Fernando Belaúnde Terry (October 7, 1912 – June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963–1968 and 1980–1985). Deposed by a military coup in 1968, he was re-elected in 1980 after twelve years of military rule. During both terms, economic turbulence and the increase of guerrilla activities in the country led to human rights violations by both insurgents and the Peruvian armed forces. Nevertheless, he was admired for his personal integrity and his commitment to the democratic process. October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years). ... 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Political parties in Peru lists political parties in Peru. ... The Popular Action (Acción Popular) is a conservative liberal party in Peru. ... Architect at his drawing board, 1893 An architect is a person involved in the art of planning, designing and overseeing the construction of buildings, or more generally, the designer of a scheme or plan. ... October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years). ... 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... List of presidents of Peru : The Independence War 1821-1822: José de San Martín 1822-1823: José de La Mar 1823: Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano 1823: José de la Riva Agüero 1823-1824: José Bernardo de Tagle 1824-1826: Simón Bolívar 1826-1827: Andrés... 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Biography

Early years

The second of four children, Belaúnde was born in Lima into an upper-middle-class family of Spanish forebears. During the dictatorship of Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, the persecution for the political activities of his father Rafael and his uncle Víctor Andrés Belaúnde prompted the family to move to France in 1924, where Fernando attended high school and received his initial University education in engineering. Lima is the capital and largest city in Peru. ... Augusto Bernardino Leguía y Salcedo (1863–1932) was a Peruvian politician who twice occupied the Presidency of Peru, from 1908 to 1912 and from 1919 to 1930. ... Víctor Andrés Belaúnde (1883-1966) chaired the Fourteenth session and the fourth emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly (1959-60). ...

From 1930 to 1935, Belaúnde studied architecture in the United States, where he first attended the University of Miami (where his father was also teaching), and in 1935 transferred to the University of Texas at Austin, where he obtained his degree as an architect. He later moved to Mexico and worked as an architect for a brief time, but returned to Peru in 1936 and started his professional career as an architect designing private homes. In 1937, he started a magazine called El Arquitecto Peruano ("Peruvian Architect"), which dealt with interior design, general urbanism and housing problems the country was facing. This also gave way to the Architects Association of Peru and the Urbanism Institute of Peru. As a result, Belaunde also became a government public-housing consultant throughout the country and abroad. In 1943, Belaunde began teaching architecture and urban planning at Lima's Universidad Católica and later became the dean of the Civil Engineering and Architecture department. Belaunde also directed the construction, along with other professors and students, of the faculty of architecture of the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería in 1955. 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Architecture (in Greek αρχή = first and τέχνη = craftsmanship) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... This is an article about the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. ... The University of Texas at Austin, often called UT or Texas, is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System. ... 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Urban, city, or town planning, deals with design of the built environment from the municipal and metropolitan perspective. ... Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) is a private university in Lima, Peru. ... Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (UNI) is a very prestigious engineering University in Lima, Peru. ...

Political career

Belaúnde's political career began in 1944 as cofounder of the National Democratic Front party which sucessfully elected José Bustamante y Rivero as President in 1945; he served in the Peruvian Congress until a coup by General Manuel Odría in 1948 interrupted democratic elections. 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... National Democratic Front (in Spanish: Frente Democrático Nacional), was a political party in Peru, founded in 1945 in Arequipa by Manuel J. Bustamante de la Fuente. ... José Luis Bustamante y Rivero (15 January 1894 - 11 January 1989) was President of Peru from 1945 to 1948. ... Manuel Apolinario Odría Amoretti (November 26, 1897–February 18, 1974) was the President of Peru from 1948 to 1956. ... 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Belaúnde would return to the political arena in 1956, when the outgoing Odria dictatorship called for elections and he led the slate submitted by the "National Front of Democratic Youth", an organization formed by reform-minded university students, some of which had studied under him; his principled support for the "La Prensa" newspaper, which had been closed down by the dictatorship in early 1956, had prompted the leadership of the National Front to approach him as to lead its slate. 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

He gained notoriety on June 1 of the same year when, after the national election board refused to accept his candidacy filing, he led a massive protest that became known as the "manguerazo" or "hosedown" from the powerful water cannons used by the police to repress the demonstrators. When the confrontation looked to turn violent, Belaúnde showed the gift for symbolism that would serve him well throughout his political life; calming down the demonstrators and armed solely with a Peruvian flag, the crossed alone the gap separating the demonstrators from the police to deliver an ultimatum to the police chief that his candidacy be accepted. The government capitulated, and the striking image of Belaúnde walking by himself with the flag was featured by newsmagazine Caretas the following day, in an article entitled "Así Nacen Los Lideres" ("Thus Are Leaders Born"). Belaúnde's 1956 candidacy was ultimately unsuccessful, as the dictatorship-favored right-wing candidacy of Manuel Prado took first place. Front cover, March 14, 2002 Caretas is a weekly newsmagazine published in Lima, Peru renowned for its investigative journalism. ...

Belaúnde, claiming irregularities, prepared to lead the opposition, and in July 1956 in Chincheros, Cuzco, founded the Acción Popular party, claiming the mantle of recapturing indigenous Inca traditions of community and cooperation in a modern social democratic context, placing itself squarely between the pro-oligarchy right-wing and the radicalism of the left-wing APRA and communist parties. He would go on to travel extensively throughout the country, fleshing out the ideological principles of Acción Popular, while leading the opposition. During this period Belaúnde's traditionalism would manifest itself in dramatic flourishes, most notoriously when he challenged to a duel a Pradista congressman who refused to retract insulting statements in an open letter; the duel took place, with minor scratches on both sides. 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Church of La Compañía on the Plaza de Armas in Cuzco Cuzco is a city in southeastern Peru in the Huatanay Valley (Sacred Valley), of the Andes mountain range. ... A lawsuit is a civil action brought before a court in order to recover a right, obtain damages for an injury, obtain an injunction to prevent an injury, or obtain a declaratory judgment to prevent future legal disputes. ...

In 1959, the Prado government's refusal to authorize the permits for Accion Popular annual convention led to another confrontation: Belaunde led the opening of the convention in defiance of the prohibition, and the Prado government arrested and jailed him in the Alcatraz-like island prison of El Frontón off the Lima coast. The imprisonment lasted 12 days, during which Belaúnde engaged in a failed attempt to escape by swimming to freedom; the Prado government, facing unrelenting public pressure, was forced to release him and drop all charges.

Belaúnde ran for president once again in the general elections of 1962, this time with his own party, Acción Popular. The results were very tight; he ended in second place, following Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (APRA), by less than 14000 votes. Since none of the candidates manage to get the Constitutionally-established minimum of one third of the vote required to win outright, selection of the President would fall to Congress; the long-held antagonistic relationship between the military and APRA prompted Haya de la Torre to make a deal with former dictator Odria, who had come in third, which would result in Odria taking the Presidency in a coalition government. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, led by Ricardo Perez Godoy. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by Belaúnde by a more comfortable but still narrow five percent margin. 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (22 February 1895 - 2 August 1979) was a Peruvian political leader who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) party. ... APRA banner The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), today officially known as Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprist Party) is Perus oldest and only well-institutionalized political party. ... Ricardo Pío Pérez Godoy (June 9, 1905 – 1982) was a general of the Peruvian army who launched a coup detat in July 1962 and heade a Military Junta until March 1963. ... 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

First term ( 1963-1968 )

Belaunde on the cover of Time, Mar. 12, 1965

During Belaúnde's first term in office, he spurred numerous developmental projects. These included the Carretera Marginal de la Selva, a much-needed highway linking Chiclayo on the Pacific coast with then isolated northern regions of Amazonas and San Martín. Fernando Belaunde Terry. ... Fernando Belaunde Terry. ... Amazonas is a region in northern Peru. ... San Martín is a region in Peru. ...

He also advanced the ambitious Santiago Antunez de Mayolo and Chira Piura irrigation projects, and the Tinajones, Jequetepeque, Majes, Chavimochic, Olmos, Chinecas hydroelectric projects. Belaúnde also oversaw the establishment of the Peruvian National Bank (Banco de la Nación). To alleviate poverty, Belaúnde also promoted a program of "social interest" homes in Lima and other cities, which benefited hundreds of thousands of families. However, his administration was also blamed for making bad economic decisions, and by 1967 the sol was seriously devaluated. 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The sol (plural: soles) is the monetary unit (currency) of Peru. ... Devaluation is reduction in the value of a currency. ...

in August 1968, the Belaúnde Administration announced the settlement of a long-standing dispute with a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey over claims to the rich La Brea and Pariñas oil fields. However, widespread anger about Belaúnde's decision to pay the Standard Oil compensation for handing over the installation to Peru forced his cabinet to resign on October 1. 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Exxon Mobil Corporation or ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM), headquartered in Irving, Texas, is an oil producer and distributor formed on November 30, 1999, by the merger of Exxon and Mobil. ... Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 Petroleum (from Latin petra – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid, which exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earths crust. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in Leap years). ...

A further cause of anger was the fact that the document of agreement was given by Belaunde to the press with the final page eleven missing and signatures were squeezed at the bottom of page ten. The missing page eleven became a cause célèbre and was later shown on television containing the contribution that Belaúnde had promised to pay. Several days later, Belaúnde himself was removed from office by a Military Coup.

His successor, General Juan Velasco Alvarado announced several days later that the military had taken control of the La Brea and Pariñas oilfields. Belaúnde was sent into exile in Argentina. Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (June 16, 1910– December 24, 1977) was a left-leaning Peruvian General who ruled Peru from 1968 to 1975 under the title of President of the Revolutionary Government Early Years Velasco was born in Piura, on Perus north coast. ...

Second term ( 1980 – 1985 )

No longer able to control the country, the Government of Francisco Morales Bermúdez promised new elections in 1980. As a result, Belaúnde was allowed to return from exile and to present his candidacy for the Presidency once again. Supported by most of the electorate, and with the APRA divided in diferent factions, he came to power again in 1980. He began his second term under a new constitution promulgated the previous year (which had replaced the suspended Constitution of 1933). Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti (1921) was a centrist Peruvian general who came to power in Peru 1975 after deposing his predecessor, General Juan Velasco Alvarado. ... APRA could refer to the: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, a Peruvian political party Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Australasian Performing Rights Association This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...

One of his first actions as President was the return of several newspapers to their respective owners. In this way, freedom of speech once again played an important part in Peruvian politics. Gradually, he attempted to undo some of the most radical effects of the Agrarian Reform initiated by Velasco, and reversed the independent stance that the Military Government of Velasco had with the United States. A public demonstration Freedom of speech is the liberty to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related liberty to hear what others have stated. ...

At the outbreak of the 1982 Falklands War between Argentina and Britain, Belaúnde declared that "Peru was ready to support Argentina with all the resources it needed." This included a number of fighter planes from the Peruvian Air Force, ships, and medical teams. Belaunde's government proposed a peace settlement between the two countries, but the British rejected it and launched an attack on the Argentinian forces deployed around the islands. In response to Chile's support of Britain, Belaúnde called for Latin American unity. 1982 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Falklands War or the Malvinas War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas), was an armed conflict between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands, also known in Spanish as the Islas Malvinas, between March and June of 1982. ... The Peruvian Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aerea del Peru, or FAP) is the aviation branch of the armed forces of Peru. ...

In domestic policy, he continued with many of the projects that were planned during his first term, including the completion of what is considerated his most important legacy, the Carretera Marginal de la Selva a much-needed roadway linking Chiclayo on the Pacific coast with then isolated northern regions of Amazonas and San Martín. Chiclayo is a city on the northern coastal plain in Peru. ...

After a promising beginning, Belaúnde's popularity eroded under the stress of inflation, economic hardship, and terrorism: per capita income declined, Peru's foreign debt burgeoned, and violence by leftist insurgents (notably Shining Path) rose steadily. Terrorism is a controversial and subjective term with multiple definitions. ... The per capita income for a group of people may be defined as their total personal income, divided by the number of people. ... ). External debt is the part of a countrys debt owed to creditors outside the country. ... The Shining Path (in Spanish: Sendero Luminoso) is an insurgent Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru (the group refers to itself as the Communist Party of Peru). ...

Regarding Shining Path, Belaúnde personally did not pay too much attention to this: insurgent movements were already active during his first term, but without much support. In addition, some government officials and insurgents were subsequently accused of human rights violations, and a state of emergency was promulgated in the Ayacucho and Apurimac regions. When a government violates national or international law related to the protection of human rights, this is termed a human rights violation. ... A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ... Ayacucho is the capital of the department of Ayacucho in Peru. ... Apur mac is a region in central Peru. ...

During the next years, the economic problems left over from the Military Government persisted, worsened by an occurrence of the "El Niño" weather phenomenon in 1982–83, which caused widespread flooding in some parts of the country, severe droughts in others, and decimated the schools of ocean fish that are one of the country's major resources.

During the national elections of 1985, Belaúnde's Party, Acción Popular, was defeated by APRA candidate Alan García. However, as established in the 1979 Constitution, he would go on to serve in the Peruvian Senate as Senador Vitalicio ("senator for life"), a privilege for former Presidents abolished by the 1993 Constitution. 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) was President of Peru from 1985 to 1990. ...

Belaúnde died in Lima in 2002 at age 89.

The Popular Action (Acción Popular) is a conservative liberal party in Peru. ... Nicolás Lindley López (November 16, 1908–February 3, 1995) was a Peruvian military commander who headed a military government for several months in 1963. ... The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as president of Perú . See also History of Peru Politics of Peru Categories: Lists of office-holders | Presidents of Peru | Government of Peru ... Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (June 16, 1910– December 24, 1977) was a left-leaning Peruvian General who ruled Peru from 1968 to 1975 under the title of President of the Revolutionary Government Early Years Velasco was born in Piura, on Perus north coast. ... Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti (1921) was a centrist Peruvian general who came to power in Peru 1975 after deposing his predecessor, General Juan Velasco Alvarado. ... The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as president of Perú . See also History of Peru Politics of Peru Categories: Lists of office-holders | Presidents of Peru | Government of Peru ... Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) was President of Peru from 1985 to 1990. ... The Popular Action (Acción Popular) is a conservative liberal party in Peru. ... Valentín Paniagua Corazao (born September 23, 1936), in Cuzco, is a Peruvian Congressman. ...

External links

• "Peru mourns death of 'model democrat'" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2025896.stm) – BBC News
• El Arquitecto Peruano - Belaunde's magazine (http://www.elarquitectoperuano.com/) (in Spanish & English)

See also

• Politics of Peru
• List of Presidents of Peru