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Encyclopedia > Fermilab

Coordinates: 41°49′55″N, 88°15′26″W Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Aerial view of the Fermilab site. The ring in the foreground is the Main Injector and the ring in the background is the Tevatron.
Aerial view of the Fermilab site. The ring in the foreground is the Main Injector and the ring in the background is the Tevatron.
Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall
Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, (Google Sat Map) is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics. As of Janaury 1, 2007, Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, a joint venture of the University of Chicago and the Universities Research Association(URA). URA is a consortium of 91 leading research oriented universities primarily in the United States, with members also in Canada, Japan, and Italy. Fermilab is a part of the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory File links The following pages link to this file: Fermilab Categories: United States government images ... Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory File links The following pages link to this file: Fermilab Categories: United States government images ... Tevatron is a circular particle accelerator (or synchrotron) at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 804 KB) Summary Michael Sasseville Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 804 KB) Summary Michael Sasseville Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Batavia is a city in Kane County, Illinois. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories are a system of research facilities and laboratories funded and controlled by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose advancing science and aiding in the economic and defensive national interests of the United States of America. ... Thousands of particles explode from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV per ion) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ... The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... The Illinois Technology and Research Corridor is an area located in northeastern Illinois. ...


Fermilab's Tevatron is a landmark particle accelerator; in fact, at 6.28 kilometers (4 miles) in circumference, it is the world's highest energy particle accelerator. In 1995, both the CDF and D0 (detectors which utilize the Tevatron) experiments announced the discovery of the top quark. In addition to high energy collider physics, Fermilab is also host to a number of smaller fixed target experiments and neutrino experiments, such as MiniBooNE (Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment), SciBooNE (SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment) and MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search). The MiniBooNE detector is a 40-foot (12-meter) diameter sphere which contains 800 tons of mineral oil lined with 1520 individual phototube detectors. An estimated 1 million neutrino events are recorded each year. SciBooNE is the newest neutrino experiment at Fermilab; it sits in the same neutrino beamas MiniBooNE but has fine-grained tracking capabilities. The MINOS experiment uses Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos that travels 735km through the Earth to the Soudan Mine in Minnesota. Tevatron is a circular particle accelerator (or synchrotron) at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois. ... For the DC Comics Superhero also called Atom Smasher, see Albert Rothstein. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s highest energy particle accelerator. ... The DØ Experiment consists of a worldwide collaboration of scientists conducting research on the fundamental nature of matter. ... The top quark is the third-generation up-type quark with a charge of +(2/3)e. ... Neutrinos are elementary particles denoted by the symbol ν. Travelling close to the speed of light, lacking electric charge and able to pass through ordinary matter almost undisturbed, they are extremely difficult to detect. ... MiniBooNE is the first phase of the Booster Neutrino Experiment (BooNE) at Fermilab which is designed to check the results of the LSND experiment. ... SciBooNE Logo. ... Front face of the MINOS far detector. ... The Soudan Underground Mine is described as Minnesotas oldest, deepest, and richest iron mine. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ...


In the public realm, Fermilab is host to many cultural events, not only public science lectures and symposiums, but classical and contemporary music concerts, folk dancing and arts galleries, when the Homeland Security Advisory System permits. Currently the site is open to all visitors from dawn to dusk who present valid photo identification. Homeland Security Advisory System Color Chart In the United States, the Homeland Security Advisory System is a color-coded terrorism threat advisory scale. ... Photo identification is generally used to define any form of identification that includes a photograph of the holder. ...


A small herd of American bison, started at the lab's founding, lives on the grounds symbolizing Fermilab's presence on the frontier of physics and its connection to the American prairie. Some fearful locals believed at first that the bison were introduced in order to serve as an alarm if and when radiation at the laboratory reached dangerous levels, but they were assured by Fermilab that this claim had no merit.[1]


Asteroid 11998 Fermilab is named in honor of the laboratory. Contents: 11001. ...

Contents

History

1968 notice of the NAL site

Weston, Illinois was a community next to Batavia voted out of existence by its village board in 1966 to provide a site for Fermilab. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x761, 201 KB) Early notice of future use of NAL site. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x761, 201 KB) Early notice of future use of NAL site. ... Batavia is a city in Kane County, Illinois. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ...


The laboratory was founded in 1967 as the National Accelerator Laboratory, it was renamed in honor of Enrico Fermi in 1974. 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Enrico Fermi (September 29, 1901 – November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, particle physics and statistical mechanics. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) with additional equipment

The lab's first director was Robert Rathbun Wilson. Many of the unique sculptures on the site are of his creation. He is attributed as being responsible for it being finished ahead of time and under budget. The high rise laboratory building located on the site, the unique shape of which has become the symbol for Fermilab, is named in his honor, and is the center of activity on the campus. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2400x3000, 3744 KB) Summary http://www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2400x3000, 3744 KB) Summary http://www. ... The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s highest energy particle accelerator. ... Robert Rathbun Wilson (March 4, 1914–January 16, 2000) was an American physicist who was the youngest group leader of the Manhattan Project, a sculptor, and an architect of Fermi National Laboratory (Fermilab), where he was also the director from 1967-1978. ...


After Dr. Wilson stepped down in 1978 to protest the lack of funding for the lab, Dr. Leon M. Lederman took on the job. It was under his guidance that the original accelerator was replaced with the Tevatron accelerator, an accelerator capable of colliding a proton and an antiproton at a combined energy of 2 TeV. Dr. Lederman stepped down in 1988 and remains Director Emeritus. The on-site science education center was named in his honor. Leon Max Lederman (born July 15, 1922) is an American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988 for his work on neutrinos. ... In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... The antiproton (aka pbar) is the antiparticle of the proton. ... A TeV is a teraelectronvolt, i. ...


From 1988 to 1998, the lab was run by Dr. John Peoples. From that time until June 30, 2005, the lab was run by Michael S. Witherell. On November 19, 2004 Piermaria Oddone, formerly of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, was announced as Fermilab's newest Director. Oddone began his term as director July 1, 2005. Piermaria J Oddone is a particle physicist. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ...


Fermilab is one of the potential sites for the proposed International Linear Collider. The International Linear Collider is a proposed linear particle accelerator. ...


Accelerators

Fermilab's Accelerator Rings

The first stage in the acceleration process takes place in the Cockcroft-Walton generator. It involves taking hydrogen gas and turning it into H- ions by introducing it into a container lined with caesium. A magnetic field is applied by the Cockcroft-Walton generator, and the ions are accelerated out of the container. The next step is the linear accelerator (or Linac), which accelerates the particles to 400 million electron volts (MeV), or about 70% of the speed of light. Right before entering the next accelerator, the H- ions pass through a carbon foil, becoming H+ ions (protons). Image File history File links Fermi_Rings. ... Image File history File links Fermi_Rings. ... The Cockcroft-Walton (CW) generator, or multiplier, was named after the two men who in 1932 used this circuit design to power their particle accelerator, performing the first artificial nuclear disintegration in history. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number caesium, Cs, 55 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 6, s Appearance silvery gold Standard atomic weight 132. ... A Linear particle accelerator is an electrical device for the acceleration of subatomic particles. ... A line showing the speed of light on a scale model of Earth and the Moon The speed of light in a vacuum is an important physical constant denoted by the letter c for constant or the Latin word celeritas meaning swiftness.[1] It is the speed of all electromagnetic... In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ...

A satellite view of Fermilab. The circular structures in the southwest corner (bottom left) are the Main Injector Ring and Tevatron.
A satellite view of Fermilab. The circular structures in the southwest corner (bottom left) are the Main Injector Ring and Tevatron.

The next step is the booster ring. The booster ring is a circular accelerator that uses magnets to bend beams of protons in a circular path. The protons coming from the Linac travel around the Booster about 20,000 times so that they repeatedly experience electric fields. With each revolution the protons pick up more energy, leaving the Booster with 8 billion electron volts (GeV). The Main Injector is the next link in the accelerator chain. Completed in 1999, it has become Fermilab's "particle switchyard" with three functions: it accelerates protons, it delivers protons for antiproton production, and it accelerates antiprotons coming from the Antiproton Source. The final accelerator is the Tevatron. The four-mile-long Tevatron with its superconducting magnets is the most powerful particle accelerator in the world. Traveling at almost the speed of light, protons and antiprotons circle the Tevatron in opposite directions. Physicists co-ordinate the beams so that they collide at the centers of two 5,000-ton detectors DZero and CDF inside the Tevatron tunnel at energies of 2 trillion electron volts (TeV), revealing the conditions of matter in the early universe and its structure at the smallest scale. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 709 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (759 × 642 pixel, file size: 481 KB, MIME type: image/gif) From the national viewer. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 709 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (759 × 642 pixel, file size: 481 KB, MIME type: image/gif) From the national viewer. ... The antiproton (aka pbar) is the antiparticle of the proton. ... Tevatron is a circular particle accelerator (or synchrotron) at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor, cooled with liquid nitrogen. ... D0 under construction, the installation of the central tracking system D0s control room The D0 experiment consists of a worldwide collaboration of scientists conducting research on the fundamental nature of matter. ... The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s highest energy particle accelerator. ...

Experiments

  • Tevatron proton-antiproton collider: D0 and Collider Detector at Fermilab
  • MiniBooNE: Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment
  • Sciboone: SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment
  • MINOS: Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search
  • MINERvA: Main INjector ExpeRiment with νs on As
  • NOνA: NuMI Off-axis νe Appearance (proposed)
  • BTeV (canceled)

Tevatron is a circular particle accelerator (or synchrotron) at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois. ... D0 under construction, the installation of the central tracking system D0s control room The D0 experiment consists of a worldwide collaboration of scientists conducting research on the fundamental nature of matter. ... The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s highest energy particle accelerator. ... MiniBooNE is the first phase of the Booster Neutrino Experiment (BooNE) at Fermilab which is designed to check the results of the LSND experiment. ... SciBooNE Logo. ... Front face of the MINOS far detector. ... NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance) is a proposed particle physics experiment designed to detect neutrinos in Fermilabs NuMI beam. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Architecture

Dr. Wilson maintained an influence over design and construction such that the aesthetic complexion of the site would not be diluted by a collection of concrete block buildings. The design of the administrative building (Wilson Hall) harkens back to St. Pierre cathedral in Beauvais, France, and several of the buildings and sculptures within the Fermilab reservation represent various mathematical constructs as part of their structure. Beauvais Cathedral The Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais is an incomplete cathedral, located in Beauvais, in northern France. ...

An example of Archimedean Spiral construction.

The Archimedean Spiral is the defining shape of several pumping stations as well as the building housing the MINOS experiment. The reflecting pond at Wilson Hall also showcases a 32-foot tall hyperbolic obelisk, designed by Dr. Wilson. Some of the high voltage transmission lines carrying power through the laboratory's land are built to echo the Greek letter π. One can also find structural examples of the DNA double-helix spiral and a nod to the geodesic sphere. Image File history File links Archimedes_spiral_fermi. ... Image File history File links Archimedes_spiral_fermi. ... An Archimedean spiral is a curve which in polar coordinates (r, θ) can be described by the equation with real numbers a and b. ... An Archimedean spiral is a curve which in polar coordinates (r, θ) can be described by the equation with real numbers a and b. ... Pumping station Van Sasse in Grave, the Netherlands Pumping station Van Sasse in Grave, the Netherlands Pumping stations are facilities including pumps and equipment for pumping fluids from one place to another. ... In mathematics, a hyperbola (Greek literally overshooting or excess) is a type of conic section defined as the intersection between a right circular conical surface and a plane which cuts through both halves of the cone. ... Transmission lines in Lund, Sweden Electric power transmission is one process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...


Several large pieces of sculpture found on Fermilab and designed by Wilson include Tractricious, a free-standing arrangement of steel tubes near the Industrial Complex constructed from parts and materials recycled from the Tevatron collider; the soaring Broken Symmetry greets those entering the campus via the Pine Street entrance. Crowning the Ramsey Auditorium is a representation of the Mobius Strip with a diameter of more than eight feet. The Möbius strip or Möbius band (named after the German mathematician and astronomer August Ferdinand Möbius) is a topological object with only one surface and only one edge. ...


Working at Fermilab

Main Control room.
Main Control room.

Fermilab won the 2006 Golden Family Award from the Society of Women Engineers. Fermilab offers equal employment and women represent more than 40% of the work force and most of them are spouses or daughters of scientists and physicists. Golden Family Award stated -- "For outstanding support of family issues your facilities, your benefits, your programs, and your approach encourage balance for employees and their families" [2] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 245 pixelsFull resolution (5083 × 1557 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 245 pixelsFull resolution (5083 × 1557 pixel, file size: 1. ...


Current developments

Financial situation

The Fermilab budget has been continuously below inflation over the last several years, and Fermilab failed to attract more funding sources and this resulted in reducing staff levels (by 100 in 2005).[3] The new director of the lab and the new management are working hard to bring the International Linear Collider (ILC) to Fermilab. If Fermilab is successful in getting the ILC then there would be a large rise in the budget and Fermilab may double its work force. Failure to get the ILC at Fermilab will have a great impact on running Fermilab in the next decade. The International Linear Collider is a proposed linear particle accelerator. ...


CERN

As of 2008, the Tevatron will no longer be the highest energy collider in the world. In Spring of 2008 CERN plans to make its Large Hadron Collider operational at a lower energy than the Tevatron (0.45 TeV per beam, vs. 0.98), with full energy to follow soon after. This particle accelerator will have a 27km circumference, and will accelerate particles to a total collision energy of 14 TeV, 7 times the energy at Fermilab. Although Fermilab will continue to play an important role in the future of physics, as of 2008 it is expected to lose its prestigious title of the world's highest energy collider. CERN logo The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: ), commonly known as CERN (see Naming), pronounced (or in French), is the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated just northwest of Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland. ... The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a particle accelerator and collider located at CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland ( ). Currently under construction, the LHC is scheduled to begin operation in May 2008. ...


New management

On November 1, 2006, the Department of Energy announced that the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA) will manage Fermilab for five years starting January 1, 2007. The FRA is a partnership between the Universities Research Association (URA) and the University of Chicago. Based on its performance, the FRA may be entitled to renew this contract without competition for up to 20 years. [4] The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ...


Failure of magnets

On March 27, 2007, a magnet designed and built by Fermilab for CERN's Large Hadron Collider suffered a catastrophic failure. The 43-foot-long part called a quadrupole magnet broke after supports that held the magnet in place inside a cylinder of liquid helium snapped.[5] Quadrapole magnets sometimes called correctors, are designed to create a magnetic field whose magnitude grows linearly with the radial distance from its longitudinal axis, which is usually centered on and parallel to the main motion of the charged particles. ...


Notes and references

  1. ^ United States Department of Energy (2005). Safety and the Environment at Fermilab. Retrieved on 2006-01-06.
  2. ^ United States Department of Energy (2006). Jobs at Fermilab: Employer Awards. Retrieved on 2006-01-06.
  3. ^ United States Department of Energy (2005). Fermilab Today: Director's Corner. Retrieved on 2006-01-06.
  4. ^ United States Department of Energy (2006). U.S. Department of Energy Awards Contract for Management and Operation of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory to the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC. Retrieved on 2006-11-01.
  5. ^ "Bursting magnets may delay CERN collider project", Scientific American, 2007-04-05. Retrieved on 2007-05-15. 

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 359 days (360 in leap years) remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 359 days (360 in leap years) remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 359 days (360 in leap years) remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... Scientific American is a popular-science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Scientific Linux 4. ... CERN logo The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: ), commonly known as CERN (see Naming), pronounced (or in French), is the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated just northwest of Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland. ... The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under the programmatic direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. ...

External links

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Fermilab's Importance (700 words)
Fermilab is the home of the world's highest-energy accelerator and helps maintain our nation at the forefront of science and technology.
In short, Fermilab is a world-class research facility, an important contributor to the local economy, and the largest public park in the area.
Fermilab has told us that this route would have as bad an effect on their experiments as the route through lab property.
Sloan Digital Sky Survey (279 words)
Fermilab is recognized worldwide as a center of study which ties together particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology, the study of the origin and evolution of the universe.
Fermilab's contributions also include the monitor telescope pipeline, the pipeline for selection of candidates for spectroscopy, data simulations for testing the pipelines, and the database to be used for operations, as well as bringing the pipelines together into a working system.
Fermilab is also involved with quasar target selection and the overall strategy for running the Survey.
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