Fernando Henrique Cardoso, pron. IPA: [feʁ.'nɐ̃.dʊ ẽ.'ʁi.kɪ kaʁ.'do.zʊ], (born June 18, 1931) - also known by his initials FHC - was the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to January 1, 2003. He is also an accomplished sociologist.^[1] Image File history File links Fhc-color. ... Brazilian Presidential Standard The President of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Marco Antônio de Oliveira Maciel (born Recife, 21 July 1940) is a Brazilian politician. ... Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco, pron. ... Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (pron. ... is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ... The Brazilian Social Democracy Party (Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira) is a political party in Brazil. ... Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. ... Look up pronunciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the systematic and scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social action, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous...

Personal and professional life

Born in Rio de Janeiro, he has lived in São Paulo most of his life. Cardoso is married (wife Ruth Valença Correia Leite Cardoso) and has three children. Educated as a sociologist, he was a Professor of Political Science and Sociology at the Universidade de São Paulo.^[2] He was President of the International Sociological Association (ISA), from 1982 to 1986. He is a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton),^[3] an honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has penned several books. He was also Associate Director of Studies in the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris and then visiting professor at the Collège de France and later at the Paris-Nanterre University.^[4] He later lectured at American universities including Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley.^[4] He is fluent in four languages: English, French, Portuguese and Spanish.^[4] Landmark buildings Edifício Italia (at left) and Copan (curved façade at center), in São Paulo Downtown. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the systematic and scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social action, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous... The University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo, USP) is one of the three public universities funded by the State of São Paulo. ... International Sociological Association is a non-profit organization dedicated to scientific purposes in the field of sociology and social sciences. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... Fuld Hall The Institute for Advanced Study, located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, is one of the world’s leading centers for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry. ... The House of the Academy, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... The École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (French for School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences; EHESS) is a French institution for research and higher education, a Grand Établissement. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Courtyard of the Collège de France. ... The University of Paris X: Nanterre is a university in France. ... Stanford redirects here. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

After his presidency, he was appointed to a five-year term as professor-at-large at Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies, beginning in 2003. Cardoso is a founding member of the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy's Advisory Board.^{[citation needed]} In February 2005, he gave the fourth annual Kissinger Lecture on Foreign Policy and International Relations at the Library of Congress, Washington DC on "Dependency and Development in Latin America.^[5] In 2005, Cardoso was selected by the British magazine Prospect as being one of the world's top one hundred living intellectuals.^[6][7][8][9] Brown University is a private university located in Providence, Rhode Island. ... Summary The Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University is a center for research and teaching on international affairs. ... The Kissinger Lecture on Foreign Policy and International Relations is an annual lecture given by an invited speaker at the Library of Congress, Washington DC. It was established in 2001 to honor Henry Kissinger, the former US Secretary of State, along with the annual Kissinger Scholar as holder of the... Prospect is a left-wing monthly British essay and comment magazine covering a wide range of topics, but specialising in politics and current affairs. ... Some of the public intellectuals who won The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll. ...

Elections

In the beginning of his political life, Fernando Henrique was elected Senator of the state of São Paulo for the former MDB, in 1982. In 1985, he ran for Mayor of São Paulo even though he was in front according to the polls, he lost to former President Jânio Quadros in an episode which, believing he was going to win the election, he let himself be photographed in the mayor's chair before the elections. Some attribute his loss in the election to this episode. In its present configuration, the Brazilian Senate (Portuguese: Senado Federal) is a federal legislative body and the upper house of the National Congress of Brazil. ... Brazil is divided into twenty-six estados (states; singular estado) and one district, the Distrito Federal (Federal District) which contains the capital city, Brasília. ... Motto Pro Brasilia Fiant Eximia (Latin) For Brazil Great Things Are Done Anthem Bandeirantes Anthem Capital (and largest city) São Paulo Demonym Paulista Government  -  Governor José Serra  -  Vice Governor Alberto Goldman Area  -  Total 248. ... The Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) was a centrist political party in Brazil that existed from 1965 to 1979. ... This is a list of mayors of São Paulo from the most recent chronologically backwards. ... Jânio da Silva Quadros (January 25, 1917—February 16, 1992) was a Brazilian politician who was briefly President of Brazil in 1961. ...

Re-elected for the Senate in 1986 for the PMDB, which substituted MDB after Brazilian re-democratization, he helped a group of parliamentaries of PMDB to abandon the party in order to create the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). Until 1992, Cardoso served as Leader of the PSDB in the Senate. From October 1992 to May 1993, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Itamar Franco (PMDB). The Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (Portuguese: Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, PMDB) is the successor of the Brazilian Democratic Movement and an centrist, more or less liberal, party in Brazil that surprisingly has its roots in the Marxist MR-8 guerilla movement. ... History Creation The Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (Portuguese for Brazilian Social Democracy Party) is a political party in Brazil. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco, pron. ...

From May 1993 until April 1994, he was Minister of Finance and introduced the Plano Real (Real Plan) to end hyperinflation. Buoyed by the success of the Plano Real, Cardoso decided to run for the Presidency and, backed by President Franco, won in the first round of elections, on October 3, 1994. Four years later, in October 4, 1998, after a Constitutional Amendment that allowed reelection, Cardoso won the Presidency again, with approximately 53% of the vote, while his closest challenger, Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT), had about 32%. 1993 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... The Plano Real (Portuguese, Real Plan) was a set of measures taken to stabilize the Brazilian economy in the early 1990s, under the direction of Fernando Henrique Cardoso as the Minister of Finance. ... is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Term of office: January 1, 2003 – present Preceded by: Fernando Henrique Cardoso Succeeded by: incumbent Date of birth: October 6, 1945 Place of birth: Vargem Grande (now Caetés), Garanhuns, Pernambuco First Lady: Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva Political party: Workers Party Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (born... The Partido dos Trabalhadores (Portuguese for Workers Party) is a left-wing political party in Brazil. ...

Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 by Lula da Silva, who was running for President for the fourth time. Lula won in the runoff against the Cardoso-supported candidate José Serra. Lula's election has since been interpreted as a result of Cardoso's growing unpopularity in his second term. José Serra in speech after being elected mayor in 2004. ...

Fernando Henrique Cardoso's Administration (1995-2002)

Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was elected with the support of a heterodox alliance of his own Social Democratic Party, the PSDB, and two right-wing parties, the Liberal Front Party (PFL) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). Brazil's largest party, the centrist Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), joined Cardoso's governing coalition after the election, as did the right-wing PPB, the Brazilian Progressive Party, in 1996. The Party of the Liberal Front (Partido da Frente Liberal) is a political party in Brazil. ... The Brazilian Labour Party (PTB) (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro) is a right-wing political party based on clientelism that arose in Brazil in 1945 and today forms part of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silvas government. ... The Progressive party is a right-wing Brazilian party embracing liberal-conservatism. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

Party loyalty was weak, and deputies and senators belonging to the parties in the coalition did not always vote with the government. President Cardoso had difficulty, at times, gaining sufficient support for some of his legislative priorities, despite the fact that his coalition parties held an overwhelming majority of congressional seats.

In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure of some classified military files concerning Operation Condor, a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.^[10] For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South...

A feature of Cardoso's administration, was the continuity of the privatization program, initiated with his predecessor Fernando Collor de Mello, of several government-owned enterprises such as Acesita, Embraer, Telebras, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce.^[11]. Some members of Collor's government were also part of the later Cardoso administration in different or equal functions: Pedro Malan, Renan Calheiros (PMDB-AL); Antônio Kandir (PSDB-SP); Pratini de Moraes and Celso Lafer; Renold Stephanes Armínio Fraga; Pedro Parente.^[12]. Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello, pron. ... Acesita S.A. is a major Brazilian manufacturer of specialty steels headquartered in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. ... Embraer, the Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A. is a Brazilian aircraft manufacturer. ... Telebras was the Brazilian state-owned monopoly telephone system. ... Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) is a global diversified mining company and is also the largest logistics operator in Brazil. ... Pedro Sampaio Malan is a Brazilian economist and a former President of the Brazilian Central Bank, from September 9, 1993 to December 31, 1994. ... Renan Calheiros (born in Murici, Alagoas, on September 16, 1955) is the current President of the Senate of Brazil. ... Celso Lafer (1941-) is a Brazilian jurist, professor of Philosophy of Law at University of São Paulo and twice former foreign minister. ... Arminio Fraga was the former president of the Central Bank of Brazil, from 1999-2002. ...

The month before the Plano Real started, June 1994, monthly inflation averaged 31.2 percent in 1994, for a total of 2,294 percent that year. Inflation further declined to monthly rates of between 1-3% in 1995, for an annual rate of 25.9 percent. In 1996, 16.5 percent; 1997, 7.2 percent.^[13]. The Plano Real (Portuguese, Real Plan) was a set of measures taken to stabilize the Brazilian economy in the early 1990s, under the direction of Fernando Henrique Cardoso as the Minister of Finance. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ...

As a result, major reforms planned by the Executive branch, such as changes in the tax system and in social security, were only partially approved after really long and tiring discussions. On January 8, 1996, he issued the controversial Decree 1775, which created a framework for the clear demarcation of indigenous reservations, which as part of the process opened indigenous territories to counter-claims by adjacent landowners. The executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law and running the day-to-day affairs of the government or state. ... Social security primarily refers to social welfare service concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment and others. ... is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... The indigenous people of Brazil (povos indígenas in Portuguese) comprise a large number of distict ethnic groups who inhabited the countrys present territory prior its discovery by Europeans around 1500. ...

Using his previous experience as Minister of Foreign Affairs and his prestige as an internationally famous sociologist, FHC was greatly respected in the world scenario, building friendships with such leaders as Bill Clinton and Ernesto Zedillo. Although he was respected abroad, in Brazil FHC had problems explaining his government priorities to Congress and people in general. Although claiming to be a leftist and supporter of social-democracy, FHC took some decisions in economy that led people to believe he became a neoliberal. William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (born December 27, 1951) was President of Mexico from 1994 to 2000. ... Social democracy is a political ideology that emerged in the late 19th century out of the socialist movement. ... For the school of international relations, see Neoliberalism in international relations. ...

He also experienced personal problems with former ally Itamar Franco, his predecessor that later became Governor of Minas Gerais. FHC was also criticized for transforming the Constitution to his own benefit - creating reelection and allowing him to stay eight years in office. Most people think that his popularity in his first four years was gained with the continuation of Plano Real, but decreased in his last four years after different crisis in politics and in the energy department. He also publicly admitted that he could have done more for public security and for the generation of new jobs. Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco, pron. ... Capital (and largest city) Belo Horizonte Demonym Mineiro Government  -  Governor Aécio Neves  -  Vice Governor Antônio Augusto Junho Anastasia Area  -  Total 588,528. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Public safety. ...

After Presidency

After he stepped down from office, FHC has been giving lectures at Brown University, about Brazilian economic policy, urban development, and deforestation [1]. Also, he dedicates his time to a personal institute created by him in São Paulo, based on institutes held by former Presidents of the United States. He has written two books about his experience as President of Brazil, and has given many interviews, where he criticizes the government of Lula da Silva. In 2006, he helped the campaign of the PSDB candidate for the Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin, and has said many times that he does not wish to run for office again. Brown University is a private university located in Providence, Rhode Island. ... Map of the Amazon rainforest ecoregions as delineated by the WWF. Yellow line encloses the Amazon rainforest. ... This article is about the city. ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (born October 6, 1945) is a left-wing Brazilian politician. ... Geraldo Alckmin Geraldo José Rodrigues Alckmin (born in Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, November 7, 1952) is a Brazilian politician and former governor of São Paulo. ...

After leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso also joined the Club of Madrid. ^[14] The Club of Madrid is an independent organization created for the purpose of promoting democracy and change in the global community. ...

Awards

• Order of Bath, United Kingdom
• Order of Infante D. Henrique, Portugal
• 1978 Honorary Doctor of Laws, Rutgers University

Member, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton NJ Badge of a Companion of the Order of the Bath (Military Division) The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath)[1] is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. ... The Order of Infante D. Henrique (Portuguese: Ordem do Infante D. Henrique) is a Portuguese honorific order that distinguishes relevant services for Portugal, in the country or in foreign ones, in the expansion of the Portuguese culture, its history and its values. ... “Rutgers” redirects here. ...

Selected works

• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2006) The Accidental President of Brazil, PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-324-2
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2001) Charting a New Course: The Politics of Globalization and Social Transformation, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-0893-5

References