins, R-Maine, who was the leader of an inquiry by the Senate said FEMA was in "shambles and beyond repair". The panel called for a new agency which will be called the National Preparedness and Response Authority if FEMA is abolished. The rest of the Senate panel's recommendations included less dramatic changes, such as creating a Homeland Security Academy, which would better prepare FEMA officials. Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952, in Caribou, Maine) is an American politician, the junior U.S. Senator from Maine and a Republican. ...

Organization

Today FEMA exists as a major agency of the Department of Homeland Security. The Administrator for Federal Emergency Management reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ...

FEMA currently manages the National Flood Insurance Program. Other programs FEMA previously administered have since been internalized or shifted under direct DHS control. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was created by Congress in 1968. ...

The Administrator for Federal Emergency Management is R. David Paulison, who was confirmed to fill the position. Official portrait of Paulison Robert David Paulison (b. ...

FEMA is home to the National Continuity Programs Directorate (formerly the Office of National Security Coordination). ONSC was responsible for developing, exercising, and validating agency wide continuity of operations (COOP) and continuity of government (COG) plans as well as overseeing and maintaining COOP and COG readiness including the Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center. ONSC also coordinated the COOP and COG efforts of other Federal Executive Agencies. The Continuity of Operations Plan refers to the preparations and institutions maintained by the U.S. Government, providing survival of government operations in the case of catastrophic events. ... Continuity of Government (COG) is the principle of establishing defined procedures that allow a government to continue its essential operations in case of a nuclear war or other catastrophic event. ... Photo courtesy FEMA The Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center is a U.S. government facility located in Bluemont, Virginia. ...

Leadership

• Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, R. David Paulison
  • Deputy Administrator and Chief Operating Officer, Harvey E. Johnson, Jr.
  • Associate Deputy Administrator for Gulf Coast Recovery, Gil H. Jamieson
  • Associate Deputy Administrator, Robert Shea
  • Chief Financial Officer, Margaret A. Young
  • Director of Management and Chief Acquisition Officer, Deidre Lee
    • Director, Human Capital Division, Timothy Cannon
    • Chief Administrative Services Officer, Thomas R. McQuillan
    • Chief Information Officer, Tony Cira
  • Deputy Administrator, National Preparedness, Dennis Schrader
    • Small State and Rural Advocate and Director, Community Preparedness Division, Brock Bierman
  • Assistant Administrator, Disaster Operations, Glenn Cannon
  • Assistant Administrator, Disaster Assistance, Carlos J. Castillo
  • Assistant Administrator, Mitigation, David I. Maurstad
  • Assistant Administrator, Logistics Management Directorate, William "Eric" Smith
  • Assistant Administrator, National Continuity Programs Directorate, Charles L. Hopkins III P.E.
  • Director – NIMS Integration Center Training, Albert H. Fluman
  • Superintendent, Emergency Management Institute, Cortez Lawrence
  • Assistant Administrator, United States Fire Administration, Gregory Cade
  • Director of Policy and Program Analysis, Marko Bourne
    • Director of Strategic Planning & Evaluation, Patricia Stahlschmidt
  • Director,Office of External Affairs, Vacant, (previously - John "Pat" Philbin)
    • Director of Legislative Affairs, Dan Shulman
    • Director of Intergovernmental Affairs / Acting Director of International Affairs, Casey Long
  • Chief Counsel, David A. Trissell
  • Director, Office of National Capital Region Coordination, Christopher T. Geldart
  • Counselor to the Administrator and Deputy Administrator, Nathaniel Fogg
  • Executive Secretary, Office of the Executive Secretariat, Elizabeth Edge
  • Director, Office of Equal Rights, Pauline Campbell
    • Disability Coordinator, Cindy Lou Daniel

Official portrait of Paulison Robert David Paulison (b. ... Harvey E. Johnson Jr. ... New FEMA seal The United States Fire Administration (USFA) is a division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which in turn is managed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). ...

Regional Administrators

• Regional Map
  • Region I, Boston, MA, Arthur W. Cleaves
  • Region II, New York City, NY, Steve Kempf
  • Region III, Philadelphia, PA, Jonathan Sarubbi
  • Region IV, Atlanta, GA, Major P. May
  • Region V, Chicago, IL, Edward G. Buikema
  • Region VI, Denton, TX, William E. Peterson
  • Region VII, Kansas City, MO, Dick Hainje
  • Region VIII, Denver, CO, Doug Gore (Acting)
  • Region IX, Oakland, CA, Nancy Ward
  • Region X, Seattle, WA, Susan Reinertson

Response capabilities

FEMA's emergency response is based around small, decentralized teams trained in such as the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), Urban Search and Rescue (USAR), Disaster Mortuary Operations Response Team (DMORT), Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT), and Mobile Emergency Resource Support (MERS).

National Disaster Medical System (NDMS)

The NDMS was recently transferred from the Department of Homeland Security to the Department of Health and Human Services, under the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act, signed by President George W. Bush, on December 18, 2006.

NDMS is made of teams that provide medical and allied care to disaster victims. These teams include: doctors, nurses, pharmacists, etc., and are typically sponsored by hospitals, public safety agencies or private organizations. Also, Rapid Deployment Force (RDF) teams, comprised of officers of the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service, were developed to assist with the NDMS.

Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) provide medical care at disasters and are typically made up of doctors and paramedics. There are also National Nursing Response Teams (NNRT), National Pharmacy Response Teams (NPRT) and Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMAT). Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORT) provide mortuary and forensic services. National Medical Response Teams (NMRT) are equipped to decontaminate victims of chemical and biological agents. A Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) is a group of professional and para-professional medical personnel organized to provide rapid-response medical care or casualty decontamination during a terrorist attack, natural disaster, or other incident in the United States. ...

Urban Search and Rescue (US&R)

The Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces perform rescue of victims from structural collapses, confined spaces, and other disasters, for example mine collapses and earthquakes. A FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force (US&R Task Force) is a team of individuals specializing in urban search and rescue, disaster recovery, and emergency triage and medicine. ...

Mobile Emergency Resource Support (MERS)

These teams provide communications support to local public safety. For instance, they may operate a truck with satellite up link, computers, telephone and power generation at a staging area near a disaster so that the responders can communicate with the outside world. There are also Mobile Air Transportable Telecommunications System (MATTS) assets which can be airlifted in. Also portable Cellphone towers can be erected to allow local responders to access telephone systems.

Training

FEMA offers a large number of training classes, either at its own centers, through programs at the state level, in cooperation with colleges and universities, or online. The latter are free classes available to anyone, although only those with U.S. residency or work eligibility can take the final examinations. More information is available on the FEMA website under the "Emergency Personnel" and "Training" subheadings. Other emergency response information for citizens is also available at its website.

The Training and Education Division within FEMA's National Integration Center directly funds training for responders and provides guidance on training-related expenditures under FEMA's grant programs. Catalog available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/TED_Course_Catalog2007.pdf. Information on designing effective training for first responders is available from the Training and Education Division at https://www.firstrespondertraining.gov/rtdc. Emergency managers and other interested members of the public can take independent study courses for certification at FEMA's online Emergency Management Institute. The Emergency Management Institute of the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency conducts courses for local and regional public agency emergency managers and interested members of the public, where the courses are intended to improve the level of national emergency responsiveness to all forms of man-made and natural disasters. ...

List of FEMA heads

As director of the agency:

• James K. Hafer, E.O.P. Office of Emergency Preparedness, May 1975 – April 1979
• Gordon Vickery (acting), April 1979 – July 1979
• Thomas Casey (acting), July 1979
• John Macy, August 1979 – January 1981
• Bernard Gallagher (acting), January 1981 – April 1981
• John W. McConnell (acting), April 1981 – May 1981
• Louis O. Giuffrida, May 1981 - September 1985
• Robert H. Morris (acting), September 1985 – November 1985
• Julius W. Becton, Jr., November 1985 – June 1989
• Robert H. Morris (acting), June 1989 – May 1990
• Jerry D. Jennings (acting), May 1990 – August 1990
• Wallace E. Stickney, August 1990 – January 1993
• William C. Tidball (acting), January 1993 – April 1993

As Director of Cabinet-level agency: Thomas Casey may refer to: Tom Casey (diplomat), with the U.S. State Department Thomas Casey (FEMA), acting head of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency in 1979 Thomas Casey (film), U.S. motion picture director Tom Casey (football), Canadian football player Thomas Lincoln Casey, United States Army Corps... Director of FEMA, 1979-1981. ... John Wilson McConnell (July 1, 1877 - November 6, 1963) was an Anglo-Quebecer businessman, newspaper publisher, humanitarian, and the most significant philanthropist in the history of the Province of Quebec, Canada. ... Louis O. Giuffrida was the Ronald Reagans first director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency from 1981 to 1985. ... Robert Morris is an American cryptographer. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Robert Morris is an American cryptographer. ... Wallace Elmer Stickney (born 24 November 1934) is an American civil servant, most prominently as the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under President George H. W. Bush. ...

• James Lee Witt, April 1993 – January 2001
• John Magaw (acting), January 2001 – February 2001
• Joe M. Allbaugh, February 2001 – March 2003

As Undersecretary of Emergency Preparedness and Response within the Department of Homeland Security James Lee Witt James Lee Witt (born 6 January 1944) was Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) during the administration of President Bill Clinton. ... John Magaw John W. Magaw (born 1935?) was a U.S. government administrator. ... Joe M. Allbaugh. ...

• Michael D. Brown, March 2003 – September 2005
• R. David Paulison (acting), September 2005 (Deactivated)

As Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency within the Department of Homeland Security Michael Brownie Brown For other people of the same name, see Michael Brown (disambiguation). ... Official portrait of Paulison Robert David Paulison (b. ...

• R. David Paulison (acting), September 2005 (Upgraded)

As Undersecretary for Federal Emergency Management within the Department of Homeland Security Official portrait of Paulison Robert David Paulison (b. ...

• R. David Paulison (acting), September 2005 – May 2006
• R. David Paulison, May 2006 – March 2007

As Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency within the Department of Homeland Security Official portrait of Paulison Robert David Paulison (b. ... Official portrait of Paulison Robert David Paulison (b. ...

• R. David Paulison, March 2007 - Present

Official portrait of Paulison Robert David Paulison (b. ...

FEMA in fiction

• In the film The X-Files: Fight the Future, Alvin Kurtzweil tells Fox Mulder that FEMA is at the forefront of a global conspiracy, and is actually a secret government designed to take over when extraterrestrials begin colonization of Earth.[2]

• In the computer game Deus Ex, Walton Simons, who is also second in command of MJ12, is the director of FEMA. He apparently acquired this position by using a plague vaccine as a form of extortion.

• In an episode of the TV cartoon series The Boondocks, Huey Freeman claims that "'nigga moments' are the biggest killer of young black males, right behind pork chops and FEMA."

• In an episode of the TV series Jericho, It is metioned that FEMA set up camps all over the nation to handle the civilians caught up after a set of 23 nuclear bombs destroy major American cities. However, in later episodes they are described as "jungles" by refugees who passed through them, possibly due to dwindling supplies and millions of refugees.

• In the 2006 movie Supervolcano, by BBC TV programs, FEMA attempts to mitigate the effects of a volcanic winter that devastates North America, caused by a fictitious major eruption event from the Yellowstone Caldera.

• Comedian George Lopez joked on his stand-up show called "America's Mexican" that F.E.M.A. means "find every Mexican available" (in order to re-construct).

• In the popular MMORPG City of Heroes, one of the tasks assigned to the player is to rescue FEMA employees from hostile villains.

• In the film Day After Tomorrow, the vice president ignores paleoclimatologist Jack Hall's evidence of a major climate shift causing a new ice age, by stating he has a meeting with the director of FEMA. In addition when the helicopter carrying the message that the president and his excavation party have died is landing in the American refugee camp in Mexico, people are wearing "FEMA" jackets as they hand out what looks like food to the people from the southern United States.

The X Files is a 1998 movie which is a continuation of the television series The X-Files. ... Special Agent Fox William Mulder (born October 13, 1961), nicknamed Spooky Mulder, is a fictional character played by David Duchovny on the 1993-2002 television series, The X-Files. ... A conspiracy theory attempts to explain the ultimate cause of an event (usually a political, social, or historical event) as a secret, and often deceptive, plot by a covert alliance of powerful people or organizations rather than as an overt activity or as natural occurrence. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Extraterrestrial life refers to forms of life that may exist and originate outside of the planet Earth. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Colonialism. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... This article is about the video game. ... Walton Simons is a fictional character in the computer game Deus Ex. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Deus Ex. ... Extortion is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person either obtains money, property or services from another through coercion or intimidation or threatens one with physical harm unless they are paid money or property. ... The Boondocks is an American animated television series created by Aaron McGruder based on his comic strip of the same name. ... Huey Freeman is the main character of The Boondocks as well as the main character and narrator of the animated TV series of the same name. ... This article is about the CBS television drama. ... A volcanic winter is the reduction in temperature caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the sun, usually after a volcanic eruption. ... The Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. ... George C. Lopez (born April 23, 1961) is an American comedian and actor. ... An image from World of Warcraft, one of the largest commercial MMORPGs as of 2004, based on active subscriptions. ... City of Heroes (CoH) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing computer game based on the superhero comic book genre, developed by Cryptic Studios and published by NCsoft. ... The Day After Tomorrow is a title that may refer to one of the following: The 1941 science fiction novel, The Day After Tomorrow (novel) The 2004 science fiction film, The Day After Tomorrow (movie) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might... A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ... Climatology is the science that studies climates and investigates their phenomena and causes. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... New FEMA seal The Federal Emergency Management Agency or FEMA is an agency of the United States government dedicated to swift response in the event of disasters, both natural and man-made. ... The name Southern has applied to a number of things over the years, and may refer to: Southern Company, a US electricity corporation. ...

See also

• Civil Contingencies Secretariat, United Kingdom equivalent Emergency management agency
• Civil defense
• Emergency management
• FEMA photo library
• FEMA Trailer
• HAZUS FEMA risk assessment toolset
• Office of Emergency Management (OEM)
• Prevention
• Emergency Prepardness Canada - Canadian counterpart disaster response agency
• Rex 84
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security
• U.S. Fire Administration
• United States Civil Defense

Responsibility for emergency planning in the United Kingdom was transferred from the Home Office to the Cabinet Office in 2001. ... New FEMA seal The Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). ... The old United States civil defense logo. ... // Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline dealing of with and avoiding risks. ... The FEMA Photo Library is an online gallery of photos compiled by the Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States, containing approximately 13,000 disaster-related photographs taken since 1980. ... FEMA trailer in front of formerly flooded house The term FEMA trailer,[1][2] or FEMA travel trailer, is the name commonly given by the United States Government[1] to many forms of temporary manufactured housing assigned to the victims of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita by the Federal Emergency... HAZUS HAZUS(abbreviation for HAZards United States) Several years ago FEMA began to design a loss estimation software package that is linked to GIS technology. ... An Office of Emergency Management (OEM) is an agency at the local, state or national level that holds responsibility of comprehensively planning for and responding to all manner of disasters, whether man-made or natural. ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ... Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, legally incorporated as the federal Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, is the department of the government of Canada with responsibility for protecting Canadians and helping to maintain a peaceful and safe society. ... Rex 84, short for Readiness Exercise 1984, was a plan by the United States federal government to test their ability to detain large numbers of American citizens in case of massive civil unrest or national emergency. ... The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet department of the federal government of the United States that is concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ... U.S. Fire Administration New FEMA seal The United States Fire Administration (USFA) is a division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which in turn is managed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). ... The old United States Civil Defense logo. ...

References

• MSNBC Article Senate panel recommends abolishing FEMA

For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... James Bovard is a bestselling libertarian author and lecturer, whose political commentary targets examples of governmental waste, failures, and abuses of power. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace by striving to achieve greater involvement... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• DHS organization
• FEMA Field Operations Guide Including descriptions of markings on evacuated and searched buildings
• FEMA website
• A History of FEMA