NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation

The FSB (Federal Security Service) (Russian: ФСБ, Федера́льная слу́жба безопа́сности; Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti) is a domestic state security agency of the Russian Federation and the main successor of the Soviet Cheka, NKVD, and KGB. Its headquarters are in Lubyanka Square, Moscow. FSB may refer to: In technology: Front side bus, a data bus that carries information between the CPU and components Finite State Buffer, a computing term Other: The Fuqua School of Business, the business school of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti, Federal Security Service of the... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Shortcut: WP:NPOVD Articles that have been linked to this page are the subject of an NPOV dispute (NPOV stands for Neutral Point Of View; see below). ... Image File history File links Gerb_fsb. ... Image File history File links Gerb_fsb. ... Security agency is an organization which conducts intelligence activities for the internal security of a nation, state or organization. ... â€œCCCPâ€ redirects here. ... Cheka-KGB emblem: sword and shield The Cheka (Ð§Ðš - Ñ‡Ñ€ÐµÐ·Ð²Ñ‹Ñ‡Ð°Ð¹Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ¸Ñ, extreme commission) was the first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations. ... The NKVD (Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del ) (Russian: , ) or Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for political repressions during Stalinism. ... This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... Stalin ordered all the historic Lubyanka churches to be demolished in order to highlight the dominant position of the NKVD headquarters. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

Overview

The FSB is engaged mostly in domestic affairs, while espionage duties were taken over by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (former First Chief Directorate of the KGB). However, the FSB also includes the FAPSI agency, which conducts electronic surveillance abroad. In addition, the FSB operates freely within the territories of the former Soviet republics, and it can conduct anti-terrorist military operations anywhere in the World if ordered by the President, according to the recently adopted terrorism law.^{[citation needed]} All law enforcement and intelligence agencies in Russia work under the guidance of FSB if needed. For example, the GRU, spetsnaz and Internal Troops detachments of Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs work together with the FSB in Chechnya. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2145x1226, 182 KB) Summary Title {{{KGB House Main. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2145x1226, 182 KB) Summary Title {{{KGB House Main. ... The Lubyanka is the popular name for the headquarters of the KGB and affiliated prison on Lubyanka Square in Moscow. ... Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki (Ð¡Ð»ÑƒÐ¶Ð±Ð° Ð²Ð½ÐµÑˆÐ½ÐµÐ¹ Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐºÐ¸) (SVR) is Russian for Foreign Intelligence Service and is the name of Russias primary external intelligence agency. ... The First Chief Directorate (Russian: ÐŸÐµÑ€Ð²Ð¾Ðµ Ð“Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ðµ Ð£Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ) [or-PGU] of the Committee for State Security (KGB), was the organization responsible for foreign operations and intelligence collection activities by the training and management of covert agents, intelligence collection management, and the collection of political, scientific and technical intelligence. ... This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... Coat of Arms of FAPSI FAPSI (Russian: ) or Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information (Russian: ) is a Russian government agency, one of the successors of KGB. It also sometimes is referred by its English acronym FAGCI. // History FAPSI was created on the basis of 8th (Government Communications) and 16th... In its final decades of its existence, the Soviet Union consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR), often called simply Soviet republics. ... For other uses, see GRU (disambiguation). ... Russian special forces training For the Swedish EBM band, see Spetsnaz (band). ... Internal Troops (full name Internal Troops of the MVD), now called the Federal Guard are the 250,000 strong uniformed military mobile force of the Russian security forces (MVD) and are used to deal with major disturbances and internal security matters. ... Modern emblem of Russian MVD Russian Gendarme officers in the 1860s The Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del (MVD) (ÐœÐ¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ‚ÐµÑ€ÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾ Ð²Ð½ÑƒÑ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¸Ñ… Ð´ÐµÐ») was the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the imperial Russia, later USSR, and still bears the same name in Russia. ... The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyÃ§Ã¶), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or NoxÃ§iyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ...

The FSB is responsible for internal security of the Russian state, counterespionage, and the fight against organized crime, terrorism, and drug smuggling. However, critics claim that it is engaged in suppression of internal dissent, bringing the entire population of Russia under total control, and influencing important political events, just as the KGB did in the past. To achieve these goals, it is said the FSB implements mass surveillance and a variety of active measures, including disinformation, propaganda through the state-controlled mass media, provocations, and persecution of opposition politicians, investigative journalists, and dissidents. ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]. Espionage operations intended to identify enemy spies. ... Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Panamanian motor vessel Gatun during the largest cocaine bust in United States Coast Guard history (20 tons) off the Coast of Panama The illegal drug trade is a global black market consisting of the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of illegal drugs. ... This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... A closed-circuit television camera. ... Active Measures (Russian: ÐÐºÑ‚Ð¸Ð²Ð½Ñ‹Ðµ Ð¼ÐµÑ€Ð¾Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ) are a form of political warfare conducted by the Soviet security services (Cheka, OGPU, NKVD, KGB, and SVR) to influence the course of world events,[1] in addition to collecting intelligence. ... Disinformation, in the context of espionage, military intelligence, and propaganda, is the spreading of deliberately false information to mislead an enemy as to ones position or course of action. ... For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ... Popular press redirects here; note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint The Popular Press. Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. ... An agent provocateur (plural: agents provocateurs) is a person assigned to provoke unrest, violence, debate, or argument by or within a group while acting as a member of the group but covertly representing the interests of another. ... Look up Persecution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Investigative journalism is a branch of journalism that usually concentrates on a very specific topic, and typically requires a lot of work to yield results. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

The FSB is a very large organization that combines functions and powers similar to those exercised by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Federal Protective Service, the Secret Service, the National Security Agency (NSA), U.S. Customs and Border Protection, United States Coast Guard, and Drug Enforcement Administration. FSB also commands a contingent of Internal Troops, spetsnaz, and an extensive network of civilian informants.^[9] The number of FSB personnel and its budget remain state secrets, although the budget was reported to jump nearly 40% in 2006.^[10] The number of Chekists in Russia in 1992 was estimated as approximately 500,000.^[11] F.B.I. and FBI redirect here. ... Federal Protective Service vehicle. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Counter Assault Team. ... â€œNSAâ€ redirects here. ... U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), a bureau of the United States Department of Homeland Security, is charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, and enforcing U.S. trade laws. ... USCG HH-65 Dolphin USCG HH-60J JayHawk The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is at all times a branch of the United States armed forces a maritime law enforcement agency, and a federal regulatory body. ... The DEAs enforcement activities may take agents anywhere from distant countries to suburban U.S. homes. ... Internal Troops (full name Internal Troops of the MVD), now called the Federal Guard are the 250,000 strong uniformed military mobile force of the Russian security forces (MVD) and are used to deal with major disturbances and internal security matters. ... Russian special forces training For the Swedish EBM band, see Spetsnaz (band). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ...

Some observers note that FSB is more powerful than KGB was, because it does not operate under the control of the Communist Party as KGB did in the past.^[12] Moreover, the FSB leadership and their partners own most important economic assets in the country and control Russian government and State Duma. ^{[citation needed]} According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, "In the Soviet Union, the KGB was a state within a state. Now former KGB officers are running the state. They have custody of the country’s 6,000 nuclear weapons, entrusted to the KGB in the 1950s, and they now also manage the strategic oil industry renationalized by Putin. The KGB successor, rechristened FSB, still has the right to electronically monitor the population, control political groups, search homes and businesses, infiltrate the federal government, create its own front enterprises, investigate cases, and run its own prison system. The Soviet Union had one KGB officer for every 428 citizens. Putin’s Russia has one FSB-ist for every 297 citizens."^[13] The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÑƒÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÌÑ‚ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÌÐ·Ð°, transliterated Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza, acronym: ÐšÐŸÐ¡Ð¡ (KPSS)) was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union. ... For other uses, see State Duma (disambiguation). ... Ion Mihai Pacepa Ion Mihai Pacepa (born 28 October 1928) is the highest intelligence official ever to have defected from the Soviet bloc to the West. ...

Some critics argue that FSB is now the leading political force in Russia, which simply replaced the Communist Party.^[10] Others claim that FSB became an international criminal organization that actually promotes and perpetrates the terrorism and organized crime in order to achieve its political and financial goals, instead of fighting the terrorism and crime.^[14]^[15]^[16] The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÑƒÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÌÑ‚ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÌÐ·Ð°, transliterated Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza, acronym: ÐšÐŸÐ¡Ð¡ (KPSS)) was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union. ... for other uses please see Crime (disambiguation) A crime is an act that violates a political or moral law. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ...

Official FSB activities

Counterintelligence

FSB Director Nikolay Kovalev said in 1996: "There has never been such a number of spies arrested by us since the time when German agents were sent in during the years of World War II." The FSB reported that around 400 foreign intelligence agents were uncovered in 1995 and 1996. ^[17] In 2006 the FSB reported about 27 foreign intelligence officers and 89 foreign agents whose activities were stopped. ^[18] Nikolai Dmitrievich Kovalev (Russian: ) (born 1949) was the former Director of the FSB from July 1996 to July 1998, and was succeeded by Vladimir Putin. ... SPY may refer to: SPY (spiders), ticker symbol for Standard & Poors Depository Receipts SPY (magazine), a satirical monthly, trademarked all-caps SPY (Ivory Coast), airport code for San PÃ©dro, CÃ´te dIvoire SPY (Ship Planning Yard), a U.S. Navy acronym SPY, short for MOWAG SPY, a... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

An increasing number of scientists have been accused of espionage and illegal technology exports by FSB during the last decade: researcher Igor Sutyagin^[19], physicist Valentin Danilov^[20] , physical chemist Oleg Korobeinichev ^[21], academician Oskar Kaibyshev ^[22], and physicist Yury Ryzhov ^[23]. Some other widely covered cases of political prosecution include investigator Mikhail Trepashkin ^[24] and journalist Vladimir Rakhmankov ^[25]. All these people are either under arrest or serve long jail sentences. Igor Sutyagin (Ð˜Ð³Ð¾Ñ€ÑŒ Ð¡ÑƒÑ‚ÑÐ³Ð¸Ð½) (b. ... Valentin Danilov (born 1951) - Russian physicist. ... Mikhail Trepashkin, a Moscow attorney and former FSB agent, was invited by MP Sergei Yushenkov to assist in an independent investigation of the Russian apartment bombings in September 1999 â€“ the atrocities that provoked the war in Chechnya and skyrocketed Vladimir Putin to presidency. ...

Ecologist and journalist Alexander Nikitin, who worked with the Bellona Foundation, was accused of espionage. He published material exposing hazards posed by the Russian Navy's nuclear fleet. He was acquitted in 1999 after spending several years in prison (his case was sent for re-investigation 13 times while he remained in prison). Other cases of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist Grigory Pasko ^[26] ^[27], Vladimir Petrenko who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles, and Nikolay Shchur, chairman of the Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund ^[17] Aleksander Nikitin, a Russian former submarine officer and nuclear safety inspector turned environmentalist, started to co-operate with Norwegian environmental Bellona Foundation in 1994. ... The Bellona Foundation is an international environmental organization established in 1986 as a Norwegian organization and based in Oslo. ... Vladimir Petrenko was a Soviet figure skater. ...

Other arrested people include Viktor Orekhov, a former KGB officer who assisted Soviet dissidents, Vladimir Kazantsev who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms, and Vil Mirzayanov who had written that Russia was working on a nerve gas weapon ^[17] This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... Vladimir Dmitrievich Kazantsev (Russian: ) (born 6 January 1923) was a Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the 3000 metre steeple chase. ...

It has been reported that the FSB uses drugs to erase the memories of people who had access to secret information ^[28]

Federal Border Guard Service

Federal Border Guard Service (FPS) has been part of the FSB since 2003. Russia has 61,000 kilometers of sea and land borders, 7,500 kilometers of which is with Kazakhstan, and 4,000 kilometers with China. One kilometer of border protection costs around 1 million rubles per year. Vladimir Putin called on the FPS to increase the fight against international terrorism and "destroy terrorists like rats". ^[29] Emblem of the Russian Border Guard Service Russian Border Guard cavalryman around 1812 Russian Border Guards seize smuggled heroin on the Afghan-Tajik border, circa 2004 Border Guard Service of Russia (Russian: ÐŸÐ¾Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ»ÑƒÐ¶Ð±Ð° Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸) is a branch of Federal Security Service of Russia tasked with patrol of the Russian border. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ...

Anti-terrorist operations

Over the years, FSB and affiliated state security organizations have killed all elected and appointed presidents of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria including Dzhokhar Dudaev, Zelimkhan Yandarbiev, Aslan Maskhadov, and Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev. Just before his death, Saidullaev claimed that the Russian government "treacherously" killed Maskhadov, after inviting him to "talks" and promising his security "at the highest level." ^[30] Official language Chechen Capital Grozny (Dzhokharabad, after 1996) President Doku Umarov Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Russia â€“ November 1, 1991 â€“ Georgian Republic National anthem Death or Freedom The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria IPA: (ÐÐ¾Ñ…Ñ‡Ð¸Ð¹Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ° ÐÐ¾Ñ…Ñ‡Ð¸Ð¹Ñ‡Ð¾ÑŒ) is the unrecognized secessionist government of Chechnya. ... Dzhokhar Dudaev and his son Dzhokhar Dudaev and his family Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (Chechen Latin: Dzoxar Dudayev; Cyrillic: Ð”Ð¶Ð¾Ñ…Ð°ÌÑ€ ÐœÑƒÑÐ°ÌÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð”ÑƒÐ´Ð°ÌÐµÐ², 15 April 1944 â€“ 21 April 1996) was a Soviet Air Force general and a Chechen leader, the first president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized breakaway state in the North... Zelimkhan Abdumuslimovich Yanderbiyev or Yandarbiyev (Russian: Ð—ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ñ…Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ¼ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¯Ð½Ð´Ð°Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ÐµÐ²) (September 12, 1952 â€“ February 13, 2004) was an acting president of the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1996-1997). ... Aslan Maskhadov Aslan Aliyevich Maskhadov (Russian: ÐÑÐ»Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐœÐ°ÑÑ…Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²) (September 21, 1951 â€“ March 8, 2005) was a leader of the separatist movement in the southern Russian republic of Chechnya. ... Abdul Halim Sadulayev Sheikh Abdul-Halim Abu-Salamovich Sadulayev (Ð¨ÐµÐ¹Ñ… ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ»-Ð¥Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð¼) (1966 â€“ 17 June 2006) was the fourth Chechen rebel president to be killed in 11 years of separatist warfare in the southern Russian region. ...

During the Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan school hostage crisis, all hostage takers were killed on the spot by FSB spetsnaz forces. Only one of the suspects, Nur-Pashi Kulayev, survived and was convicted later by the court. It is reported that more than 100 leaders of terrorist groups have been killed during 119 operations on North Caucasus during 2006. ^[18] This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... The Republic of North Ossetia in Russia Terrorist attacks of the Second Chechen War Kaspiysk bombing - Moscow hostage crisis â€“ Stavropol bombing - Red Square bombing - Moscow metro bombing - Aircraft bombings â€“ Beslan hostage crisis The Beslan school hostage crisis (also referred to as the Beslan school siege or Beslan Massacre) began when... Russian special forces training For the Swedish EBM band, see Spetsnaz (band). ... Kulayev following raid A native of Engenoi, Chechnya, Nur-Pashi Kulayev is thought to be the sole survivor of the 32 hostage-takers in the 2004 Beslan school hostage crisis, although Shamil Basayev denies the claim, stating that one other escaped[1] 24, and an unemployed carpenter at the time...

On July 28, 2006 the FSB presented a list of 17 terrorist organizations recognized by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, to Rossiyskaya Gazeta newspaper, which published the list that day. The list had been available previously, but only through individual request. ^[31]^[32] Commenting on the list, Yuri Sapunov, head of anti-terrorism at the FSB, named three main criteria necessary for organizations to be listed. ^[33] is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (Russian: ) is the final instance in administrative law, civil law and criminal law cases. ... Rossiyskaya Gazeta is a Russian government daily newspaper. ...

Fight with corruption and organized crime

The FSB cooperates with Interpol and other national and international law-enforcement agencies. ^{[citation needed]} It has provided information on many Russian criminal groups operating in Europe. ^{[citation needed]} FSB has also been involved in preparation of requests for extradition of high-profile suspects who escaped abroad, such as Aleksander Litvinenko, Oleg Kalugin, Akhmed Zakayev, Leonid Nevzlin, and Boris Berezovsky. However, these requests have been denied by UK, US, Danish, and Israeli courts. ^{[citation needed]} This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For the band, see The Police. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. ... Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (4 December 1962[1] or 30 August 1962[2] â€“ 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and later a Russian dissident and writer. ... Oleg Kalugin Oleg Danilovich Kalugin (Russian: ), (born September 6, 1934) is a former KGB spy. ... Vanessa Redgrave and Akhmed Zakayev Akhmed Zakayev (ÐÑ…Ð¼ÐµÐ´ Ð—Ð°ÐºÐ°ÐµÐ²; born April 26, 1956) is the Foreign Minister of Chechen republic government-in-exile, appointed by the President Aslan Maskhadov shortly after his 1997 election, and again in 2006 by Abdul Halim Sadulayev. ... Leonid Nevzlin is a former Russian oligarch and the former CEO of the Russian oil company Yukos. ... This article is about the Russian businessman. ...

Heads of the FSB and its predecessors

On June 20, 1996, Boris Yeltsin fired FSB Director Mikhail Barsukov and appointed Nikolay Kovalyov acting Director and later Director of the FSB. Russian president Vladimir Putin was head of the FSB from July 1998 to August 1999. is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... â€œYeltsinâ€ redirects here. ... Nikolai Dmitrievich Kovalev (Russian: ) (born 1949) was the former Director of the FSB from July 1996 to July 1998, and was succeeded by Vladimir Putin. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ...

Viktor Pavlovich Barannikov (born 1940), was the Soviet interior minister in 1991 and Soviet security minister 1991-1993. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÌÐ¹ Ð’Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÐ¿Ð°ÌÑˆÐ¸Ð½) (born March 2, 1952, in Port Arthur, China) is a Russian politician. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Nikolai Dmitrievich Kovalev (Russian: ) (born 1949) was the former Director of the FSB from July 1996 to July 1998, and was succeeded by Vladimir Putin. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev (Russian: ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°Ð¹ ÐŸÐ»Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐŸÐ°Ñ‚Ñ€ÑƒÑˆÐµÐ²) (born July 11, 1951) is the current director of the Russian FSB, the successor organization of the KGB. He was born in Leningrad and graduated from Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute, where worked as an engineer at his department until 1974. ... This article is about the year. ...

Structure

Besides the services (departments) and directorates of the federal office, the territorial directorates of FSB in Federal subjects of Russia are also subordinate to it. Valery Pavlovich Pechyonkin (Russian: , b. ... German Alexeyevich Ugryumov (Russian: ; October 10, 1948, Astrakhan, Soviet Union â€“ May 31, 2001, Khankala, Chechnya) was a Soviet and Russian navy and security services official. ... Alexander Vasilyevich Bortnikov (in Russian: , b. ... Yury Yevgenyevich Zaostrovtsev (in Russian: , b. ... Viktor Petrovich Ivanov (Russian: Ð’Ð¸ÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ñ€ ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð˜Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð², born May 12, 1950, Novgorod, Soviet Union) is a Russian politician and businessman, former KGB officer, who served in the KGB Directorate of Leningrad and its successors in 1977 - 1994. ... Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev (Николай Платонович Патрушев) (born July 11, 1951) is the director of the Russian FSB, the successor organization of the KGB. He became director of the... Alexander Andreyevich Grigoryev (in Russian: , b. ... For other people known as Sergei Ivanov, see Ivanov. ... Emblem of the Russian Border Guard Service Russian Border Guard cavalryman around 1812 Russian Border Guards seize smuggled heroin on the Afghan-Tajik border, circa 2004 Border Guard Service of Russia (Russian: ÐŸÐ¾Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ»ÑƒÐ¶Ð±Ð° Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸) is a branch of Federal Security Service of Russia tasked with patrol of the Russian border. ... General of the Army Vladimir Yegorovich Pronichev is the current head of the Border Guard Service of the Russian Federation. ... Rashid Gumarovich Nurgaliyev (Ð Ð°ÑˆÐ¸Ð´ Ð“ÑƒÐ¼Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÑƒÑ€Ð³Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÐµÐ²) is the minister of the interior of Russia. ... Sergei Mikhailovich Smirnov (Russian: , b. ... Viktor Petrovich Ivanov (Russian: Ð’Ð¸ÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ñ€ ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð˜Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð², born May 12, 1950, Novgorod, Soviet Union) is a Russian politician and businessman, former KGB officer, who served in the KGB Directorate of Leningrad and its successors in 1977 - 1994. ... Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev (Николай Платонович Патрушев) (born July 11, 1951) is the director of the Russian FSB, the successor organization of the KGB. He became director of the... Vladimir Galkin (born 30 June 1954, in Kazan, Russia) is a chemist, the Dean of the chemistry department of Kazan State University and the director of Butlerov Institute. ... Russia is a federation which consists of 86 subjects[1]. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representationâ€”two delegates eachâ€”in the Federation Council (upper house of the Russian parliament). ...

Of these, St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate of FSB and its predecessors (historically covering both Leningrad/Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast) have played especially important roles in the history of this organization, as many of the officers of the Directorate, including Vladimir Putin and Nikolay Patrushev, later assumed important positions within the federal FSB office or other government bodies. After the last Chief of the Soviet time, Anatoly Kurkov, the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate were led by Sergei Stepashin (November 29, 1991 - 1992), Viktor Cherkesov (1992 –1998), Alexander Grigoryev (October 1, 1998 – January 5, 2001), Sergei Smirnov (January 5, 2001 – June 2003), Alexander Bortnikov (June 2003 – March 2004) and Yury Ignashchenkov (since March 2004). Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Leningrad Oblast (Russian: , tr. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev (Николай Платонович Патрушев) (born July 11, 1951) is the director of the Russian FSB, the successor organization of the KGB. He became director of the... Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÌÐ¹ Ð’Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÐ¿Ð°ÌÑˆÐ¸Ð½) (born March 2, 1952, in Port Arthur, China) is a Russian politician. ... Viktor Vasilyevich Cherkesov (Russian: , b. ... Alexander Andreyevich Grigoryev (in Russian: , b. ... Sergei Mikhailovich Smirnov (Russian: , b. ... Alexander Vasilyevich Bortnikov (in Russian: , b. ...

Recent Developments

In September 2006, the FSB was shaken by a major reshuffle, which, combined with some earlier reassignments (most remarkably, those of FSB Deputy Directors Yury Zaostrovtsev and Vladimir Anisimov in 2004 and 2005, respectively), were widely believed to be linked to the Three Whales Corruption Scandal that had slowly unfolded since 2000. Some analysts considered it to be an attempt to undermine FSB Director Nikolay Patrushev's influence, as it was Patrushev's team from the Karelian KGB Directorate of the late 1980s – early 1990s that had suffered most and he had been on vacations during the event.^[34]^[35]^[36] September 2006 is the ninth month of 2006 and has begun on a Friday. ... Yury Yevgenyevich Zaostrovtsev (in Russian: , b. ... The Three Whales Corruption Scandal is a major corruption scandal in Russia involving several furniture companies and federal government bodies which has unfolded since 2000. ... Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev (Николай Платонович Патрушев) (born July 11, 1951) is the director of the Russian FSB, the successor organization of the KGB. He became director of the... Map showing the parts Karelia is traditionally divided into. ...

Criticism of FSB actions

Alleged coup organized by FSB

Starting from 1998, people from state security services came to power as Prime Ministers of Russia: a KGB veteran Yevgeny Primakov; former FSB Director Sergei Stepashin; and finally former FSB Director Vladimir Putin who was appointed in August 8, 1999. The Russian apartment bombings were a series of bombings in Russia that killed nearly 300 people and led the country into the Second Chechen War. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÌÐ¹ Ð’Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÐ¿Ð°ÌÑˆÐ¸Ð½) (born March 2, 1952, in Port Arthur, China) is a Russian politician. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

In August 7, separatist guerrilla leader Shamil Basaev began an incursion into Dagestan leading to the start of the Dagestan War which was regarded by Anna Politkovskaya as a provocation initiated from Moscow to start war in Chechnya, because Russian forces provided safe passage for Islamic fighters back to Chechnya ^[37]. It was reported that Aleksander Voloshin of the Yeltsin administration paid money to Shamil Basayev to stage this military operation ^[38] ^[39] ^[40] (Basaev reportedly worked for Russian GRU at this time and earlier ^[41] ^[42] ^[43]). is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (born January 14, 1965) is a Chechen separatist leading an armed group acting in the north Caucasus region of Russia, principally in Chechnya. ... The Republic of Dagestan IPA: (Russian: ; Avar: , ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Combatants Russian Federation Daghestani militia Chechen rebels Shura of Dagestan Commanders Viktor Kazantsev Shamil Basayev Ibn al-Khattab Strength 17,000 unknown Casualties At least 279 dead and 987 wounded 2,500 dead The Dagestan War (in Russia called by the name Chechen invasion of Dagestan) began when Chechnya-based... Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 â€“ 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ... Shamil Basayev in Dagestan, 1999 Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (Russian: Ð¨Ð°Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÑŒ Ð¡Ð°Ð»Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°ÑÐ°ÐµÐ²) (January 14, 1965 â€“ July 10, 2006) was a Vice-President of the internationally unrecognized separatist government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Islamist guerrilla leader, self-admitted terrorist and a national hero for many Chechens. ... For other uses, see GRU (disambiguation). ...

On September 4, a series of four Russian apartment bombings began. Three FSB agents were caught while planting a large bomb in the basement of an apartment complex in the town of Ryazan in September 22 ^[16]. That was last of the bombings. Russian Minister of Internal Affairs Rushailo congratulated police with preventing the terrorist act, but FSB Director Nikolai Patrushev declared that the incident was a training exercise just an hour later, when he had learned that the FSB agents were caught. ^[44] is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Russian apartment bombings were a series of bombings in Russia that killed nearly 300 people and led the country into the Second Chechen War. ... , Ryazan (Russian: IPA: ) is a city in the Central Federal District of Russia, the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast. ... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Modern emblem of Russian MVD Russian Gendarme officers in the 1860s The Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del (MVD) (ÐœÐ¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ‚ÐµÑ€ÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾ Ð²Ð½ÑƒÑ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¸Ñ… Ð´ÐµÐ») was the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the imperial Russia, later USSR, and still bears the same name in Russia. ... Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev (Russian: ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°Ð¹ ÐŸÐ»Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐŸÐ°Ñ‚Ñ€ÑƒÑˆÐµÐ²) (born July 11, 1951) is the current director of the Russian FSB, the successor organization of the KGB. He was born in Leningrad and graduated from Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute, where worked as an engineer at his department until 1974. ...

The next day, Boris Yeltsin received a demand from 24 Russian governors to transfer all state powers to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, according to Sergei Yushenkov ^[45] Second Chechen War began on September 24. This war made Prime Minister Vladimir Putin very popular, although he was previously unknown to the public, and helped him to win a landslide victory in the presidential elections on March 26, 2000. â€œYeltsinâ€ redirects here. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... Sergei Yushenkov (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÐ¹ Ð®ÑˆÐµÐ½ÐºÐ¾Ð²) (1950-2003) was a liberal Russian politician well known for his uncompromising struggle for democracy, rapid free market economic reforms, and higher human rights standards in Russia. ... Combatants Russian Federation Pro-Russian Chechens Republic of Ichkeria Caucasian insurgents and foreign fighters Commanders Vladimir Putin Akhmad Kadyrovâ€ Ramzan Kadyrov Aslan Maskhadovâ€ Abdul Halim Sadulayevâ€ Doku Umarov Shamil Basayevâ€ Strength At least 93,000 in Chechnya in 1999. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... Presidential elections were held in the Russian Federation on March 26, 2000. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ...

This was a successful coup d'état organized by the FSB to bring Vladimir Putin to power, according to former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko, lawmaker Sergei Yushenkov, and journalist David Satter, a Johns Hopkins University and Hoover Institute scholar ^[44] ^[45] ^[16]. All attempts to independently investigate the Russian apartment bombings were unsuccessful. Journalist Artyom Borovik died in a suspicious plane crash. Vice-chairman of the Sergei Kovalev commission created to investigate the bombings, Sergei Yushenkov, was assassinated. Another member of this commission Yuri Shchekochikhin died presumably from poisoning by thallium. Investigator Mikhail Trepashkin hired by relatives of victims was arrested and convicted by Russian authorities for allegedly disclosing state secrets. // A coup dÃ‰tat (pronounced ), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, often through illegal means by a part of the state establishment â€” mostly replacing just the high-level figures. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (30 August 1962[1][2] â€“ 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and later a Russian dissident and writer. ... Sergei Yushenkov (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÐ¹ Ð®ÑˆÐµÐ½ÐºÐ¾Ð²) (1950-2003) was a liberal Russian politician well known for his uncompromising struggle for democracy, rapid free market economic reforms, and higher human rights standards in Russia. ... David Satter (born in 1947 in Chicago) is an American journalist who wrote books about the decline and fall of the Soviet Union and the rise of the new Russian state. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... Hoover Tower The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace is a conservative public policy think tank and library founded by Herbert Hoover at Stanford University, his alma mater. ... The Russian apartment bombings were a series of bombings in Russia that killed nearly 300 people and led the country into the Second Chechen War. ... Artyom Borovik Artyom Borovik (born September 13, 1960 - died March 9, 2000) was a prominenet Russian journalist and media magnate. ... Sergei Kovalev Sergei Adamovich Kovalev (Russian: ) (born March 2, 1930) is a notable dissident and political prisoner in the former Soviet Union, and a human rights activist and politician in post-Soviet Russia. ... Sergei Yushenkov (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÐ¹ Ð®ÑˆÐµÐ½ÐºÐ¾Ð²) (1950-2003) was a liberal Russian politician well known for his uncompromising struggle for democracy, rapid free market economic reforms, and higher human rights standards in Russia. ... Yuri Petrovich Shchekochikhin (Ð®ÌÑ€Ð¸Ð¹ ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð©ÐµÐºÐ¾Ñ‡Ð¸ÌÑ…Ð¸Ð½) (June 9, 1950, Kirovabad - July 3, 2003, Moscow) was a Russian journalist, writer, and liberal lawmaker. ... Mikhail Trepashkin, a Moscow attorney and former FSB agent, was invited by MP Sergei Yushenkov to assist in an independent investigation of the Russian apartment bombings in September 1999 â€“ the atrocities that provoked the war in Chechnya and skyrocketed Vladimir Putin to presidency. ...

FSB as ruling political elite

According to former Russian Duma member Konstantin Borovoi, "Putin's appointment is the culmination of the KGB's crusade for power. This is its finale. Now the KGB runs the country." ^[46] Olga Kryshtanovskaya, director of the Moscow-based Center for the Study of Elites, has found that up to 78% of 1,016 leading political figures in Russia have served previously in organizations affiliated with KGB or FSB ^[10]. She said: "If in the Soviet period and the first post-Soviet period, the KGB and FSB people were mainly involved in security issues, now half are still involved in security but the other half are involved in business, political parties, NGOs, regional governments, even culture... They started to use all political institutions."^[10] "Like cockroaches spreading from a squalid apartment to the rest of the building, they have eventually gained a firm foothold everywhere," said Sergei Grigoryants, a Soviet dissident. ^[46] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with State Duma. ... In economics, a business is a legally-recognized organizational entity existing within an economically free country designed to sell goods and/or services to consumers, usually in an effort to generate profit. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... NGO is an abbreviation or code for: Non-governmental organization Nagoya Airport (IATA code) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

This situation is very similar to that of the former Soviet Union where all key positions in the government were occupied by members of the Communist Party. The KGB or FSB members usually remain in the "acting reserve" even if they formally leave the organization ("acting reserve" members receive second FSB salary, follow FSB instructions, and remain "above the law" being protected by the organization, according to Kryshtanovskaya ^[47]). As Vladimir Putin said, "There is no such thing as a former KGB man" ^[48]. GRU defector and writer Victor Suvorov explained that members of Russian security services can leave such organizations only in a coffin, because they know too much. Soon after becoming prime minister of Russia, Putin also claimed that "A group of FSB colleagues dispatched to work undercover in the government has successfully completed its first mission." ^[46]. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... For other uses, see GRU (disambiguation). ... Categories: People stubs | 1947 births | Defectors | Russian writers | Ukrainian people ...

The idea of the KGB acting as a leading political force rather than a security organization has been discussed by historian Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov ^[49], journalist John Barron, writer and former GRU officer Victor Suvorov, retired KGB Major General Oleg Kalugin ^[50], and Evgenia Albats. According to Avtorkhanov, "It is not true that the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party is a superpower... An absolute power thinks, acts and dictates for all of us. The name of the power — NKVD — MVD — MGB. ...Chekism in ideology, Chekism in practice. Chekism from top to bottom." ^[49] This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... Abdurakhman Genazovich Avtorkhanov, also known by the pen name Alexander Uralov, (Chechen: ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÑ€Ð°Ñ…Ð¼Ð°Ð½ Ð“ÐµÐ½Ð°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ²Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ€Ñ…Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²) (October 23, 1908 - April 24, 1997) was a Chechen historian, nationalist, and Soviet-era dissident. ... John Barron (1930, Wichita Falls, Texas - February 24, 2005) was an American journalist who exposed Communist activities. ... For other uses, see GRU (disambiguation). ... Categories: People stubs | 1947 births | Defectors | Russian writers | Ukrainian people ... Oleg Kalugin Oleg Danilovich Kalugin (Russian: ), (born September 6, 1934) is a former KGB spy. ... Yevgenia Markovna Albats (Russian: , born 5 September 1958,[1][2] is a Russian investigative journalist, political scientist, writer and radio host. ... Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the Soviet Union. ... The NKVD (Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del ) (Russian: , ) or Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for political repressions during Stalinism. ... The acronym MVD can stand for: Mitral valve disease, or Mitral regurgitation. ... The word MGB has several different meanings: MGB (USSR) was a predecessor of the KGB (secret police). ... Chekism is a word that has been used by historians and political observers to describe political system in the Soviet Union and contemporary Russia. ...

According to Albats, most KGB leaders, including Lavrenty Beria, Yuri Andropov, and Vladimir Kryuchkov, have always struggled for the power with the Communist Party and manipulated the communist leaders. Moreover, FSB has formal membership, military discipline, an extensive network of civilian informants ^[9], hardcore ideology, and support of population (60% of Russians trust FSB ^[51]), which makes it a perfect totalitarian political party ^[11] However the FSB party does not advertise its leading role because the secrecy is an important advantage. Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (Georgian: áƒšáƒáƒ•áƒ áƒ”áƒœáƒ¢áƒ˜ áƒ‘áƒ”áƒ áƒ˜áƒ; Russian: Ð›Ð°Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð¹ ÐŸÐ°Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ; (29 March 1899 â€“ 23 December 1953), was a Soviet politician and chief of the Soviet security and police apparatus. ... Andropov, then the LKSM KFSSR First Secretary, speaks at the May 9, 1945, victory celebrations Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Russian: , Jurij VladimiroviÄ Andropov) (June 15 [O.S. June 2] 1914 â€“ February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just... Vladimir Alexandrovich Kryuchkov (Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€ ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ°Ð½Ð´Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÑ€ÑŽÑ‡ÐºÐ¾Ð² in Russian) was born in Volgograd in 1924. ... For other uses, see Discipline (disambiguation). ... Political Ideologies Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... The concept of Totalitarianism is a typology or ideal-type used by some political scientists to encapsulate the characteristics of a number of twentieth century regimes that mobilized entire populations in support of the state or an ideology. ...

With regard to death of Aleksander Litvinenko, the highest-ranking Soviet Bloc intelligence defector, Lt. Gen. Ion Mihai Pacepa stated that there is "a band of over 6,000 former officers of the KGB — one of the most criminal organizations in history — who grabbed the most important positions in the federal and local governments, and who are perpetuating Stalin’s, Khrushchev’s, and Brezhnev’s practice of secretly assassinating people who stand in their way." ^[52] Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (4 December 1962[1] or 30 August 1962[2] â€“ 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and later a Russian dissident and writer. ... Ion Mihai Pacepa Ion Mihai Pacepa (born 28 October 1928) is the highest intelligence official ever to have defected from the Soviet bloc to the West. ...

Suppression of internal dissent

Many Russian opposition lawmakers and investigative journalists have been assassinated while investigating corruption and alleged crimes conducted by FSB and state authorities: Sergei Yushenkov, ‎Yuri Shchekochikhin, Galina Starovoitova, Anna Politkovskaya, Alexander Litvinenko, Paul Klebnikov, Nadezhda Chaikova, Nina Yefimova, and many others ^[37] ^[53] ^[54], ^[9]. Former KGB officer Oleg Gordievsky believes that murders of writers Yuri Shchekochikhin (author of "Slaves of KGB" [1]), Anna Politkovskaya, and Aleksander Litvinenko show that FSB has returned to the practice of political assassinations [2] which were conducted in the past by the Thirteenth KGB Department.^[55] Just before his death, Alexander Litvinenko accused Vladimir Putin of personally ordering the assassination of Anna Politkovskaya. ^[56]. Sergei Yushenkov (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÐ¹ Ð®ÑˆÐµÐ½ÐºÐ¾Ð²) (1950-2003) was a liberal Russian politician well known for his uncompromising struggle for democracy, rapid free market economic reforms, and higher human rights standards in Russia. ... Yuri Petrovich Shchekochikhin (Ð®ÌÑ€Ð¸Ð¹ ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð©ÐµÐºÐ¾Ñ‡Ð¸ÌÑ…Ð¸Ð½) (June 9, 1950, Kirovabad - July 3, 2003, Moscow) was a Russian journalist, writer, and liberal lawmaker. ... Galina Starovoitova (Ð“Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð° Ð¡Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ñ‚Ð¾Ð²Ð°) (31st December 1946 - November 20, 1998) was a Russian politician, who was born in Chelyabinsk. ... Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 â€“ 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ... Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (30 August 1962[1][2] â€“ 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and later a Russian dissident and writer. ... Paul Klebnikov Paul Klebnikov (June 3, 1963 â€“ July 9, 2004) was an American journalist of Russian descent. ... Nadezhda Chaikova was a correspondent for the Russian weekly Obshchaya Gazeta. ... Nina Yefimova was a reporter for Vozrozhdeniye (Revival), a local Russian language newspaper in the Chechen capital Grozny. ... Oleg Antonovich Gordievsky (born 10 October 1938 in Moscow, Russia), was a Colonel of the KGB and KGB Resident-designate (rezidentura) and bureau chief in London, who defected to the United Kingdom. ... Yuri Petrovich Shchekochikhin (Ð®ÌÑ€Ð¸Ð¹ ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð©ÐµÐºÐ¾Ñ‡Ð¸ÌÑ…Ð¸Ð½) (June 9, 1950, Kirovabad - July 3, 2003, Moscow) was a Russian journalist, writer, and liberal lawmaker. ... Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 â€“ 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ... Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (4 December 1962[1] or 30 August 1962[2] â€“ 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and later a Russian dissident and writer. ... This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (30 August 1962[1][2] â€“ 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and later a Russian dissident and writer. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 â€“ 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ...

Political dissidents from the former Soviet republics, such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, are often arrested by FSB and extradited to these countries for prosecution, despite protests from international human rights organizations. ^[57] ^[58] Special services of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan also kidnap people at the Russian territory, with the implicit approval of FSB ^[59]

Criticism of anti-terrorist operations

Use of excessive force by the FSB spetsnaz was criticized with regard to resolving Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan hostage crisis. According to Sergey Kovalev, the Russian government kills its citizens without any hesitation. He provided the following examples: murdering of hostages by the poison gas during Moscow theater hostage crisis; burning school children alive by spetsnaz soldiers who used RPO flamethrowers during Beslan school hostage crisis; crimes committed by death squads in Chechnya^[60]; and assassination of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev ^[61]. Anna Politkovskaya and Irina Hakamada, who conducted unofficial negotiations with terrorists, stated that the hostage takers were not going to use their bombs to kill the people and destroy the building during Moscow theater hostage crisis. [3] Russian special forces training For the Swedish EBM band, see Spetsnaz (band). ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... The Republic of North Ossetia in Russia The Beslan school hostage crisis (also referred to by the media as the Beslan school siege) began when armed multinational terrorists took hundreds of schoolchildren and adults hostage on September 1, 2004 at School Number One in the Russian town of Beslan in... Sergei Kovalev Sergei Adamovich Kovalev (Russian: ) (born March 2, 1930) is a notable dissident and political prisoner in the former Soviet Union, and a human rights activist and politician in post-Soviet Russia. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Russian special forces training For the Swedish EBM band, see Spetsnaz (band). ... Rocket flamethrower produced and exported by Russia and the former Soviet Union. ... The Republic of North Ossetia in Russia Terrorist attacks of the Second Chechen War Kaspiysk bombing - Moscow hostage crisis â€“ Stavropol bombing - Red Square bombing - Moscow metro bombing - Aircraft bombings â€“ Beslan hostage crisis The Beslan school hostage crisis (also referred to as the Beslan school siege or Beslan Massacre) began when... A death squad is an extra-judicial group whose members execute or assassinate persons they believe to be politically unreliable or undesirable. ... The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyÃ§Ã¶), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or NoxÃ§iyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ... Zelimkhan Abdumuslimovich Yandarbiyev (Chechen: Ð¯Ð½Ð´Ð°Ñ€Ð±Ð¸Ð½ ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ»Ð¼ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ‚ Ð—ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ñ…Ð°, Russian: Ð—ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ñ…Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ¼ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¯Ð½Ð´Ð°Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ÐµÐ²) (September 12, 1952 â€“ February 13, 2004) was an acting president of the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1996-1997). ... Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 â€“ 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ... Irina Mutsuovna Hakamada (Ð˜Ñ€Ð¸ÌÐ½Ð° ÐœÑƒÑ†ÑƒÌÐ¾Ð²Ð½Ð° Ð¥Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð°ÌÐ´Ð°) (born April 13, 1955) is a Russian opposition politician. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ...

According to Anna Politkovskaya, most of the "Islamic terrorism cases" were fabricated by the government, and the confessions have been obtained through the torture of innocent suspects. "The plight of those sentenced for Islamic terrorism today is the same as that of the political prisoners of the Gulag Archipelago... Russia continues to be infected by Stalinism", she said. ^[62]. Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 â€“ 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ... Gulag ( , Russian: ) was the government body responsible for administering prison camps across the former Soviet Union. ... For architecture, see Stalinist architecture. ...

Involvement in terrorism acts

Former FSB officer Aleksander Litvinenko and investigator Mikhail Trepashkin alleged that Moscow theater hostage crisis was directed by a Chechen FSB agent ^[63] ^[64] Yulia Latynina and other journalists also accused the FSB of staging many smaller terrorism acts, such as market place bombing in the city of Astrakhan, bus stops bombings in the city of Voronezh, and the blowing up the Moscow-Grozny train ^[65] ^[66], whereas innocent people were convicted or killed. Journalist Boris Stomakhin claimed that a bombing in Moscow metro in 2004 ^[67] was probably organized by FSB agents rather than by the unknown man who called the Kavkaz Center and claimed his responsibility ^[68]. Stomakin was arrested and imprisoned for writing this and other articles. ^[69] Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (4 December 1962[1] or 30 August 1962[2] â€“ 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and later a Russian dissident and writer. ... Mikhail Trepashkin, a Moscow attorney and former FSB agent, was invited by MP Sergei Yushenkov to assist in an independent investigation of the Russian apartment bombings in September 1999 â€“ the atrocities that provoked the war in Chechnya and skyrocketed Vladimir Putin to presidency. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... For other uses, see Astrakhan (fur). ... Voronezh (Russian: ) is a large city in southwestern Russia, not far from Ukraine. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... For other uses of Grozny, see Grozny (disambiguation). ... Boris Vladimirovich Stomakhin (Russian: Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ñ…Ð¸Ð½), (born August 24, 1974, Moscow), is a Russian politician, journalist, and dissident. ... The Kavkaz Center is an Internet publication that claims to be a Chechen independent international Islamic internet agency. It was founded in March 1999 in the city of Grozny, by the National Center for Strategic Research and Political Technologies, headed by Movladi Udugov, former Minister for Information of the Chechen...

Many journalists and workers of international NGOs were reported to be kidnapped by FSB-affiliated forces in Chechnya who pretended to be Chechen terrorists: Andrei Babitsky from Radio Free Europe, Arjan Erkel and Kenneth Glack from Doctors Without Borders, and others ^[70] A journalist is a person who practices journalism. ... NGO is an abbreviation or code for: Non-governmental organization Nagoya Airport (IATA code) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyÃ§Ã¶), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or NoxÃ§iyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ... Andrei Babitsky (ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€ÐµÐ¹ Ð‘Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ñ†ÐºÐ¸Ð¹ : Moscow, 26 September 1964) is a Russian journalist and war correspondant for Radio Free Europe. ... Cover of Radio Liberty booklet The Most Important Job in the World Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a radio and communications organization which is funded by the United States Congress. ... Arjan Erkel (born March 9, 1970) is a Dutch medical aid worker and was head of the relief mission for MÃ©decins Sans FrontiÃ¨res (MSF) in Dagestan, a constituent republic of the Russian Federation. ... Médecins Sans Frontières (abbreviated MSF; known as Doctors Without Borders in the United States, as Médicos Sin Fronteras in the Spanish language and as Médicos Sem Fronteiras in Portuguese language) is a nonprofit private organisation created in 1971 by a small group of French doctors led...

Alleged involvement in organized crime

Former FSB officer Aleksander Litvinenko accused FSB personnel of involvement in organized crime, such as drug trafficking and contract killings. ^[71] It was noted that FSB, far from being a reliable instrument in the fight against organized crime, is institutionally a part of the problem, due not only to its co-optation and penetration by criminal elements, but to its own absence of a legal bureaucratic culture and use of crime as an instrument of state policy ^[72] Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (4 December 1962[1] or 30 August 1962[2] â€“ 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and later a Russian dissident and writer. ... Retail selling Street selling is the bottom of the chain and can be accomplished through purchasing from prostitutes, through cloaked retail stores or refuse houses for users in the act located in red-light districts which often also deal in paraphernalia, dealers marketing merriment at night clubs and other events... In most countries with judicial systems, a contract to kill a person is unenforceable by law (in the sense that the customer cannot sue for specific performance and the contract killer cannot sue for his pay). ...

International affairs

FSB collaborates very closely with secret police services from some former Soviet Republics, especially Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan ^[73] ^[74] The FSB is accused of working to undermine governments of Baltic states^[74] and Georgia ^[75]. During the 2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy, several Russian GRU officers were accused by Georgian authorities of preparations to commit sabotage and terrorist acts. ^{[citation needed]} This article is about secret police as organizations. ... In its final decades of its existence, the Soviet Union consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR), often called simply Soviet republics. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. ... Russian officers arrested on charges of espionage paraded in Tbilisi before being handed over to the OSCE The 2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy began when the Government of Georgia arrested four Russian officers on charges of espionage, on September 27, 2006. ... For other uses, see GRU (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Sabotage (disambiguation). ... This article is becoming very long. ...

Chairman of the United Nations Special Commission Richard Butler found than many Russian state-controlled companies were involved in the Oil-for-Food Programme-related fraud. As a part of this affair, former FSB Director Yevgeny Primakov had received large kickbacks from Saddam Hussein according to Butler [4]. The KGB, FSB and Russian government had very close relationships with Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Intelligence Service Mukhabarat according to Yossef Bodansky, the Director of Research of the International Strategic Studies Association. United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was a United Nations organisation performing arms inspections in Iraq after the Gulf War. ... Richard Butler (born May 13, 1942) served as an Australian diplomat, United Nations weapons inspector, and Governor of Tasmania. ... The Oil-for-Food Programme, established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) and terminated in late 2003, was intended to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs for ordinary Iraqi citizens without allowing... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 â€“ 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq and Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council from 1979 until his overthrow by US forces in 2003. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 â€“ 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq and Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council from 1979 until his overthrow by US forces in 2003. ... The Iraqi Intelligence Service (Jihaz Al-Mukhabarat Al-Ama, also known as Mukhabarat, General Directorate of Intelligence, or Party Intelligence was the main state intelligence organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein. ... Yossef Bodansky (born in Israel) is the Director of Research of the International Strategic Studies Association, and the Director of the Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare of the US House of Representatives and a visiting scholar at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. ... The International Strategic Studies Association (ISSA) is a Washington DC based non-governmental organization (NGO) with a world-wide membership of professionals involved in national management, particularly in national and international security and strategic policy. ...

History

Initial reorganization of the KGB

Following the attempted coup of 1991 against Mikhail Gorbachev, the KGB was dismantled and formally ceased to exist after November 1991.^[76] Its successor, the FSK (Federalnaya Sluzhba Kontrrazvedki (Федера́льная Слу́жба Контрразве́дки), Federal Counterintelligence Service, which had been known for some time as the Security Ministry of Russia) was reorganized into the FSB by the Federal Law of April 3, 1995, "On the Organs of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation", making the new FSB a more powerful organization. During the Soviet Coup of 1991 (August 19-22, 1991), also known as the August Putsch or August Coup, a group of members of the Soviet government briefly deposed Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev and attempted to take control of the country. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: ), surname more accurately romanized as Gorbachyov; (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian politician. ... This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article should belong in one or more categories. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ...

The FSB reforms were rounded out by decree No. 633, signed by Boris Yeltsin on June 23, 1995. The decree made the tasks of the FSB more specific, giving the FSB substantial rights to conduct cryptographic work, and described the powers of the FSB director. The number of deputy directors was increased to 8: 2 first deputies, 5 deputies responsible for departments and directorates and 1 deputy director heading the Moscow City and Moscow regional directorate. Yeltsin appointed Colonel-General Mikhail Ivanovich Barsukov as the new director of the FSB. Decree is an order that has the force of law. ... â€œYeltsinâ€ redirects here. ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Decree is an order that has the force of law. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Moscow Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) officially established on January 14, 1929. ...

2000-2004

On June 17, 2000, President Vladimir Putin signed a decree, according to which the FSB was supposed to have a director, a first deputy director and eight other deputy directors, including one stats-secretary and the chiefs of six departments (Economic Security Department, Counterintelligence Department, Organizational and Personnel Service, Department of activity provision, Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning, Department for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism). On June 11, 2001, the President introduced one more deputy director position. is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

According to a decree signed by Putin on March 11, 2003, by July 1 Border Guard Service of Russia had been transferred to FSB while FAPSI, agency of government telecommunications, had been abolished, granting FSB with a major part of its functions. is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Emblem of the Russian Border Guard Service Russian Border Guard cavalryman around 1812 Russian Border Guards seize smuggled heroin on the Afghan-Tajik border, circa 2004 Border Guard Service of Russia (Russian: ÐŸÐ¾Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ»ÑƒÐ¶Ð±Ð° Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸) is a branch of Federal Security Service of Russia tasked with patrol of the Russian border. ... Coat of Arms of FAPSI FAPSI (Russian: ) or Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information (Russian: ) is a Russian government agency, one of the successors of KGB. It also sometimes is referred by its English acronym FAGCI. // History FAPSI was created on the basis of 8th (Government Communications) and 16th...

On August 12, 2003 Putin allowed the FSB to have three first deputy directors, including the Chief of the Border Guard Service (Vladimir Pronichev), and specified that a deputy director position must be assumed by the Chief of the Inspection Directorate. On July 11, 2004, the President reorganized FSB again. [5] It was prescribed to have a director, two first deputy directors (Sergei Smirnov and Vladimir Pronichev), one of whom should be the Chief of the Border Guard Service (Pronichev), and two other deputy directors (Vladimir Anisimov and Vyacheslav Ushakov) including one stats-secretary (Ushakov). Seven other deputy director positions ceased to exist. By the same decree the departments were renamed to services (and the Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning to Operational Information and International Relations Service). The previously independent Military Counterintelligence Directorate was subordinated to the Counterintelligence Directorate, and the Control Service was created out of the Inspection Directorate, Internal Security Directorate as well as some other subdivisions that had previously been subordinate directly to the FSB Chief. is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... General of the Army Vladimir Yegorovich Pronichev is the current head of the Border Guard Service of the Russian Federation. ... is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sergei Mikhailovich Smirnov (Russian: , b. ... General of the Army Vladimir Yegorovich Pronichev is the current head of the Border Guard Service of the Russian Federation. ...

On December 2, 2005, Putin authorized FSB to have one more deputy director. This position was assumed by Vladimir Bulavin on March 3, 2006. is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Trivia

In the beginning of 2006 the Italian news agency ANSA reported the publication on the FSB website of an offer, open to Russian citizens working as spies for a foreign country, to work as double agents. ANSA may refer to: Alliance of Norwegian Students Abroad Italian news agency ANSA [1] This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of articles associated with the same title. ... A double agent pretends to spy on a target organization on behalf of a controlling organization, but in fact is loyal to the target organization. ...

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