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Federalisation is a term which in Argentine law defines the process of assigning federal status to a territory, with the purpose of making that territory the national capital.
The federalisation of Buenos Aires, that politically separated the city from the Buenos Aires Province to put it under direct control of the national government, was a constant aspiration of the other provinces of Argentina since the formation of the national state. However, due to harsh political debates around the issue, federalisation was only achieved in 1880, more than sixty years later. Buenos Aires (English: Fair Winds; originally Ciudad de la SantÃsima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa MarÃa de los Buenos Aires, City of the Holy Trinity and Port of Saint Mary of the Fair Winds) is the capital of Argentina and its largest city and port, and one of...
The Buenos Aires province (IPA: , Spanish: Provincia de Buenos Aires) is the largest, wealthiest and most populated province of Argentina. ...
Argentina is subdivided in 23 provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 federal district (capital federal). ...
The Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9, 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán. ...
1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Concept in the Argentine Constitution
The first successful Constitutional Convention, which took place in 1853, defined in its 3rd article the status of Buenos Aires: 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
The Authorities that exercise the Federal Government reside in the City of Buenos Aires, which is declared capital of the Confederacy by a special law. The terms Argentine Confederacy where used in those days to designate Argentina (usage would evolve until today, where the terms Argentine Republic are used instead). This article could not be enforced, as Buenos Aires withdrew from the convention, forming a separate state. When the province rejoined the country in 1860, an ammendment was made to the constitution, which changed article III in a subtle way: 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ...
The Authorities that exercise the Federal Government, reside in the city that is declared Capital of the Republic by a special law of Congress, previous cession made by one or more provincial legislatures from the territory to be federalised. This change did not declare Buenos Aires national capital right away, and left an open door for another city to be declared so. Although the city was made capital in the end, the change was satisfactory for the porteños as well as the rest of the country, and so it remained.
History
Buenos Aires and the provinces The weight of a larger population, and economical and commercial importance of the city as only deep water port of the country, made of it a decisive factor in the relationship between the federated provinces. This inequality was seen since the first years of the state, when after the May Revolution the Buenos Aires porteños were reluctant to accept the deputies of the interior in the First Junta, and became more severe during the long period of political instability of the First and Second triumvirates and the Directory. The attempts of 1819 and 1826 to dictate a Unitarian constitution to centralize in Buenos Aires the direct administrative power over the entire national territory pushed the situation, and the political measures taken by the provinces in the successive years — such as the Federal Pact — were oriented on avoid such situations from taking place. La Revolución de Mayo (the May Revolution) was the first attempt at independence in the Viceroyalty of the River Plate, which contains present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. ...
Porteño is the Spanish demonym for those born in the Argentine city of Buenos Aires. ...
The First Junta or Primera Junta was the first goverment that appeared in Argentina after the May Revolution. ...
The First Triumvirate (spanish: Primer Triunvirato) was the executive organ of government that replaced the Junta Grande, and governed Argentina from 1811 and 1812. ...
During the Assembly that dictated the first constitution in 1853, the equalitarian representation with two delegates for each province in the Constitutional Convention provoked the rejection of Buenos Aires, who pretended a representation proportional to the population and whose interests were highly threatened by a federal government. Cover of the original manuscript of the 1853 Constitution The Argentine Constitution of 1853 was the first constitution of Argentina, approved with the support of the governments of the provinces —though without that of the Buenos Aires Province, who remained separated of the Argentine Confederation until 1859, after the modification...
Trying to attenuate the conflict, the constitutional delegates didn't fix the federal condition of Buenos Aires city in the constitution itself, but though a special law, sanctioned a few days after the signature of the constitution.
Buenos Aires ignoring the powers of the constitutional convention drove the province to revolt and separate of the Argentine Confederation until 1860, when it reincorporated in exchange of several modifications of the original constitutional text, and the suspension of the federalisation. Argentina is a Spanish-speaking country in southern South America, situated between the Atlantic Ocean in the east. ...
Federal government, guest in Buenos Aires Between 1860 and 1880, the federal authorities resided in Buenos Aires, but lacking of direct administrative authority on the territory they where located. When Nicolás Avellaneda, candidate of the provinces, was elected for the national elections, the defeated Bartolomé Mitre headed the revolution of 1874. The forces loyal to the federal government defeated Mitre at the Battle of La Verde on November 26, and José Miguel Arredondo at the Battle of Santa Rosa; General Julio Argentino Roca was the most beneficed, victorious at Santa Rosa, he consolidated his political influence that would take him to the presidency for the following mandate. Nicolás Remigio Aurelio Avellaneda Silva (1837-1885) was an Argentine politician and journalist, and president of Argentina from 1874 to 1880. ...
Bartolomé Mitre MartÃnez (1821-1906) was an Argentine statesman, military figure, and author. ...
In the 19th century, Nicaragua was beset by political problems, which William Walker, an American with a tendency to slavery, took advantage of. ...
Alejo Julio Argentino Roca Paz (July 17, 1843 - October 19, 1914) was an army general who served as President of Argentina from 12 October 1880 to 12 October 1886 and again from 12 October 1898 to 12 October 1904. ...
Current President Néstor Kirchner The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. ...
The relationship between the de federal authorities and those of Buenos Aires continued to be hostile; Mitre's Partido Unitario Nacionalista urged for electoral abstention, and Buenos Aires governor Carlos Casares strengthened the separation of his power of administration and police, of the federal one. Avellaneda attempted reconciliation by pardoning the revolters, but the measure had little effect.
When in 1880 Mitre's perspectives of reaching the presidency seamed again dim, since Avellaneda gave wide support to Roca; an armed confrontation seamed again imminent. Carlos Tejedor, new governor of Buenos Aires and supporter of Mitre, made allusion of the federal government being his guest.
Federalisation by arms When Avellaneda's government announced the legislation of the federalisation of Buenos Aires city, Tejedor ordered military mobilisations and the formation of militias to train citizens in the use of arms. The National Congress sanctioned a law that prohibited the provinces military mobilisations without federal permission, but Buenos Aires ignored, and when the federal government ordered a requisition to a boat loaded with arms for the militias, coronel José Inocencio Arias prevented the maneuver, following Tejedor's orders. The National Congress ( Spanish: Congreso de la Nación Argentina) is the legislative branch of the government of Argentina. ...
In response to the belligerent attitude Avellaneda arranged to temporally move the federal government to the town of Belgrano, by that time outside the province of Buenos Aires. The Senate, Supreme Court and part of the Lower Chamber moved there before the national army, commanded by Roca, sieged Buenos Aires. The armed confrontation was boody, after the battles of Puente Alsina, Los Corrales and San José de Flores, the troupes of Tejedor left defeated. The Argentine Senate is the upper house of parliament in Argentina. ...
The Supreme Court of Argentina (in Spanish, Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación) is the highest court of law of the Argentine Republic. ...
The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the National Congress, Argentinas parliament. ...
The Argentine Army (Ejército Argentino) is the land armed force branch of the Argentine military and the senior military service of the country. ...
Though Mitre gave support to the insurrect, it served as mediator during the signature of an agreement for the disarming of the militias and Tejedor's resignation.
The congress, from its provisory location in Belgrano —in a building currently serving as home to the Museo Histórico Sarmiento—, dissolved the legislature of Buenos Aires. On August 24 of 1880 Avellaneda presented a project of law to declare Buenos Aires city the capital of the republic, under direct control of the federal government; on September 21 the law was approved. With the ratification of the city's legislature days later, the Buenos Aires city was finally separated from its homonymous province, whose capital would be moved in 1884 to the city of La Plata, built to serve that purpose. 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
La Plata is the capital city of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. ...
Later federalisation attemps In 1987, president Raúl Alfonsín proposed moving the national capital to Viedma, in an effort to attenuate the population centralization in Buenos Aires that the country experiences up to this day. The federalisation law was approved in May, however the project resulted so unpopular that the transfer never took place, and the law was annuled by a decree in 1989. Raúl Ricardo AlfonsÃn (born 13 March 1927) is an Argentine politician, who was the President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 9 July 1989. ...
Viedma is the capital city of the Argentine province of RÃo Negro and the Adolfo Alsina Department of that province. ...
External links - Armed events of 1880 - Argentine Army
References - Ruiz Moreno, Isidoro (1986). La Federalización de Buenos Aires: los debates y las leyes. ISBN 950-61-4467-2.
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