Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Spain and France (in Italy, principe... Duke of Alva (or Alba) ( Events February - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice June 6 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three year truce and cede several territories to Venice December 10 - League of Cambrai formed as an alliance against Venice between... 1508- January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 353 days remaining (354 in leap years). Events 1528 - Gustav I of Sweden crowned king of Sweden. 1592 - Titus Andronicus first staged at the Rose Theatre. 1709 - Little Ice Age: Two-month freezing period begins... January 12, Events August 5 - Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes first English colony in North America, at what is now St Johns, Newfoundland. Toyotomi Hideyoshi commences construction of Osaka Castle in Japan. King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College - what is now the Indias independence against... 1583) was a Spanish general and governor of the This article or section should be merged with Seventeen Provinces The Spanish Netherlands was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. When part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule and became the United Provinces in 1581 the remainder of the... Spanish Netherlands ( Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Count Lamoral of Egmont imprisoned. February 10 - Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary I of Scotland... 1567 - Events January - articles of Warsaw Confederation signed, sanctioning religious freedom in Poland. July - Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva capture Haarlem after a seven month siege. August-October - Unsuccessful siege of Alkmaar by Alva November - Alva resigns as Spanish Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in the Netherlands, and... 1573), nicknamed "the Iron Duke" by Protestants of the Low Countries because of his harshness. Although the Duke of Alva led oppressive and brutal military operations in Flanders - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE55Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE60Fixes.css; /**/ Flanders From Wikipedia This article is in need of attention. Please improve it in any way you see fit. Definitions Care should be taken with the use of the term Flanders: different people... Flanders, his cruelty was exaggerated in Dutch and English Folklore is the ethnographic concept of the tales, legends, or superstitions current among a particular ethnic population, a part of the oral history of a particular culture. The academic study of folklore is known as folkloristics. The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of romantic... folklore. Thus a new and crucial paragraph was added to the The Black Legend (in Spanish, leyenda negra) is the depiction of Spain and the Spaniards as bloodthirsty and cruel, greedy and fanatical, in excess of reality. This term was coined by Julían Juderías in his 1914 book La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica... Black Legend.

Alva's grandfather, Ferdinand of For other meanings: see Toledo (disambiguation) The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. History Toledo served as the capital city of Visigothic Spain, beginning with Leovigild... Toledo, educated him in military science and politics; and he was engaged with distinction at the This article is about the battle in 1525. For the battle of Pavia fought by Charlemagne, see Battle of Pavia (773) In 1525 during The Battle of Pavia, Charles V (1500_1558), The Holy Roman Emperor, defeated Francis I (1494-1547), King of France, taking him prisoner for ransom, and confining... Battle of Pavia in 1525, while still a youth.

Selected for a military command by Charles V Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V ( 24 February 1500– 21 September 1558) was effectively (the first) King of Spain from 1516 to 1556 (in principle, he was from 1516 king of Aragon and from 1516 guardian of his insane mother, queen of Castile who... Charles V, he took part in the siege of Tunis is the capital of Tunisia. Population 674,100 (1994). Geography The city is located on the Lake of Tunis, and is connected to the Gulf of Tunis, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, by a canal terminating at the port of Halq al Wadi. History The historical city of... Tunis ( Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded. May 19 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail for his second voyage to North America with 3 ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnaconas 2 sons (who Cartier kidnapped... 1535), and successfully defended Location within France Perpignan ( Catalan Perpinyà) is a commune and the préfecture (administrative capital city) of the Pyrénées-Orientales département in southern France, and was the capital of the former province of Roussillon (French Catalonia). Population (1999): 105,115 (163,000... Perpignan against the dauphin of France. He was present at the battle of Mühlberg ( Events January 16 - Grand Duke Ivan IV of Muscovy becomes the first Tsar of Russia. January 28 - Edward VI succeeds his father Henry VIII as King of England. February 20 - Edward VI of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey March 31 - Henry II succeeds his father Francis I as King... 1547), and the victory gained there over the Prince-Elector Johann Friedrich I, Elector of Saxony (30 June 1503 - 3 March 1554), called John the Magnanimous, was head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany (the Schmalkaldic League), Champion of the Reformation. He was the son of John the Steadfast of Saxony and born in Torgau, Germany. In 1526 he married... Johann Friederich of Saxony was due mainly to his exertions. He took part in the subsequent successful siege of Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a town in Germany, in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, at 12°59 east, 51°51 north. It has a population of about 50,000 inhabitants. Wittenberg is interesting chiefly on account of its close connection with Martin Luther and the dawn of the Reformation; and... Wittenberg defended by the Electress, Sibylla, following which Alva presided at the court-martial which tried the Prince-Elector and condemned him to death as a rebel against the Catholic Emperor, wringing from him the In 1547, by the terms of the treaty known as the Capitulation of Wittenberg the Prince-Elector Johann Friedrich, Elector of Saxony, called the Magnanimous, was compelled to resign the electoral dignity, and the Duchy of Saxony and most of his territory, Wittenberg and much else, passed from the elder... Capitulation of Wittenberg (1547), in which he was compelled to resign the electoral dignity and most of his territory to the Catholic branch of the Saxon family. (The new elector sent the electoral library of early manuscripts to the Pope, in gratitude.)

In Events April - War between Henry II of France and Emperor Charles V. Henry invades Lorraine and captures Toul, Metz, and Verdun. October - December - Unsuccessful Siege of Metz by Charles V October 2 - Khanate of Kazan falls to troops of Ivan IV of Russia Russia, Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan. Counter... 1552 Alva was intrusted with the command of the army intended to invade The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... France, and was engaged for several months in an unsuccessful siege of Location within France Rhine watershed Metz is a city in the North-East of France, capital of the Lorraine région and of the département of Moselle (57). It is located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille. History In ancient times Metz, then known... Metz. In consequence of the success of the French arms in Piedmont is a region of northwestern Italy. It has an area of 25,400 km2 and a population of est. 4.3 million. Its capital is Turin. Piedmont is surrounded on three sides by the Alps mountain range, including the Monviso, where the Po River rises. It borders with France... Piedmont, he was made commander-in-chief of all the emperor's forces in The Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. It comprises a boot-shaped peninsula and two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia, and shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent countries of San... Italy, and at the same time invested with unlimited power. Success did not, however, attend his first attempts, and after several unfortunate attacks he was obliged to retire into winter quarters.

After the abdication of Charles V he was continued in the command by Philip II of Spain (1527 – September 13, 1598), King of Spain (r. 1556-1598), Naples and Sicily (r. 1554-1558), and Portugal, as Philip I, (r. 1580-1598), was born at Valladolid, the heir apparent and only legitimate son of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V and queen consort... Philip II, who, however, restrained him from extreme measures. Alva had subdued the whole Campagna and was at the gates of The Roman Colosseum Rome (Italian and Latin Roma) is the capital city of Italy, and of its Lazio region. It is located on the lower Tiber river, near the Mediterranean Sea, at 41°50N, 12°15E. The Vatican City State, a sovereign enclave within Rome, is the seat... Rome, when he was compelled by Philip's orders to negotiate a peace.

Not long after this ( Events January 15 - Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey. April 3 - Peace of Cateau Cambrésis - France makes peace with England and Spain. France gives up most of its gains in Italy (including Savoy), keeping only Saluzzo, but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and... 1559) he was sent at the head of a splendid embassy to The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a dé... Paris to espouse, in the name of his master, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II of France Henry II (French: Henri II) (March 31, 1519 - July 10, 1559), a member of the Valois Dynasty, was King of France from 1547 until his death. Born in the Royal Château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, the son of François I and Claude... Henry, king of France (see Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis).

Alva in the Netherlands

In Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Count Lamoral of Egmont imprisoned. February 10 - Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary I of Scotland... 1567, Philip, who was a zealous prosecutor of Protestants, sent Alva into the This article or section should be merged with Seventeen Provinces The Spanish Netherlands was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. When part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule and became the United Provinces in 1581 the remainder of the... Netherlands at the head of an army of 10,000 men, with unlimited powers for the extirpation of heretics. When he arrived he soon showed how much he merited the confidence which his master reposed in him, and instantly erected a tribunal which soon became known to its victims as the "Blood Council," to try all persons who had been engaged in the late commotions which the civil and religious tyranny of Philip had excited. During the six years of his governorship, no less than 18,000 people were executed. He imprisoned the This page is about the European nobility; for the baseball term, see count (baseball). A count is a nobleman in various European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl. Originally the title denoted the rank of a high official in the late Roman Empire and later in many German... counts Count of Egmont Lamoral, Count of Egmont (November 18, 1522 - June 5, 1568) was a general and statesman in Flanders just before the start of the Eighty Years War. The Count of Egmont descended from one of the richest and most influential families in the Low Countries. He was a... Egmont and Categories: Stub | Eighty Years War | Admirals ... Hoorn, the two popular leaders of the Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. It generally refers to those that separated from the Catholic Church in the Reformation, their offshoots, and those that share similar doctrines or ideologies. It is commonly considered one of the three major branches of Christianity, along with Catholicism and Eastern... Protestants, and had them condemned to death.

His attempt to raise money by imposing the Spanish alcabala, a tax of 10% on all sales ("tenth penny" tax), aroused the opposition of the This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. See Catholicism (disambiguation) for alternative meanings Catholicism has two main ecclesiastical meanings, described in Websters Dictionary as: a) the whole orthodox christian church, or adherence thereto; and b) the doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto... Catholic Netherlands themselves. The exiles from the Low Countries, who called themselves The Watergeuzen (or simply Geuzen) were a fleet of privateers during the Eighty Years War, the Low Countries (or Netherlands) rebellion against the Spanish occupation, which began during the reign of Philip II of Spain (in the 1550s). Geuzen may derive from the French gueux (beggars); the name was probably... Geuzen (French gueux, "beggars"), encouraged by the general resistance to his government, fitted out a fleet of privateers, and after strengthening themselves by successful depredations, seized the town of Den Briel ( Brielle, also called Den Briel, (population: 15,948 in 2004) is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 31.12 km² (of which 3.63 km² water). Brielle is a very old, fortificated town. It received city rights in... Brielle). Thus Alva by his cruelty became the unwitting instrument of the future independence of the seven Dutch provinces.

The fleet of the exiles, having met the Spanish fleet, defeated it, and reduced North Holland: (Dutch: Noord-Holland) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the northwest part of the country. Its capital is Haarlem. Other cities include the countrys capital Amsterdam, Hilversum, Alkmaar and Zaandam. Geography: North Holland forms a peninsula between the North Sea and the IJsselmeer. More than... North Holland and Bergen (population: 31,738 in 2004) is a municipality in the north-western Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The municipality covers an area of 119.83 km² (of which 22.66 km² water). Its relative nearness to the North Sea makes it a popular destination for tourists, especially... Bergen. The States-General, assembling at This is about the Dutch city of Dordrecht. There is also Dordrecht, South Africa. Satellite image of part of the Rhine-Meuse delta, showing the Island of Dordrecht and the eponymous city (7) Dordrecht (population 119,649 (2004)) is a city in the Dutch province of South Holland, the third... Dordrecht, openly declared against Alva's government, and marshalled under the banners of the William I (William the Silent) William I, Prince of Orange, Count of Nassau (April 24, 1533 – July 10, 1584) was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648... prince of Orange.

Alva's preparations to oppose the gathering storm were made with his usual vigour, and he succeeded in recovering Bergen (population: 31,738 in 2004) is a municipality in the north-western Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The municipality covers an area of 119.83 km² (of which 22.66 km² water). Its relative nearness to the North Sea makes it a popular destination for tourists, especially... Bergen, Mechelen Cathedral Mechelen (English traditionally Mechlin, French Malines, German Mecheln) is a municipality located in Belgium, Flemish region, province of Antwerp. The municipality comprises the city of Mechelen proper and the villages of Heffen, Hombeek, Leest, Muizen and Walem. On January 1st, 2004 Mechelen had a total population of 76... Mechelen and Zutphen (old alternate spelling: Zutfen) is a municipality and a town in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands on the right bank of the IJssel at the influx of the Berkel, and a junction station 29 km by rail N.N.E. of Arnhem. The city of Zutphen Introduction... Zutphen, under the conduct of his son Don Fadriques health detoriated after 1573. Categories: Stub | Eighty Years War ... Don Fadrique. With the exception of This article is about the Danish island. For the Dutch province, see Zeeland; for the Pacific island country named after the province, see New Zealand. Zealand (Danish: Sjælland) is the largest island of Denmark. It is separated from Funen by the Great Belt and from Scania in Sweden by... Zealand and This article is about the region in the Netherlands. For other uses, see Holland (disambiguation). Holland is the name of a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. Holland is a former county of the Holy Roman Empire and later the leading member of the Republic of the... Holland, he regained all the provinces; and at last his son stormed Naarden (population: 17,031 in 2004) is a city in the north-western Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The municipality covers an area of 32.89 km² (of which 11.51 km² water). It received city rights in 1255. External links Official Website http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant... Naarden, and massacring its inhabitants, proceeded to invest the city of Haarlem is a city in the west of the Netherlands, capital of the North Holland province. The city is located by the river Spaarne, about 20 km west of Amsterdam and near the coastal dunes. It is the center of a flower-growing district and the export point for bulbs... Haarlem,which, after standing an In the Eighty Years War the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands was put under a bloody siege by a Spanish army that wanted to reclaim the revolted city for Philip II, the Spanish king. Pretext Wigbolt Ripperda inspiring the citizens of Haarlem in the Doelen not to give in... obstinate siege, was taken and pillaged. Their next attack was upon Alkmaar is a city in the north-western Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The municipality also comprises the following towns, villages and townships: Koedijk, Oudorp. These once separate villages are now all linked together by the suburban sprawl of buildings that arose between the late 70s and... Alkmaar; but there they were met with such desperate resistance that they were constrained to retire.

Retirement and disgrace

Alva's feeble state of health and continued disasters induced him to solicit his recall from the government of the Low Countries. In December Events January - articles of Warsaw Confederation signed, sanctioning religious freedom in Poland. July - Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva capture Haarlem after a seven month siege. August-October - Unsuccessful siege of Alkmaar by Alva November - Alva resigns as Spanish Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in the Netherlands, and... 1573 Philip accepted his resignation and replaced him with Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens.

On his return he was treated for some time with great distinction by Philip, till a love affair of Don Frederick dragged father and son into disgrace. Alva was banished from court and confined in the castle of Uzeda.

Here he had remained two years, when the success of Don Antonio in assuming the crown of The Republic of Portugal (República Portuguesa), or Portugal, is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe; it is the westernmost country in continental Europe. Portugal is bordered by Spain to the north and east and by the Atlantic... Portugal determined Philip to turn his eyes towards Alva as the person in whose fidelity and abilities he could most confide. Appointed to the supreme command in Portugal in Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Russia begins the conquest of Siberia Finland becomes a grand duchy. Births January 4 - James Ussher, Anglo-Irish priest and scholar Deaths... 1581, Alva soon defeated Antonio, drove him from the kingdom, and reduced the whole under the subjection of Philip. Entering Lisbon he seized an immense treasure, and allowed his soldiers to The word sack can refer to: A large bag, typically made of heavy cloth such as hemp or burlap. Any bag, such as a paper sack for a lunch, or a lunch sack instead of a lunch box. The deliberate destruction and/or looting (sacking) of a city after invasion... sack the suburbs and vicinity.

Alva, however, did not enjoy the honours and rewards of his last expedition, for he died at Thomar in January Events August 5 - Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes first English colony in North America, at what is now St Johns, Newfoundland. Toyotomi Hideyoshi commences construction of Osaka Castle in Japan. King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College - what is now the Indias independence against... 1583.

This article incorporates text from the The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. (Proprietary interest is typically represented by a copyright or patent.) Such works and inventions are considered part of... public domain The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. The edition is still often regarded as the greatest edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, with many articles being up to 10 times the length of... 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.