Antoni Ferdynand Ossendowski (1876-1945) was a Polish writer, journalist, traveller, globetrotter, explorer and university professor. He is best known for his novels on Lenin and Russian Civil War, which he took part in. Image File history File links Ferdynand_Ossendowski. ... 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Russian revolutionary, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the founder of the ideology of Leninism. ... The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922. ...

Biography

Early years

Antoni Ferdynand Ossendowski was born May 27, 1876, in his family manor in Lucyna on Dvina near Vitebsk. He studied at the famous gymnasium in Kamieniec Podolski, but he moved with his father, a renown medician, to Saint Petersburg, where he graduated from a Russian-language school. Then he joined the mathematical-physical faculty of the local university, where he studied chemistry. As an assistant to professor Aleksander Zalewski, he travelled to many distant areas, including Siberia, Caucasus and Altai. During the summer he was frequently enrolled as a ship writer on the Odessa-Vladivostok line, a job that allowed him to visit most of Asia, including Japan, Sumatra, China, Malaya and Indonesia. For his description of his trip to Crimea and Constantinople he received the first royalty. His record of a trip to India (Chmura nad Gangesem - A Cloud Over Ganges) gained the prestigious Petersburg Society of Literature prize. May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ... 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Two rivers are referred to as Dvina: Western Dvina (also known as Daugava) Northern Dvina This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Categories: Belarus-related stubs | Towns in Belarus ... A gymnasium is a type of school of secondary education in parts of Europe. ... ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... Siberia is also an album by Echo & The Bunnymen. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... For the republic in Russia, see Altai Republic. ... ODESSA (German Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen; The Organization of Former SS-Members) was/is a national socialist German network set up towards the end of World War II by a group of SS officers, among whom were Martin Bormann and Heinrich Himmler. ... Streets of Vladivostok in the 1910s Vladivostok (Russian: Владивосто́к (help· info) ) is a city in Russias far east, not far from the Russia-China border and North Korea. ... Asia is the largest and most populous region or continent depending on the definition. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the 3rd largest island of Indonesia after Kalimantan and New Guinea. ... The Federation of Malaya, or in Malay Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, was formed in 1948 from the British settlements of Penang and Malacca and the nine Malay states and replaced the Malayan Union. ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields amd mounts are wonderful, Motherland Capital Simferopol Largest cities Simferopol, Eupatoria, Kerch, Theodosia, Yalta Official language Ukrainian. ... Map of Constantinople. ... The Ganges River (Ganga in Indian languages; Ganges is the Latin form) (Devanagari गंगा) is the major river in northern India and Bangladesh. ...

In 1899, after a students' riot in Saint Petersburg, Ossendowski was forced to leave Imperial Russia and move to Paris, where he continued his studies at the Sorbonne, his professors being Maria Curie-Skłodowska and Marcelin Berthelot. It is possible he had received a doctorate back in Russia, but no documents survived. In 1901 he was allowed to return to Russia, where professor Zalewski invited him to the newly-founded Institute of Technology of the University in Tomsk. There he gave lectures on chemistry and physics. At the same time he also gave lectures at the Agricultural Academy and published numerous scientifical works on hydrology, geology, physical chemistry, geography and physics. 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... , The Eiffel Tower, the tallest structure in Paris, is an international symbol of the city. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ... Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-08-17, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... Marcellin Berthelot Marcellin Pierre Eugène Berthelot (October 29, 1827 - March 18, 1907) was a French chemist and politician. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Tomsk State University (TSU) is the first university in Siberia - it was founded in 1878 in Tomsk. ... Tomsk (Томск) (2002 pop. ... Water covers 70% of the Earths surface. ... Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, the earth) and λογος (logos, word, reason)) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. ... Physical Chemistry is the combined science of physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics which functions to provide molecular-level interpretations of observed macroscopic phenomena. ... A Superconductor demonstrating the Meissner Effect. ...

After the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) Ossendowski moved to Harbin in Manchuria, where founded a Central Technical Research Laboratory, a Russian-financed institution for development of ore deposits in the area. At the same time he headed the local branch of the Russian Geographic Society in Vladivostok. As such he made numerous trips to Korea, Sakhalin, Ussuri and the shores of the Bering Strait. In Manchuria he also became one of the leaders of the numerous Polish diaspora and published his first novel in Polish language - Noc (Night). He also got involved in the Main Revolutionary Committee, a leftist organisation that tried to take over the power in Manchuria during the Revolution of 1905. After the fall of the revolution, Ossendowski organised a strike against the brutal repressions in Russian-held Poland, for which he was arrested. A military tribunal sentenced him to death for conspiracy against the Tsar, but his sentence was later changed to several years of hard labour. Combatants Imperial Russia Empire of Japan Strength 500,000 Soldiers 400,000 Soldiers Casualties 25,331 Killed 146,032 Wounded 47,387 Killed 173,425 Wounded Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in lighter Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The... Harbin (Simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨; Traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ha-erh-pin; Russian Харби́н Kharbin) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province in north-east China. ... Extent of Manchuria according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: 满洲; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a name given to a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... It was an establishment set up by Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. ... Streets of Vladivostok in the 1910s Vladivostok (Russian: Владивосто́к (help· info) ) is a city in Russias far east, not far from the Russia-China border and North Korea. ... Korea (한국, Hanguk, or ì¡°ì„ , Choson) is a civilization and geographical area situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia, bordering China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast, with Japan situated to the southeast across the Korea Strait. ... Location of Sakhalin in the Western Pacific. ... The Ussuri River (Chinese: Wūsūlǐ Jīang 乌苏里江, Russian: река Уссури) is a river in south east Russia, flowing north, forming part of the Chinese border, to the Amur River. ... Satellite photo of the Bering Strait Nautical chart of the Bering Strait The Bering Strait is a sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, the eastmost point of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, the westernmost point of the American continent, approximately 85 km (58 mi) in width, with a... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Polish (jÄ™zyk polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ... The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a country-wide spasm of both anti-government and undirected violence. ... The term Congress Poland is an unofficial name of the Kingdom of Poland, a political entity that was created out of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when European powers reorganised Europe following the Napoleonic wars. ...

Petersburg to China

In 1907 he was released from prison with a so-called woolf's ticket, which prevented him from finding a job or leaving Russia. At that time he devoted himself to writing. His novel V ludskoi pyli (In Human Dust), in which he described his several-years-long stay in Russian prisons, gained him much popularity in Russia and was even described by Lev Tolstoi as one of his favourites. The popularity allowed him to return to Petersburg in 1908. There he continued to write books and at the same time headed the Society of Gold and Platinium Industry and several newspapers and journals, both in Russian language and in Polish. After the outbreak of the Great War, Ossendowski published several books more, including a science fiction novel, a propaganda novel on German spies in Russia and a brochure describing German and Austro-Hungarian war crimes. 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Leo Nikolayevitch Tolstoy (Russian: Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й) (September 9 (August 28, O.S.), 1828 - November 20 (November 7, O.S.), 1910) was a Russian novelist, reformer, and moral thinker, notable for his influence on Russian literature and politics. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Russian (Russian: русский язык, russkiy yazyk, (help· info)) is the most widely spoken language of Eurasia and the most widespread of the Slavic languages. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... U.S. propaganda poster, depicting a Nazi stabbing a Bible. ... A war crime is a punishable offense, under international (criminal) law, for violations of the law of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ...

After the outbreak of the February Revolution of 1917, Ossendowski yet again moved to Siberia, this time to Omsk, where he started giving lectures at the local university. After the October Revolution and the outbreak of the Russian Civil War he also got involved in the counter-revolutionary Siberian government led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak. He served at various posts, among others as an intelligence officer, an envoy to the Unitedstatesian intervention corps and an assistant to the Polish 5th Rifle Division of maj. Walerian Czuma. In 1918 he was responsible for transfer of many tsarist and white documents to the Entente, including many proofs of German support for Lenin and his bolsheviks (so-called Sisson Archive). The February Revolution of 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Siberia is also an album by Echo & The Bunnymen. ... Serafimo-Alekseevskaya chapel, Oktyabr (formerly Rossiya) hotel, and Organ music hall Omsk (Russian: ) is a city in the southwest of Siberia in Russia, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast. ... The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922. ... Admiral Kolchak Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak (Александр Васильевич Колчак in Russian) (November 4 (November 16 NS), 1874 – February 7, 1920) was a Russian naval commander and later head of part of the anti-Bolshevik White forces during the Russian Civil War. ... Intelligence (abbreviated or ) is the process and the result of gathering information and analyzing it to answer questions or obtain advance warnings needed to plan for the future. ... Polish 5th Siberian Rifle Division (Polish 5 Dywizja Strzelców Polskich; also known as the Siberian Division and Siberian Brigade) was a Polish military unit formed in Russia during World War I. The division was probably the longest-fighting unit of the Polish Army; it fought in both the Russian Civil... Categories: People stubs | 1890 births | 1962 deaths | Polish generals | Recipients of Virtuti Militari ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейцы) and whose members are known as Whites (Белые, or the derogatory Беляки) or White Russians (a term which has other meanings) comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Russian revolutionary, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the founder of the ideology of Leninism. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ...

After Kolchak's defeat in 1920, Ossendowski joined a group of Poles and White Russians trying to escape from communist-controlled Siberia to Burma through Mongolia, China and Tibet. After several thousands of miles the group reached Chinese-controlled Mongolia, only to be stopped there by the take-over of the country led by mysterious baron Roman Ungern von Sternberg. A mystic who was fascinated by beliefs and religions of the Far East such as Buddhism and Lamaism, and who believed himself to be a reincarnation of Genghis Khan, Ungern-Sternberg's philosophy was an exceptionally muddled mixture of Russian nationalism with Chinese and Mongol beliefs. He also proved to be an exceptional military commander and his forces grew rapidly. 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... This article is on historic Tibet. ... Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg, ca 1919 Baron Roman (or Robert) Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, in Russian: Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Shternberg (Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг; although born von Ungern-Sternberg, in later life he used an incorrect form Ungern von Sternberg) (January 22, 1886, new style — September 15, 1921) a. ... Buddhism (Pāli Buddhadhamma or Sanskrit Buddhadharma) is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, who lived in the 5th century BCE. Buddhism spread throughout the ancient Indian sub-continent in the five centuries following his death, and propagated into Central, Southeast, and... Tibetan Buddhism, (formerly also called Lamaism after their religious gurus known as lamas), is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and the Himalayan region. ... Past Lives redirects here. ... Genghis Khan (c. ...

Ossendowski joined the baron's army as a commanding officer of one of the self-defence troops. He also briefly became Ungern von Sternberg's political advisor and chief of intelligence. Little is known of his service at the latter post, which adds to Ossendowski's legend as a mysterious person. In late 1920 he was sent with a diplomatic mission to Japan and then USA, never to return to Mongolia. Some writers believe that Ossendowski was one of the people to hide the semi-mythical treasures of the Bloody Baron. Picture taken over 85 years ago. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ...

After his arrival to New York, Ossendowski started to work for the Polish diplomatical service and possibly as a spy. At the same time, in late 1921 he published his first English language book: Beasts, Men and Gods. The novel, a description of his travels during the Russian Civil War and the wars led by the Bloody Baron, became a striking success and a best-seller. In 1923 it was translated to Polish and then several other languages. Nickname: The Big Apple Official website: City of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Back to Poland

In 1922 Ferdynand Ossendowski returned to Polandand settled in Warsaw. Immediately upon his return he started giving lectures at the Wolna Wszechnica Polska, Higher War School and School of Political Sciences at the Warsaw University. At the same time he remained an advisor to the Polish government and an expert sovietologist. He continued to travel to different parts of the world and after each travel he published a book or two. In the interbellum he was considered the creator of a distinct genre called travelling novel. With over 70 books published in Poland and translated almost 150 times to 20 various languages, Ossendowski was also the second most popular Polish author abroad, after Henryk Sienkiewicz. He repeated the success of his Beasts, Men and Gods with a book on Lenin, in which he openly criticized the communist methods and policies of Russia, as well as the double face of the communist leaders. In Poland, three of his books were being filmed at the moment the World War II started. 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... The Academy of National Defence (AON, Akademia Obrony Narodowej) is the highest military university of Poland, located in Warsaw and Rembertów. ... Warsaw University (Polish Uniwersytet Warszawski) - the biggest and one of the most prestigious universities in Poland. ... Kremlinology is the study of Soviet politics and policies, named after the Kremlin, the seat of the Soviet government. ... Henryk Sienkiewicz Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (pronounce: [γεnrɨk É•enkieviʧ]) (May 5, 1846 - November 15, 1916) was a Polish novelist, one of the outstanding writers of the second half of the 19th century. ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Russian revolutionary, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the founder of the ideology of Leninism. ... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead:17 million Civilian dead:33 million Total dead:50 million Military dead:8 million Civilian dead:4 million Total dead:12 million World War II...

World War II

After the Polish Defensive War of 1939 and the outbreak of World War II, Ferdynand Ossendowski remained in Warsaw, where he lived at 27 Grójecka street. In 1942 he converted to Catholicism (previously being a Lutheran) and the following year he joined the ranks of the underground Stronnictwo Narodowe party. He worked in the structures of the Polish Secret State and cooperated with the Government Delegate's Office in preparation of the underground education in Poland during World War II and post-war learning programmes. Polish September Campaign Conflict World War II Date 1 September - 6 October 1939 Place Poland Result Decisive German and Soviet victory The Polish September Campaign — also known as Polish-German War of 1939, in Poland often as Wojna obronna 1939 roku (Defensive War of 1939), in Germany as Polish Campaign... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... Polish Secret State (also known as Polish Underground State; Polish Polskie Państwo Podziemne) is a term coined by Jan Karski in his book Story of a Secret State; it is used to refer to all underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian. ... Government Delegates Office at Home (Polish Delegatura Rządu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Kraj) was one of the agendas of the Polish Government in Exile during World War II. It was the highest authority of the Polish Secret State in occupied Poland and was headed by the Government Delegate at Home... This article covers the topic of underground education in Poland (Polish Tajne szkolnictwo) during World War II. After the Polish defeat in the Polish Defence War of 1939 and the subsequent German occupation of most of Polish territory, Poland was divided onto the areas directly incorporated into the Reich and...

After the Warsaw Uprising, Ossendowski - then seriously ill - moved to the village of Żółwin, near the Warsaw's suburb of Milanówek, where he died on January 3, 1945. He was buried the following day on the local cementery in Milanówek. Combatants Poland Germany Commanders Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, Antoni ChruÅ›ciel, Tadeusz PeÅ‚czyÅ„ski Erich von dem Bach, Rainer Stahel, Heinz Reinefarth, [Bronislav Kaminski] Strength 50,000 troops 25,000 troops Casualties 18,000 killed, 12,000 wounded, 15,000 taken prisoner 250,000 civilians killed 10,000 killed... January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

After his death

Two weeks after Ossendowski's death, on January 18, the area was seized by the Red Army. It turned out that Ossendowski was being looked after by the NKVD, and was being considered an enemy of the people for his book on Lenin and the Soviet system, which was considered an act of anti-Soviet agitation. The Soviet agents dug out his body to confirm his identity and that he was really dead. January 18 is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... The NKVD (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del (help· info))(Russian: НКВД, Народный комиссариат внутренних дел) or Peoples Commisariat for Internal Affairs was a government department which handled a number of the Soviet Unions affairs of state. ... The term enemy of the people (Russian language: враг народа, vrag naroda) was a fluid designation under the Bolsheviks rule in regards to their real or suspected political or class opponents, sometimes including former allies. ... Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda (ASA) (Антисоветская агитация и пропаганда (АСА)) was a criminal offence in Soviet Union. ...

After the war, the new communist Soviet-led authorities of Poland issued a ban on all books by Ossendowski. His name was not mentioned in encyclopedias and all of his books were confiscated from the libraries and burnt. It was not until 1989 that his books were again published openly in Poland. 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Russian Civil War
• Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
• Vladimir Lenin

The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922. ... Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg, ca 1919 Baron Roman (or Robert) Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, in Russian: Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Shternberg (Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг; although born von Ungern-Sternberg, in later life he used an incorrect Ungern von Sternberg name) (January 22, 1886, new style — September 15, 1921) a. ... (help· info) (Владимир Ильич Ленин) IPA: born Ulyanov (April 22 [O.S. April 10] 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Communist revolutionary of Russia, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the main theorist of Leninism, which he described as an adaptation of Marxism to the...

External links

• Works by Ferdynand Ossendowski at Project Gutenberg