NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are areas of Pakistan outside the four provinces, comprising a region of some 27,220 km² (10,507 mi²). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 717 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (926 Ã— 774 pixel, file size: 43 KB, MIME type: image/png) HBT Marathon File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Subnational entity is a generic term for an administrative region within a country â€” on an arbitrary level below that of the sovereign state â€” typically with a local government encompassing multiple municipalities, counties, or provinces with a certain degree of autonomy in a varying number of matters. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... PeshÄwar (Urdu: Ù¾Ø´Ø§ÙˆØ±; Pashto: Ù¾ÚšÙˆØ±) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... Pakistan Standard Time (PST) is the time zone for Pakistan. ... UTC +5 is the timezone for : Pakistan Standard Time in Pakistan. ... Most of the languages of Pakistan are part of the family of Indo-European languages and span the Indo-Iranian range of that family with the Indo-Aryan languages predominant in the east and the Iranian languages the most significant in the west as well as Dardic languages in the... Pashto (â€Ž, IPA: also known as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto â€Ž, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu, Pushtoo, Pathan, or Afghan language) is an Iranian language of the Indo-Iranian language family spoken by Pashtuns living in southeastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan. ... The Districts of Pakistan form the third tier of government in Pakistan, ranking as subdivisions of the provinces of Pakistan. ... A street in Ynysybwl, Wales, relatively stereotypical of a small town A town is usually an urban area which is not considered to rank as a city. ... Union Council Union Council is a sub part of a district, usually it is a large village also including the nearby small villages. ... A relief map of Pakistan showing historic sites. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... Commissioner is a designation that may be used for a variety of official positions, especially referring to a high-ranking public (administrative or police) official, or an analogous official in the private sector (e. ... A Chief Minister is the elected Head of Government of a state of India, a territory of Australia or a British overseas territory that has attained self-government. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... A Web site (or colloquially, Website) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos and other digital assets that is hosted on a Web server, usually accessible via the Internet or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML, that is almost always accessible via HTTP... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ...

Geography

The FATA are bordered by: Afghanistan to the west with the border marked by the Durand Line, the North-West Frontier Province and the Punjab to the east, and Balochistan to the south. The Durand Line is the term for the poorly marked 2,640 kilometer (1,610 mile) border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. ... The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)-(also known as, Subha Sarhad)- is the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Pashtuns (Afghans) and various other groups. ... This article is about the Pakistani province of Punjab. ... The province of Balochistan (or Baluchistan) (Urdu: Ø¨Ù„ÙˆÚ†Ø³ØªØ§Ù†) in Pakistan is the largest in the country by geographical area. ...

The total population of the FATA was estimated in 2000 to be about 3,341,070 people, or roughly 2% of Pakistan's population. Only 3.1% of the population resides in established townships.^[1] It is the most rural administrative unit in Pakistan. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 446 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (450 Ã— 605 pixel, file size: 86 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) HBT Mararthon File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 446 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (450 Ã— 605 pixel, file size: 86 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) HBT Mararthon File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

The Tribal Areas comprise seven Agencies, namely Khyber, Kurram, Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai, North and South areas of Waziristan and five FRs (Frontier Regions) namely FR Peshawar, FR Kohat, FR Tank, FR Banuu and FR Dera Ismail Khan. The main towns include Miran Shah, Razmak, Bajaur, Darra Bazzar and Wana. Khyber (Urdu: Ø®ÛŒØ¨Ø±) is a tribal area in FATA region of Pakistan. ... Kurram (Urdu: Ú©Ø±Ù… ) tribal agency is located in the FATA area of Pakistan. ... Bajaur (Urdu: Ø¨Ø§Ø¬ÙˆÚ‘) is an Agency (district) of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. ... The agency was created in 1951 before which the Mohmand Tribes were administered by the Deputy Commissioner, Peshawar. ... Orakzai Agency is situated in the Federal Administrated Areas, Pakistan. ... North Waziristan (Urdu: Ø´Ù…Ø§Ù„ÛŒ ÙˆØ²ÛŒØ±Ø³ØªØ§Ù†) is the northern part of Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering some 11 585 kmÂ² (4,473 miÂ²). It comprises the area west and south-west of Peshawar between the Tochi river to the north and the Gomal river to the south... South Waziristan (Urdu: Ø¬Ù†ÙˆØ¨ÛŒ ÙˆØ²ÛŒØ±Ø³ØªØ§Ù†) is southern part of Waziristan a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering some 11 585 kmÂ² (4,473 miÂ²). It comprises the area west and southwest of Peshawar between the Tochi river to the north and the Gomal river to the south, forming part... Waziristan location map A flag used by a resistance movement in Waziristan against the British during the 1930s, with the Takbir written on it. ... Miran Shah (1366-1408) was a son of Timur, and a Timurid governor during his fathers lifetime. ... Bajaur (Urdu: Ø¨Ø§Ø¬ÙˆÚ‘) is an Agency (district) of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. ... Darra Adam Khel is a town in the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan, located between Peshawar and Kohat, very close to the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. ... Wana is a town/village in South Waziristan Agency in Pakistans FATA Province. ...

The 7 tribal areas lie in a north-to-south strip that is adjacent to the west side of the 6 frontier regions, which also lie in a north-to-south strip. The areas within each of those 2 regions are geographically arranged in a sequence from north to south.

The geographical arrangement of the 7 tribal areas in order from north to south is: Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Orakzai, Kurram, North Waziristan, South Waziristan. The geographical arrangement of the 6 frontier regions in order from north to south is: Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Tank, Dera Ismael Khan. North Waziristan (Urdu: Ø´Ù…Ø§Ù„ÛŒ ÙˆØ²ÛŒØ±Ø³ØªØ§Ù†) is the northern part of Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering some 11 585 kmÂ² (4,473 miÂ²). It comprises the area west and south-west of Peshawar between the Tochi river to the north and the Gomal river to the south... South Waziristan (Urdu: Ø¬Ù†ÙˆØ¨ÛŒ ÙˆØ²ÛŒØ±Ø³ØªØ§Ù†) is southern part of Waziristan a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering some 11 585 kmÂ² (4,473 miÂ²). It comprises the area west and southwest of Peshawar between the Tochi river to the north and the Gomal river to the south, forming part...

Governance

The region is only nominally controlled by the central government of Pakistan. The mainly Pashtun tribes that inhabit the areas are fiercely independent but, until friction following the fall of the Taliban in neighboring Afghanistan, the tribes had friendly relations with Pakistan's central government.^{[citation needed]} These Tribes are governed by the Frontier Crimes Regulation introduced under the British Raj. They are represented both in Pakistan's lower house and in its upper house of parliament. Previously, tribal candidates had no party affiliations and could contest as independents, because the Political Parties Act had not extended to the tribal areas. However, tribesmen were given right to vote in the 1997 general elections despite the absence of a Political Parties Act. The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ... For the position of women during the Talibans rule, see Taliban treatment of women. ... The flag of British India British India, circa 1860 The British Raj (Raj in Hindi meaning Rule; from Sanskrit Rajya) was the British rule between 1858 and 1947 of the Indian Subcontinent, which included the present-day India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma (Myanmar), whereby these lands were under the colonial...

The head of each tribal Agency is the Political Agent. The Agent wields extensive powers. Each Agency, depending on its size, has about 2 to 3 Assistant Political Agents, about 3 to 4 Tehsildars and 4 to 9 Naib Tehsildars with the requisite supporting staff. Each FR is headed by the DC/DCO (for FR Peshawar, DC/DCO Peshawar and so on). Under his supervision there is one Assistant Political Agent and about 1 or 2 Tehsildars and Naib Tehsildars, as well as support staff. Each Agency has roughly 2 to 3 thousand Khasadars and levies and 5 to 9 Wings of FC for maintenance of law and order in the Agency and borders security.

Bajaur Agency

Bajaur (Urdu: Ø¨Ø§Ø¬ÙˆÚ‘) is an Agency (district) of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. ... Barang (áž”áž¶ážšáž¶áŸ†áž„) is a Khmer word meaning French. ... Salarzais, along with the Kakazai and Wur, are one of the four clans of Tarkanis. ...

Mohmand Agency

The agency was created in 1951 before which the Mohmand Tribes were administered by the Deputy Commissioner, Peshawar. ... Safi has several meanings: Safi is a city in Morocco. ... UTMAN KHEL; a Pathan tribe who occupy the hills to the north of Peshawar in the North-West Frontier Province of India. ... Ambar - War of the Elementals, is a text-based and free Massively Multiplayer Online Strategy Game that has been around for many years. ...

Kurram Agency

Kurram (Urdu: Ú©Ø±Ù… ) tribal agency is located in the FATA area of Pakistan. ...

Orakzai Agency

South Waziristan Agency

Butaritari Atoll is an atoll of 10 islands in the Pacific Ocean island nation of Kiribati. ... Wana is a town/village in South Waziristan Agency in Pakistans FATA Province. ...

North Waziristan Agency

There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Miran Shah (1366-1408) was a son of Timur, and a Timurid governor during his fathers lifetime. ... Shewa (also spelled Shoa) is a historical region of Ethiopia. ...

FATA before Independence

Ancient history

There are scant sources on the ancient history of the tribal belt, excepting tribal annals. Successive invaders have passed through this area or incorporated it within their empire. These included the Aryans (before 500 BC), thereafter the Achaemenians, Graeco-Scythian invasions (324-320 BC), Mauryans (313-232 BC), Greco-Bactrians (185-90 BC), and Sakas from 97 BC. During the first millennium CE, Parthians, Yue-chi (i.e. Kushans), Sassanians, White Huns and Turks followed in succession. They have the admixture of various warriors who passed through this area. For instance, the Afridis have “an admixture of Greek blood.”^[2]Khurasani culture is visible in Pakistan west of the Indus. Missing image Achaemenid empire in its greatest extent The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius the Great and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly encompassing some parts of today... Chandragupta Maurya (ruled 322–298 BC), known to the Greeks as Sandracottus, was the first emperor of the Mauryan empire. ... Approximate extent of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom circa 220 BCE. The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising todays northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. Their expansion... A cataphract-style parade armour from gold scales of Sakas King found in Issyk in Kazakhstan in 1970[1] The Sakas were Iranian people stock who lived in what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and parts of Iran, Ukraine, and Altay Mountains and Siberia in Russia, in the... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: Ø§Ø´Ú©Ø§Ù†ÛŒØ§Ù† AshkÃ¢niÃ¢n) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... Head of king Shapur II (Sasanian dynasty A.D. 4th century). ... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ... Men from the Afridi tribe in battle Afridi (Urdu: Ø¢ÙØ±ÛŒØ¯ÛŒ ) (Pashto: Ø§Ù¾Ø±ÙŠØ¯ÙŠ ) is a Pashtun tribe. ... The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ...

For five hundred years BCE and for about two centuries CE, Gandhara - the general area from Islamabad to Kabul - was influenced by the Achaemenians. For the following century, it was influenced by the Mauryans, and for the century after that it was influenced by Graeco-Bactrians. Thereafter, Saka nomadic invaders entered Gandhara. The Pashtun language, widely spoken in the region, is probably a Saka dialect introduced from the north.^{[citation needed]} GandhÄra (Sanskrit: à¤—à¤¨à¥à¤§à¤¾à¤°, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: Ú¯Ù†Ø¯Ú¾Ø§Ø±Ø§) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ... Pashto (پښتو; also known as Afghan, Pushto, Pashto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, and Pukhto) is the language spoken by the ethnic Afghan otherwise known as the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the Western provinces of Pakistan. ...

The region which includes “Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of Pakistan have seen perhaps more invasions in the course of history than any other country in Asia, or indeed in the world.”^{[citation needed]} During this period, when the plains had been dominated by great powers, the hill tracts and tribes continued to protect their independence.

Turko-Pathan supremacy

The spread of Islam in the tribal belt dates back to the rise of the Turkish dynasty in Ghazni from about 960 AD. Mahmud of Ghazni conquered and incorporated areas of the subcontinent up to Lahore. Ghorid Sultan Muizzuddin Muhammad, with his headquarters in Ghor, subdued the north part of the subcontinent and was the founder of Muslim supremacy in Delhi in 1206. The fall of the Ghorids was followed by successive incursions of various forces from Central Asia. The most notable of these were those of conquerors Genghis Khan in 1221 and of Timur in 1398. Ghazni (Persian: ØºØ²Ù†ÛŒ , ÄžaznÄ«) is a city in eastern Afghanistan, with an estimated population of 149,998 people. ... Mahmud and Ayaz The Sultan is to the right, shaking the hand of the sheykh, with Ayaz standing behind him. ... Lahore (Urdu: Ù„Ø§ÛÙˆØ±, Punjabi: Ù„ÛÙˆØ±, pronounced ) is the capital of the province of Punjab, and the second most dense city in Pakistan, also known as the Gardens of the Mughals or City of Gardens, after the significant rich heritage of the Mughal Empire. ... Muhammad of Ghor or Muhammad Ghori (originally named Muizz-ad-din) (1162 - 1206) was a Persian conqueror and sultan between 1171 and 1206. ... Delhi (Hindi: , Urdu: , Punjabi: ), sometimes refered to as Dilli, is the second-largest metropolis in India after Mumbai with a population of 13 million. ... For other uses, see Genghis Khan (disambiguation). ... Statue of Timur in Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan TÄ«mÅ«r bin Taraghay Barlas (Chagatai Turkic: ØªÛŒÙ…ÙˆØ± - TÄ“mÅr, iron) (1336 â€“ February 1405) was a 14th-century warlord of Turco-Mongol descent[1][2][3][4], conqueror of much of Western and central Asia, and founder of the Timurid Empire (1370â€“1405... Events Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed. ...

The tribesmen formed the “spearhead of the Muslim penetration and conquest of India, first as soldiers of fortune and later as powerful kings, even as sultans and emperors.”^{[citation needed]} “The Turks were a small band of chosen favourites; the soldiers, and later the rulers, were Ghaljis or Pathans.”^{[citation needed]} Apart from the Turks, i.e. Ghaznavids (1001-1186), Ghorids (1186-1290), and Tughlaqs (1321-1451), three Pathan dynasties, i.e., Khaljis (1290-1321), Lodis (1451-1526) and Suris (1539-55), had sat on the throne of Delhi. But their authority did not extend over the tribal belt. Babur, the conqueror of India and founder of the Mughal dynasty, wrote of the empire of Lodis that “its writ did not run effectively west of the Indus, and it had no control over the Afghan or Pathan homelands from which its rulers had originally come.”^{[citation needed]} ZÄhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as BÄbur (February 14, 1483 â€“ December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. ...

The Pathan dynasties who ruled in India “attracted many frontiersmen to their banners."^{[citation needed]} The firman (royal edict) of Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1489), the ruler of Delhi, encouraging frontier tribes of the northwest to take service in Delhi stated: Firman refers to a royal mandate or decree issued from a sovereign in Western Asian countries such as Iran under the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi or the Ottoman rulers. ...

The declining flow of Pathan warriors from the tribal belt may be one of the important causes of their downfall.^{[citation needed]} The lack of support became obvious after the death of Sher Shah Suri in 1555. Sher Shah Suri Sher Shah Suri (1486 â€“ 1545) (Pashto/Persian: - Å Ä«r-Å Äh á¹¢Å«rÄ«) also known as Sher Khan and as The Lion King, was founder of the Sur Dynasty of northern Indian rulers. ...

Mughal supremacy

Babur (1526-1530), a descendant of Timur, came down from Central Asia to Kabul in 1504. He was the founder of the Mughal dynasty (1526-1857) in the subcontinent. The support of the tribesmen helped him in his conquest of India. “In all these expeditions there is no doubt that Babur’s armies were greatly strengthened by tribal contingents supplied by the Yusufzais and other tribes”.^{[citation needed]} Not only Babur, but also the remaining Mughal rulers greatly “depended on Afghan mercenaries”. At the same time Babur’s main adversaries were the tribesmen on their own home ground. These stood on the lines of communication which a prospective conqueror of Hindustan, who starts from Central Asia, must secure and maintain through the hill country intervening between Kabul and the Jihlam [Jhelum] River. Many years were to elapse before Babur could do this, and reading between the lines of his story, we can see very clearly that he was in a continual state of anxiety and annoyance over difficulties that in fact he was never able entirely to resolve. Later emperors of his line were no more successful in achieving enduring solutions.”^{[citation needed]} ZÄhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as BÄbur (February 14, 1483 â€“ December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... Statue of Timur in Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan TÄ«mÅ«r bin Taraghay Barlas (Chagatai Turkic: ØªÛŒÙ…ÙˆØ± - TÄ“mÅr, iron) (1336 â€“ February 1405) was a 14th-century warlord of Turco-Mongol descent[1][2][3][4], conqueror of much of Western and central Asia, and founder of the Timurid Empire (1370â€“1405... For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ... 1504 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...

It was in Babur’s time that “the darkness has broken and the light is flooding in” on the tribal belt.^{[citation needed]} For the first time there “appear the familiar names of tribes”.^{[citation needed]} The prominent ones mentioned by Babur are Yusufzais (Babur married a Yusufzai woman), Afridis, Orakzais, Bangash, Turis, Dilazaks, Mohmands, Gigianis, Muhammadzais, Lohanis, Niazis, Isa Khels, Ghaljis and Wazirs. The Afridis live in Khyber, the Yusufzais in Swat and the Samah, the Muhammadzis in Hashtnagar, the Bangashes around Hangu, the Lohanis in the Daman, the Ghaljis around Ghazni. The Khattaks, who are not mentioned by Babur with this name, live in the neighbourhood of Bannu. The Yusufzai (also Yousafzai, Esapzey, or Yusufi) (Urdu: ÛŒÙˆØ³Ù Ø²Ø¦ÛŒ) are one of the largest Pashtun tribe. ... Men from the Afridi tribe in battle Afridi (Urdu: Ø¢ÙØ±ÛŒØ¯ÛŒ ) (Pashto: Ø§Ù¾Ø±ÙŠØ¯ÙŠ ) is a Pashtun tribe. ... Response International, United Kingdom has recently about to initiate training workshops on Child Health promotion in Orakzai Agency. ... Bangash is a Pashtun tribe settled in Pakistan. ... Turi are a Pathan tribe on the Kohat border of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... The Dilazak were an Afghan Tribe which descended into the valley of Peshawar,Pakistan in Smanyids dynasty from Suleman Rangeâ€™ between 750 AD and 850 AD. They were the First of all Afghans and were Muslims by that time. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mahuri. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Vizier (وزير, sometimes also spelled Wazir) is an Arabic term for a high-ranking religious and political advisor, often to a king or sultan. ... Khattak or Khatak (Urdu: Ø®Ù¹Ú© ) is a Pashtun tribe. ...

Babur could not master the territory bounded on the north by the Koh-i-Sufaid down as far as Bannu, where Bangash, Turis, Wazirs live, as is clear from his comments: ZÄhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as BÄbur (February 14, 1483 â€“ December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... Bannu (Urdu: Ø¨Ù†ÙˆÚº ) is a city in NWFP province of Pakistan. ... Bangash is a Pashtun tribe settled in Pakistan. ...

He writes in a similar tone about Wazirs, but his hope of dominating them was never fulfilled. Similarly, Akbar the Great (1556-1605) could not prevail “in any decisive fashion against any of the tribes except those who found it to their interest, in return for consideration, to guard the King’s highway.”^{[citation needed]} Thereafter “no serious endeavour was made by any of his successors, or indeed by the Durranis who followed to bring … any of the … mountain regions under administrative subjection…”^{[citation needed]} Jalauddin Akbar Jalaluddin Muhammad Akb r, (alternative spellings include Jellaladin) also known as Akbar the Great (Akbar-e-Azam) (October 15, 1542 – 1605) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from the time of his accession in 1556 until 1605. ... Durrani (Persian: Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ù†ÛŒ) or Abdali (Persian: Ø§Ø¨Ø¯Ø§Ù„ÛŒ) tribe is one of the two largest Pashtun tribes of Afghanistan and is also found in large numbers in western Pakistan. ...

During the reigns of Jehangir (1608-1627) and Shah Jahan (1628-1658), the wars against the Yusufzais and hillmen continued. The Mughal rulers were also fighting for the possession of Kandahar. The struggle for Kandahar did not absolve the Mughals from the troubles in the tribal area. Jehangir in the third year of his reign, in 1607, visited Kabul. The most successful Mughal General Shah Beg who had taken possession of Kandahar some twelve years back was given governance over “the whole and troublous Sarkar of Kabul, Tirah, Bangash, Swat and Bajaur, with entire control over the Afghans of these regions, an assignment of their territories in jagir, and the title of Khan-i-Dauran (Chief of the Age)”. Nuruddin Jahangir (August 31, 1569 - October 28, 1627) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until 1627. ... Shahbuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan (also spelled Shah Jehan, Shahjehan. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... This article is about the city in Afghanistan. ... Bajaur (Urdu: Ø¨Ø§Ø¬ÙˆÚ‘) is an Agency (district) of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. ... A Jagir is a small territory granted by a ruler to an army chieftain (called a sardar in Marathi language) in recognition of his military service. ...

Shah Jahan appointed one brave general, Said Khan from Kohat, as governor of Kabul, and raised him to the rank of commander of 5000 cavalry. The NWFP in general, especially Khattaks along with a number of other tribes, were under revolt against the last powerful Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (1658-1707). Thereafter the Mughal emperors were too weak to think of an adventurous course of controlling the tribes.^{[citation needed]} North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... Aurangzeb (Persian: (November 3, 1618 â€“ March 3, 1707), also known as Alamgir I, was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. ...

Durrani Supremacy

When Nadir Shah, the King of Persia, invaded India in 1739, the Afghan/Pathan contingent became the corps d’elite of his army. The Afghan/Pashtun corps of cavalry, numbering between 4000 and 16,000, was commanded by Nur Muhammad Khan, an Abdali of Alizai clan. They accompanied the king to India and “participated in all the dangers and successes of that campaign.”^{[citation needed]} Ahmad Khan was the commander of the Abdali contingent from Afghanistan. He was the bodyguard of King Nadir Shah of Iran. When Nadir Shah, after his successful invasion of India, was returning to Persia, the tribes had closed the defiles and besieged him. His forces could not win against them in spite of loyal support of Afghan Abdalis, and “had paid a heavy toll in cash to the mountaineers” to get a passage. ^[3] Nadir Shahâ€™s portrait from the collection of Smithsonian Institute Nadir Shah (Persian: Ù†Ø§Ø¯Ø± Ø´Ø§Ù‡) (Nadir Qoli Beg (Persian: Ù†Ø§Ø¯Ø± Ù‚Ù„ÛŒ Ø¨ÛŒÚ¯), also Tahmasp-Qoli Khan (Persian: ØªÙ‡Ù…Ø§Ø³Ù¾ Ù‚Ù„ÛŒ Ø®Ø§Ù†) also Nadir Shah Afshar (Persian: Ù†Ø§Ø¯Ø± Ø´Ø§Ù‡ Ø§ÙØ´Ø§Ø±) ) (October 22, 1688 - June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736â€“47) and was the founder of the short-lived Turkic Afsharid... This page has been deleted, and should not be re-created without a good reason. ...

Nadir’s support to Abdalis led to the jealousies of other ethnic groups in Persia and he was murdered in 1747 by Muhammad Khan Qajar, the founder of Qajar dynasty who succeeded him on the throne of Persia. The commander of Abdali contingent Ahmed Khan, aged 24, forced his way to the royal tent only to find Nadir dead. Ahmed Khan finding his patron dead made his way to Kandhar and then to Kabul along with his Abdali contingent. He is the founder of the independent kingdom of Afghanistan in that year. He was a “born leader … he had himself crowned as Ahmad Shah in Kandhar. He assumed the title Durr-i-Durran, Pearl of Pearls… From that time his tribe, the Abdalis [which is a branch of Saddozai clan] have been known as the Durranis.”^{[citation needed]} Later he conquered and incorporated West Punjab and Kashmir in his empire and thus under him Afghanistan and most of the present day Pakistan were formed as one state. For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ... The Punjab/ پنجاب province of Pakistan is part of the larger Punjab region. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...

Ahmad Shah Abdali (1747-1773) was the hero of the most important battle of Panipat north of Delhi in 1761, which he fought with the help of Pathan tribesmen. He defeated the great army of the Maratha confederacy. It was “one of the decisive battles of the world”, for it eliminated the prospects of Maratha domination over north India, it hastened the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, facilitated the rise of Sikhs in the Punjab, and finally paved the way for “the gradual extension of British authority to Delhi and later to the Panjab.”^{[citation needed]} See Ahmad Shah Qajar for the Persian ruler (1909-1925). ... , Panipat (Hindi:à¤ªà¤¾à¤¨à¥€à¤ªà¤¤) is an ancient and historic city in Panipat District, Haryana state, India. ... The MarÄthÄs (Marathi: à¤®à¤°à¤¾à¤ à¤¾)is a collective term referring to an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a substantial empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries AD. The Marathas... Punjab, 1903 Punjab Province, 1909 The Punjab (sometimes spelt Panjab) is a region straddling the border between India and Pakistan. ...

However, the tribal belt “remained a welter of warlike tribes … it was the inexhaustible spring from which mercenary armies could be drawn”.^{[citation needed]} Throughout history they have enjoyed independence or a semi-independent status. The powerful rulers tried to subdue them but eventually they had to compromise to give them a semi-independent status. Even the Pathan dynasties ruling over India depended on manpower from the tribal territories but their writ did not extend to these territories.

Sikh supremacy

The Durrani ruler of Lahore, Shah Zaman (1793-1800), the grandson of Ahmad Shah under compulsion of infighting at Kabul withdrew from Lahore in 1799 and appointed a Sikh leader, Ranjit Singh as his viceroy. Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1799-1839) was an ambitious and capable ruler. He established Sikh rule in the Punjab. When he could not expand his empire towards east and south due to the presence of English, he decided to move towards the west. He was able to overrun the trans-Indus plains including Peshawar and Bannu. The Durrani Empire was a larger state that included modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of eastern Iran and western India. ... Zaman Shah, (c. ... Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shah Abdali (c. ... Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... PeshÄwar (Urdu: Ù¾Ø´Ø§ÙˆØ±; Pashto: Ù¾ÚšÙˆØ±) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ...

When he decided to pass through the tribal belt and establish his rule in Jalalabad and Kabul, several battles were fought. Finally, the Sikhs were stopped in the hills around Jamrud where the tribes gave them fierce battle. The Sikhs were defeated and retreated in 1837. It was here that they lost their renowned general Hari Singh Nalwa, who had earlier captured Balahissar (the citadel of Peshawar) in 1834. For the city in Kyrgyzstan, see Jalal-Abad. ... Year 1834 (MDCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The Sikhs’ rule around Peshawar was not stable. They “possessed but little influence in the trans-Indus tracts, and what influence they had was confined to the plains. Even here they were obeyed only in the immediate vicinity of their forts which studded the country”. The tribesmen checked the advance of Sikhs and safeguarded their independence as always in the past. A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ...

British supremacy

During early 19th century, the British had established their supremacy over the subcontinent except Balochistan, Sindh and the northwest tribal belt. All of these areas are now part of Pakistan. These were practically independent but theoretically under Kabul. The NWFP west of the tribal belt and the Punjab had become independent of Kabul under Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh. Balochistan or Baluchistan may refer to: Balochistan (region) is the name of a large region covering southwest Pakistan and southeast Iran Balochistan (Iran) is part of the Iranian Sistan and Baluchistan Province Balochistan (Pakistan) is the name of a province of Pakistan. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ, UrdÅ«: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, and Muhajirs and various other groups. ... Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ...

It was the period when Russia was advancing southwards in Central Asia. The British government in London was perturbed and thought it an “imminent peril to the security and tranquillity” of the Indian Empire and asked the government of India to checkmate them. Thus began British involvement with NWFP, its tribal belt and Afghanistan.

First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42)

It was understood both in London and Calcutta, which was then the headquarters of the ruling East India Company, that the Emir of Afghanistan was entering into secret negotiations with Russia. Accordingly, in 1838, the Government of India declared war against Afghanistan. Since Ranjit Singh, the ruler of the Punjab, would not give passage to the East India Company's army through his territory, Lord Auckland, the British Governor-General of India (1838-42), decided to dispatch his forces through Sindh. Earlier, Governor-General Lord Minto (1807-13), as a precaution against the threat of French invasion, had concluded a treaty of “eternal friendship” with the Amir of Sindh in 1809. Now, Auckland forced the Amir to agree to give passage to the English army and to contribute money towards the Afghan war and threatened him with “power to crush and annihilate them,” and that they “will not hesitate to call it into action, should it appear requisite, however remotely, for either the integrity or safety” of the British empire. ^[4] This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... The Emir of Afghanistan is the title of the sovereign of Afghanistan. ... Lord Auckland may refer to: William Eden, 1st Lord Auckland (1744-1814 George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland, 2nd Lord Auckland (1784-1849) Robert John Eden, 3rd Lord Auckland, Bishop of Sodor and Man (1799-1870) William George Eden, 4th Lord Auckland (1829-1890) William Morton Eden, 5th Lord Auckland... The Governor-Generals Flag (1885â€“1947) depicted the Star of India on a Union Flag. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ, UrdÅ«: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, and Muhajirs and various other groups. ... The title of Earl of Minto was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1813. ...

In 1839, the British-led Indian Army passed through Sindh and Balochistan and conquered Kandahar and Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. The army of occupation decided to stay back in Kabul. During the winter of 1841-42, there was a mass uprising against foreign forces and the Indian army comprising twelve thousand soldiers left the city of Kabul along with their followers and marched eastward in the direction of Jalalabad for safety. The tribesmen gradually destroyed the entire Indian forces while on retreat. By January 1842, only one Dr Brydon was able to reach Jalalabad to narrate the tragic story of the massacre of their comrades. “A large British-led army had not been wiped out so completely in living memory.” ^[5] Balochistan or Baluchistan may refer to: Balochistan (region) is the name of a large region covering southwest Pakistan and southeast Iran Balochistan (Iran) is part of the Iranian Sistan and Baluchistan Province Balochistan (Pakistan) is the name of a province of Pakistan. ... For the city in Kyrgyzstan, see Jalal-Abad. ...

Annexation of Sindh and the Punjab (1843-49)

As a consequence of the defeat in Afghanistan, to rehabilitate their prestige, the East India Company forced a war on Sindh, defeated the Baloch forces at the battles of Miani and Dabo, and annexed the province of Sindh in 1843. After the death of Ranjit Singh, there were a series of revolutions in the Punjab. The English fought two wars in the Punjab against Sikhs in 1846 and 1848-49 and after successively defeating them annexed the province of the Punjab in 1849. Beyond the plains of Sindh and the Punjab which the Company forces had conquered, there lived the Pathan and Baloch tribes in the hills. Sindh (SindhÄ«: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ, UrdÅ«: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, and Muhajirs and various other groups. ... The Baloch (Persian: Ø¨Ù„ÙˆÚ† alternative transliterations Baluch, Balouch, Balooch, Balush, Balosh, Baloosh, Baloush et al. ...

Sandeman System

The arrangement made by Sandeman is known as the Sandeman System. It rested on the occupation of central points in Kalat and tribal territory in considerable force, linking them together by fair-weather roads, and leaving the tribes to manage their own affairs according to their own customs and working through their chiefs and maliks. The maliks were required to enlist levies paid by government but regarded as tribal servants. State of Kalat or State of Qalat (Urdu: Ø±ÛŒØ§Ø³Øª Ù‚Ù„Ø§Øª) was a princely state located in the centre of the modern province of Balochistan. ...

It is also known as the Khassadar system. For sometime there was no interference with the tribes. Sandeman adopted a policy in which he used the local tribes for purposes of policing the tribal area. He recruited tribesmen and formed khassadar Regiments. These Regiments took the place of the British Army in tribal area. Large subsidies were paid to the tribal maliks. These maliks had to perform certain difficult duties such as protecting merchants, keeping roads open and in case of trouble, finding out the troublemakers. The system of khassadars, or tribal police was somewhat successful in Balochistan. It was to give monetary benefits to the tribesmen under the supervision of maliks, in return for maintaining order in the tribe.

Since these areas nominally acknowledged the sovereignty of Kabul, the British according to a treaty with Amir Sher Ali, the King of Afghanistan, signed in 1879 took over Pishin and Sibi, apart from Kurram, and Khyber. Thus the British were able to reach Chaman, which is at a short distance from Kandahar in Afghanistan. For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ... Pishin, or Peshin is a district of Baluchistan with a town of the same name. ... Sibi is a district in the center of Balochistan province of Pakistan. ... Do you mean: The Khyber Pass, which links Pakistan to Afghanistan Carry On Up the Khyber, the 1966 Carry On film about the British on the Northwest Frontier ...

"Policy of Masterly Inactivity" or Close Border Policy

The Punjab Government under the overall direction of the British Government in India followed a policy that required guarding the frontier to minimize the tribal raids and, in case of raids, send military expeditions for reprisals. “Non-aggression on tribal territory and non-interference in tribal affairs” were the objectives of this policy.^{[citation needed]} Following their defeat in the First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-42) the British had realized that the task of ruling over the tribal territory in NWFP and Afghanistan was beyond their resources in India. Thus they followed the policy of “masterly inactivity” or “close door policy” and their interest in the affairs of the tribal area in NWFP and Afghanistan remained minimal. Punjab Government, of the Indian state of Punjab with its capital in Chandigarh is headed by Chief Minister Captain Amarinder Singh of Indian National Congress party. ... The First Angloâ€“Afghan War lasted from 1839 to 1842. ... North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ...

For purposes of defence, a paramilitary force under the Government of the Punjab called the Punjab Frontier Force was raised and later it was merged with the regular Indian Army in 1886. The defence was organized by creating a line of forts along the administrative boundary. Roads were built to connect these forts and facilitate inter-communication.

Simultaneously conciliatory measures were adopted. Agreements were concluded with the tribes to maintain peace and order for which they were paid monetary benefits in the shape of subsidies and allowances. The tribesmen were allowed to enter British administered territory for purposes of trade and commerce, but British officers were not allowed to enter the tribal territory. According to British sources the tribesmen broke the agreements very often. As a consequence the government had to stop allowances, impose fines, enforce blockades and if these did not work they had to resort to military operations. “Between 1849 and 1899, the Punjab Government undertook as many as sixty-two expeditions.”^{[citation needed]}

From the annexation of the Punjab in 1849 to the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1878 the British followed the “so-called close-border policy” but abandoned it thereafter. The Rise of Dost Mohammad It was not until 1826 that the energetic Dost Mohammad was able to exert sufficient control over his brothers to take over the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself amir. ...

Forward Policy and Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-79)

There was a change in British policy after 1876, owing to the conquest of Sindh (1843) and the Punjab (1849), as well as to concern among British strategists in London about the advance of the Russian armies in Turkestan. The policy of Benjamin Disraeli, who became prime minister of Britain in 1874, was to build a strategic line of defence against Russian advance in Central Asia. It was felt that sooner or later the British and the Russian forces would confront each other in Central Asia. This thinking led the British to increase their sphere of influence in Afghanistan. In 1876 Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of India wrote to the Secretary of State for India that: Sindh (Sind) (Sindhi: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ ,Urdu: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾, Hindi: à¤¸à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤§) is one of the provinces of Pakistan. ... The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848â€“1849), resulted in the subjugation of the Sikh kingdom and absorption of the Punjab into lands controlled by the British East India Company. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (December 21, 1804 - April 24, British Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and author. ...

Amir Sher Ali of Afghanistan refused to allow a British envoy at Kabul. Following this, Lord Lytton declared war on 20 November 1878, and British troops invaded Afghanistan. Sher Ali ran away and later died. His son Mohammad Yaqub Khan concluded the Treaty of Gandamak on 26 May 1879 agreeing to British terms including ceding of Pishin and Sibi (now part of Balochistan), besides Khyber and Kurram, The war had encouraged the British formally to occupy most of the tribal belt. It included a permanent advance and control of the Khyber Pass, but the Kurram valley was occupied some years later. Shir Ali Khan (1825-1879) was the Emir of Afghanistan from 1863 to 1866 and from 1868 until his death. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Rise of Dost Mohammad It was not until 1826 that the energetic Dost Mohammad was able to exert sufficient control over his brothers to take over the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself amir. ... Mohammad Yaqub Khan (1849 - November 15, 1923) was Emir of Afghanistan from February to October 1879. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Treaty of Gandamak ... May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Kurram can refer to either: Kurram River - a river on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan Kurram Agency - FATA area of Pakistan This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Mountain passes of Afghanistan The Khyber Pass (also called the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) (Urdu: Ø¯Ø±Û Ø®ÛŒØ¨Ø±) (el. ...

Scientific Frontier and Durand Line (1893)

Lord Lytton (1876-80) put forward the idea of a scientific frontier. Military experts came to be divided into two groups – the forward and the backward. The backward group advocated that Indus should be the frontier line because the tribesmen were troublesome and fanatic and would not tolerate interference; it was difficult to fight in the mountains; and it was very expensive to have British Cantonments in the tribal territory. Edward George Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton (May 25, 1803 – January 18, 1873) was an English novelist, playwright, and politician. ...

The forward group advocated that the frontier should be from Kabul through Ghazni to Kandhar because unless the tribal country was occupied tribesmen would continue to give trouble; river frontier was not a frontier at all; tribal area could pay the expenses of military occupation if its mineral resources were developed; and even if the policy was expensive it must be adopted for the sake of India’s security. Ghazni (Persian: ØºØ²Ù†ÛŒ , ÄžaznÄ«) is a city in eastern Afghanistan, with an estimated population of 149,998 people. ... Kandhar is a city and a municipal council in Nanded district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. ...

For some time the British policy oscillated between the backward and the forward schools. In the time of Lord Lansdowne (1888-94) a compromise was arrived at. The boundary between Afghanistan and India was drawn on scientific lines keeping in view the requirements of defence. The dividing line came to be known as the Durand Line. Accordingly, in 1893, Sir Mortimer Durand concluded an agreement with Amir Abdul Rehman of Afghanistan fixing the boundary line from Wakhan in the north to the Iranian border in the south (i.e. the junction of Iran, Afghanistan and Balochistan). There was also some adjustment of territories. For instance, the British Government agreed to Amir of Afghanistan retaining Asmar and the Amir in turn agreed that “he will at no time exercise interference in Swat, Bajaur and Chitral”. Similarly, the British Government agreed to leave to the Amir a portion of Waziristan (i.e. Birmal) and Amir relinquished his claim to the rest of the Waziristan. A clause in the agreement stated: The title of Marquess of Lansdowne was created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1784 for William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, the former Prime Minister. ... Chitral Valley and Tirich Mir, 7,708 m (25,289 ft) Chitral, or ChatrÄl (Urdu: Ú†ØªØ±Ø§Ù„),in native language kalasha its pronounced chetrar(chetr meaning field) is the name of a town , valley, river, district, and former princely state in the former Malakand Division of the Northwest Frontier Province of...

"Hit and Run" Policy and war with tribes (1897-98)

In the beginning the British had adopted an attitude of conciliation. Frontier duties were abolished, free trade was established, medical facilities were provided and tribesmen were recruited in the army and the police. Since this policy could not remove the basic cause of the trouble—the economic needs of the area–it failed. The tribesmen continued to plunder the British territory. To check this, the policy of reprisals—fines, blockades and expeditions—was adopted. These methods were used to force the tribesmen to come to terms. This was called the “Hit and Run Policy”. It also did not succeed.

The policies and the intrusion of British forces, especially in Waziristan was seen by tribesmen as a “menace” to their independence.^{[citation needed]} When in June 1897, the Political Agent had gone with a military escort to select a site for a levy post in Maizar, a Waziri village, in North Waziristan, they were “at first hospitably received, but suddenly attacked. All their officers [who were British] were killed or wounded…”^{[citation needed]} This was followed by an attack by tribes of Malakand against the garrisons in the pass and in Chakdara. By August, Mohmands attacked at Shabqadr, and later Afridi and Orakzai attacked at Tirah and the Khybar post was lost by the British. The Samana forts were attacked and “the garrison in one case wiped out to a man.” Later Khyber was reoccupied and Khyber Rifles were re-established and new roads and more forts were built. Waziristan location map A flag used by a resistance movement in Waziristan against the British during the 1930s, with the Takbir written on it. ...

This uprising involved bulk of the tribes: Darwesh Khel Waziris, the Swatis, the Mohmands, the Afridis and the [[Orakzais. The Mohmands did not rise in 1897. This article does not adequately cite its references. ... Afridi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Withdrawal and concentration policy

After the 1897-98 war with tribes, the controversy between the backward and the forward schools assumed a new meaning. Now the controversy was whether the tribal territory up to the Durand Line should be occupied or should the British fall back upon Indus. The tribes who had neither been consulted nor considered did not like this change and interference in their affairs. They resented the loss of their independence and uprisings continued.

To meet the situation, Lord Curzon (1899-1905) adopted a policy of “withdrawal and concentration” – withdrawal from the advanced posts, employment of the tribal forces for the defence of the tribal country, concentrations of British forces in British territory as the second line of defence and the improvement of the means of transport and communication. This policy continued up to 1919. George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (January 11, 1859 - March 20, 1925), was a conservative British statesman and sometime Viceroy of India. ...

By January 1899, about 10,000 British troops had been stationed on the northwest frontier. Lord Curzon gradually withdrew large number of troops from certain areas including the Khyber Pass (except Jamrud) and the Kurram valley (except Thal) and Waziristan but concentrated troops in British lines and also deployed in lieu levies commanded by British officers and retained troops at Chakdara, Malakand and Dargai.

FATA after Independence

1947-1979

The year 1947 marked a turning point in the history of the Tribal Areas, as a new and independent state of Pakistan replaced the British raj. With the termination of British rule, all the agreements and treaties which bound the Tribal Areas with the British government in Delhi were abrogated under the Indian Independence Act, 1947. The flag of British India British India, circa 1860 The British Raj (Raj in Hindi meaning Rule; from Sanskrit Rajya) was the British rule between 1858 and 1947 of the Indian Subcontinent, which included the present-day India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma (Myanmar), whereby these lands were under the colonial...

Constitutionally, the Tribal Areas became independent and it was up to the new state of Pakistan to enter into fresh agreements and treaties with the tribal chiefs. The tribal chiefs (maliks) were also cognizant of the fact that they would have to enter into new arrangements with Pakistan under terms and conditions that would guarantee the rights and privileges they enjoyed under the British. For this purpose, the new state of Pakistan secured through its political agents in the tribal agencies an agreement with the maliks in 1947. Under this agreement the maliks declared the Tribal Areas a part of Pakistan and pledged to provide any help to the new country whenever the need arose. They also made a commitment “to be peaceful and law abiding and to maintain friendly relations with the people of the settled districts.”^{[citation needed]} In return and “on the foregoing conditions the Government of Pakistan pledged to continue the existing benefits.”^{[citation needed]} The Government of Pakistan also made a commitment to maintain the existing internal arrangements in the tribal areas. To provide a legal and constitutional cover to these agreements, the Governor General of Pakistan issued a series of orders and notifications. Under these orders and notifications, the Tribal Areas were declared part of Pakistan with effect from 15 August 1947. The Governor-General of Pakistan assumed direct jurisdiction of the tribal Areas.

In a subsequent development, the Government of Pakistan entered into revised agreements with the tribal chiefs in 1951-52 acquiring greater control and authority in the Tribal Areas. These agreements were concluded with the willing cooperation and the goodwill of the tribal people, and were meant to enlarge the scope of the existing agreements.

From 1947 till the formation of One Unit in 1955, the NWFP Governor acted as agent to the Governor-General of Pakistan in relation to the administration of the Tribal Areas, and exercised immediate authority in those areas. His Secretariat, known as the “Local Administration of NWFP”, headed by the Chief Secretary, dealt with all matters in respect of the Tribal Areas. All policy directives from the Federal Government were communicated to the Chief Secretary, who furnished the compliance reports to the Federal Government. Since there were no Divisional Commissioners in those days, the Political Agents and the Deputy Commissioners used to correspond directly with the local administration.

On the formation of West Pakistan (One Unit) in 1955, the administration of the Tribal Areas was taken over by the Governor of West Pakistan; and the Federal Government was left only with policy control. Under new set up, the West Pakistan Governor, acted as Agent to the President of Pakistan. These arrangements continued till 1958.

In October 1958, the administrative set up of the Tribal Areas was reviewed; and it was considered imperative that the system of administration on the spot should have centripetal quality. Consequently, administration of all the Tribal Areas was vested in the Resident Commissioner from November 1959 to August 1960, thereafter, these areas continued to be administered directly by the West Pakistan Government. The post of Resident Commissioner, however, was abolished in 1960 as an economy measure, but evidently, the real cause of the change over was the dual control of the Resident Commissioner by the Federal Government and the Provincial Government.

Although the 1956 Constitution was based on the integration of West Pakistan into One Unit, the political parties with their support base in the former provinces, especially Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan did not accept the merger of these provinces into One Unit. They continued to demand the dissolution of One Unit and the revival of the former provinces. National Awami Party (NAP), which was supported by the Pashtun and Baloch nationalists, was in the forefront of the struggle for the revival of the former provinces. The mass movement against Ayub Khan, which forced Pakistan’s first military ruler to step down in 1969, had incorporated the dissolution of One Unit as one of the main items on its agenda. Thus, General Yahya Khan, who took over from General Ayub Khan, accepted the demand for the dissolution of One Unit. On July 1, 1970, One Unit was dissolved and the former provinces of West Pakistan, namely Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan were revived. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 â€“ August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ... This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ... Look up Punjab in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ, UrdÅ«: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, and Muhajirs and various other groups. ... North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... Balochistan or Baluchistan may refer to: Balochistan (region) is the name of a large region covering southwest Pakistan and southeast Iran Balochistan (Iran) is part of the Iranian Sistan and Baluchistan Province Balochistan (Pakistan) is the name of a province of Pakistan. ...

With the dissolution of One Unit, the Tribal Areas of Dir, Swat, Chitral, Malakand Protected Areas, and the Hazara Territory, were included in the NWFP. Similarly, the tribal Areas of Balochistan, namely the Districts of Zhob, Sibi, Loralai and Chagai were made part of Balochistan. The rest of the Tribal Areas, namely the Agencies of Mohmand, Kurram, Khyber, Bajaur, Orakzai, North Wazirstan, South Wazirstan, and the adjoining areas of Kohat, Peshawar, Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan Districts were declared as Federally Administered Areas (FATA). Chitral Valley and Tirich Mir, 7,708 m (25,289 ft) Chitral, or ChatrÄl (Urdu: Ú†ØªØ±Ø§Ù„),in native language kalasha its pronounced chetrar(chetr meaning field) is the name of a town , valley, river, district, and former princely state in the former Malakand Division of the Northwest Frontier Province of... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Kurram can refer to either: Kurram River - a river on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan Kurram Agency - FATA area of Pakistan This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Do you mean: The Khyber Pass, which links Pakistan to Afghanistan Carry On Up the Khyber, the 1966 Carry On film about the British on the Northwest Frontier ... Bajaur (Urdu: Ø¨Ø§Ø¬ÙˆÚ‘) is an Agency (district) of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. ... Response International, United Kingdom has recently about to initiate training workshops on Child Health promotion in Orakzai Agency. ... Kohat (Urdu: Ú©ÙˆÛØ§Ù¹) is a medium sized town in central North West Frontier Province in Pakistan. ... PeshÄwar (Urdu: Ù¾Ø´Ø§ÙˆØ±; Pashto: Ù¾ÚšÙˆØ±) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ... Dera Ismail Khan (Urdu: ÚˆÛŒØ±Û Ø§Ø³Ù…Ø§ Ø¹ÛŒÙ„ Ø®Ø§Ù† ) is city in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. ...

1979-2001

Soviet invasion

The decade-long war in Afghanistan had a negative impact on the tribal areas and their infrastructure. With Pakistan becoming the frontline state in the war of resistance against the Soviet forces, the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan virtually ceased to exist. The tribal belt became the main supply route for the Mujahideen fighting the Soviets. The tribal areas provided a base for the Mujahideen, and weapons, supplies, and other war sustenance efforts were routed from these areas.^{[citation needed]} Mujahideen (Arabic: , ; Turkish: , literally strugglers) is a term for Muslims fighting in a war or involved in any other struggle. ... State motto (Russian): ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Soviet republics Area - Total - % water 1st before collapse 22,402,200 kmÂ² Approx. ...

Large numbers of Afghan refugees arrived in the FATA, placing pressure on the local resources. In some cases, refugees outnumbered the local population. The war also brought a culture of guns and drugs.^{[citation needed]} During this period, the economy of the tribal areas, which was already underdeveloped, suffered enormously.

The local administration, which already exercised only nominal control over the tribal population, was rendered totally ineffective under the impact of the ongoing war in Afghanistan. The result was that all kinds of illegal activity, like smuggling, drug trafficking and gun running, flourished in these areas.

Civil war

With the withdrawal of the Soviet forces from Afghanistan in 1989, there was a bloody war between the Soviet-installed Afghan regime and the Afghan Mujahideen groups. Because security and peace were lacking in Afghanistan, there was no question of the Afghan refugees returning to their country. The tribal areas, therefore, continued to be the home of millions of Afghan refugees.

Taliban rule in Afghanistan and its influence on the FATA

In 1996, Kabul fell to the student militia known as the Taliban. As a result of nearby Taliban, the writ of the government of Pakistan in the FATA became less effective. Some people of the FATA joined the Taliban in fighting against the Northern Alliance. Movement of men and material across the international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan was unregulated. Several aspects of the FATA's culture have been influenced, and in some cases the traditions of tribal people were affected by the more conservative interpretation of Islam favoured by the Taliban.^{[citation needed]} A large number of people from different regions of Pakistan and the world entered Afghanistan to join what they claimed was jihad against the Northern Alliance. For the position of women during the Talibans rule, see Taliban treatment of women. ... Northern Alliance may refer to: NATO The Afghan Northern Alliance The white supremacist group of Canada The Northern Alliance Radio Network of conservative bloggers This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Jihad, sometimes spelled Jahad, Jehad, Jihaad, Jiaad, or Cihad, (Arabic: IPA: ) as an Islamic term, is sometimes referred to as the sixth pillar of Islam, although it occupies no official status as such in Sunni Islam. ... Northern Alliance may refer to: NATO The Afghan Northern Alliance The white supremacist group of Canada The Northern Alliance Radio Network of conservative bloggers This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Extension of adult franchise to the FATA

Although Pakistan adopted universal adult suffrage as the basis of its electoral process immediately after independence in 1947, the people of FATA were deprived of this right for about fifty years.^{[citation needed]} In the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan (1947-54) FATA were represented by one member; whereas 4 states of the region, namely Swat, Dir, Chitral and Amb had 3 seats in the Assembly in accordance with the formula worked out by the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946). Under 1973 Constitution, the maliks (numbering about 37000) constituted the Electoral College for the election to 8 seats of the National Assembly. Under the legal, political and constitutional reforms package of Musharraf regime, known as Legal Framework Order (LFO) the number of National Assembly Members (MNAs) to be elected from FATA have been increased to 12. In 1996 the federal government of Pakistan decided to introduce adult franchise in the Tribal Areas for the elections held in 1997. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Chitral Valley and Tirich Mir, 7,708 m (25,289 ft) Chitral, or ChatrÄl (Urdu: Ú†ØªØ±Ø§Ù„),in native language kalasha its pronounced chetrar(chetr meaning field) is the name of a town , valley, river, district, and former princely state in the former Malakand Division of the Northwest Frontier Province of... General Pervez Musharraf (born August 11, 1943, Delhi, India) became de facto ruler (using the title Chief Executive and assuming extensive power) of [[the office of President of Pakistan (becoming Head of State) on June 20, 2001. ...

The 1997 elections were the first held in the Tribal Areas on the basis of universal adult suffrage. According to the electoral rolls prepared for the 1997 elections, the total number of registered votes was 1.6 million, including 0.4 million female votes. The extension of adult franchise in FATA was a long-standing demand of the people of Tribal Areas. But the successive governments of Pakistan had been postponing this decision due to their policy of appeasement towards the tribal chiefs (Maliks), who feared the loss of their entrenched privileged positions in the areas in case method of direct elections was introduced. No wonder the decision was hailed as an event of great historic importance, which changed the entire socio-political structure of tribal society.

A large number of candidates contested the 1997 elections and the turn out was considered high.^{[citation needed]} A total of 298 candidates stood for the eight seats of the National Assembly The average turn out was 33.69 per cent. In some areas, like Bajaur Agency, the turn out was 65 per cent; but in South Wazirstan, which is the center of Pakistan’s military operations against the suspected foreign militants, the turn out was reported to be as low as 19.64 per cent. Bajaur (Urdu: Ø¨Ø§Ø¬ÙˆÚ‘) is an Agency (district) of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. ...

In the last elections held on 10 October 2002, the total number of registered votes was 1,289,274. The number of male registered votes was 814,921; while the number of registered female votes was slightly higher than in the 1997 elections (469,053). The average turn out was 25.48 per cent. October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...

Despite the introduction of adult franchise, the people of the Tribal Areas do not yet enjoy political and legal rights as equal citizens of Pakistan. Article 25 of the 1973 Constitution declares that all citizens of Pakistan are equal before law; but this article is not applicable to FATA, although under Article 1 of the Constitution FATA is part of the territories of Pakistan. The two elections (1997 and 2002) following the introduction of adult franchise in FATA were held on non-party basis. Despite the persistent demands by the political parties and civil society organizations in the region, the political parties have not been allowed to extend their activities in the Tribal Areas. Under Article 247 of the Constitution, federal government enjoys absolute authority over the Tribal Areas. Under sub-section (7) of the same Article, High Courts and Supreme Court of Pakistan are barred from exercising jurisdiction over FATA. The draconian law known as Frontier Crimes Regulations framed by the British in 1901 to keep the people of Tribal Areas under suppression is still the law of the Tribal Areas. Before 1956, FCR covered the whole of the NWFP; but through an amendment, the settled districts of the province were exempted from FCR. Similarly, FCR was abolished in 1973 in Balochistan. However, the people of FATA are still governed by FCR, which has been denounced by all the political parties as undemocratic, repressive and violation of human rights.^{[citation needed]} The Supreme Court (Urdu: Ø¹Ø¯Ø§Ù„Øª Ø§Ø¹Ø¸Ù…ÛŒÙ° ) is the apex court in Pakistans judicial hierarchy, the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes. ... The Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) comprises a set of laws enforced by British Raj in the Pakhtun inhabited areas. ... In anatomy, flexor carpi radialis is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and abduct the hand. ... Balochistan or Baluchistan may refer to: Balochistan (region) is the name of a large region covering southwest Pakistan and southeast Iran Balochistan (Iran) is part of the Iranian Sistan and Baluchistan Province Balochistan (Pakistan) is the name of a province of Pakistan. ...

Economy

Mining

The FATA contain proved commercially viable reserves of marble, copper, limestone and coal. However, in the current socio-political conditions, there is no chance of their exploitation in a profitable manner.^{[citation needed]}

Industrialization

Industrialization of the FATA is another route or remedy proposed for a rapid breaking up of the tribal barriers and promoting the cause of integration.^{[citation needed]} The process of industrialization through a policy of public / private partnership would not only provide employment opportunities and economic benefits but also assist in bringing the youth of the tribal area at par with those of the developed cities in the rest of the country.

Reconstruction Opportunity Zones (ROZs)

The concept of setting up ROZs in FATA and Afghanistan is an element in the United States Government's counter-terrorism and regional economic integration strategies.

Irrigation projects

Water is scarce in the FATA. When the British forces occupied Malakand they started work on the Amandara headworks to divert the water from the Swat River through a tunnel to irrigate the plains of Mardan and Charsadda. The aim was not to get more wheat on sugarcane, but to ‘tame the wild tribes’.^{[citation needed]} // History Geography Climate Economy Civic administration Transport Utility services Demographics People and culture Media Education Sports External links Further reading References ... Swat River flows from Karakorum Mountains to flows into Kabul River in Swat, Sarhad, Pakistan. ...

Education

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas literacy rate is 17.42%, which is below the 43.92% average in Pakistan. 29.51% of the males and only 3% of females receive education. ^[6] World literacy rates by country The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. ...

Health

There is one hospital bed for every 2,179 people in the FATA, compared to one in 1,341 in Pakistan as a whole. There is one doctor for every 7,670 people whereas there is one doctor per 1,226 people in whole Pakistan. 43% of FATA citizens have access to clean drinking water.^[7] A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ... Drinking water Mineral Water Drinking water is water that is intended to be ingested by humans. ...

Contents

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