Federalism in the United States can be divided into four major periods, each with its own distinct approach: Federalism under the Marshall Court, Dual Federalism, Cooperative Federalism, and New Federalism. While the orgazational ideology in each era remained true to the United States's federal origins, the balance of power between the states and the national government constantly shifted. At the core, political federalism is a political philosophy in which a group or body of members are bound together (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. ...

Federalism under the Marshall Court

The United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall played an important role in defining the power of the federal and state governments during the early 1800's. As the U.S. Constitution does not specifically define many dividing lines between the layers of government, the Supreme Court settled the issue. The question was answered particularly in the cases, McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden, which broadly expanded the power of the national government. John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American statesman and jurist who more than anyone else shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power. ... Holding Although the Constitution does not specifically give Congress the power to establish a bank, it does delegate the ability to tax and spend, and a bank is a proper and suitable instrument to assist the operations of the government in the collection and disbursement of the revenue. ... Holding Court membership Chief Justice: John Marshall Associate Justices: Bushrod Washington, William Johnson, Thomas Todd, Gabriel Duvall, Joseph Story, Smith Thompson Case opinions Majority by: Justice Marshall Laws applied Article One of the United States Constitution Gibbons v. ...

Dual Federalism

Despite Chief Justice Marshall's strong push for the federal government, the court of his successor, Roger B. Taney (1835-1863), decided cases that favored equally strong national and state governments. The basic philosophy during this time was that the U.S. Government ought to be limited to its enumerated powers and that all others belonged to the states. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) increased the power of the states, while both the seventeenth and sixteenth amendments bolstered the power of the national government. There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Roger Brooke Taney (March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864) was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States, from 1836 until his death in 1864, and the first Roman Catholic to hold that office. ... Enumerated powers is a term referring to Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution which lists the specific powers of legislation granted to the United States Congress. ... Holding Africans residing in America, whether slaves or free, could not become United States citizens and the plaintiff therefore lacked the capacity to file a lawsuit. ... Amendment XVII (the Seventeenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution proposed on May 13, 1912 and ratified on April 8, 1913 and first in effect for the election of 1914, amends Article 1 Section 3 of the Constitution to provide for the direct election of Senators by the people of... Amendment XVI (the Sixteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, authorizing income taxes in their present form, was ratified on February 3, 1913. ...

Cooperative Federalism

The Great Depression marked an abrupt end to Dual Federalism and a dramatic shift to a strong national government. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies reached into the lives of U.S. citizens like no other federal measure had, yet popular opinion favored these programs. The national government was forced to cooperate with all levels of government to implement the New Deal policies; local government earned an equal standing with the other layers, as the federal government relied on political machines at a city level to bypass state legislatures. The formerly distinct division of responsibilities between state and national government had been described as a "layer cake," but, with the lines of duty blurred, American federalism was likened to a "marble cake." Cooperative Federalism is a concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally (such as the nineteenth centurys dual federalism) or clashing over a policy in a system dominated by... The Great Depression was an economic downturn which started in 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. ... FDR redirects here. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: New Deal For other uses of New Deal and The New Deal, see New Deal (disambiguation). ... In this 1899 cartoon from Puck, all of New York City politics revolves around boss Richard Croker A political machine is an unofficial system of political organization based on patronage, the spoils system, behind-the-scenes control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy. ... State legislatures are the lawmaking bodies of the 50 states in the United States of America. ...

New Federalism

New Federalism, which is characterized by a gradual return of power to the states, was initiated by President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) in the early 1980's and lasted until 2001. This reversal of the shift of power is known as devolution. Previously, the federal government had granted money to the states categorically, limiting the states to use this funding for specific programs. Reagan's administration, however, introduced a practice of giving block grants, freeing state governments to spend the money at their own discretion. President Bill Clinton (1993-2001) embraced this philosophy, and President George W. Bush (2001-?) appeared to support it at the time of his inauguration. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, New Federalism ended as the national government provided emergency aid, a trend that continued during the ensuing natural disatsters, such as Hurricane Katrina. The New federalism is a policy theme which became popular in the 1980s and 1990s in the United States that refers to the transfer of certain powers from the federal government to the states. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Devolution or home rule is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a state to government at national, regional or local level. ... In a federal system of government, a block grant is a large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... Lowest pressure 902 mbar (hPa; 26. ...

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