Ferdinand VII King of Spain

Spanish Royalty House of Bourbon Philip V Children    Prince Louis    Prince Ferdinand    Prince Charles    Infanta Mariana Victoria    Infante Philip Luis Ferdinand VI Charles III Children    Prince Charles    Prince Ferdinand Charles IV Children    Prince Ferdinand    Infanta Carlota Joaquina    Infante Carlos Ferdinand VII Children    Princess Isabella    Infanta Luisa Fernanda Isabella II Children    Prince Alfonso Alfonso XII Children    Infanta Maria    Prince Alfonso Alfonso XIII Children    Jaime de Borbòn, Duke of Segovia    Juan, Count of Barcelona Grandchildren    Infanta Pilar    Prince Juan Carlos    Infanta Margarita Juan Carlos I Children    Infanta Elena    Infanta Cristina    Felipe, Prince of Asturias Grandchildren    Infanta Leonor Edit

Ferdinand VII (October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833) was King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (450x665, 124 KB) Fernando VII of Spain. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (450x665, 124 KB) Fernando VII of Spain. ... The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. ... Spanish coat of arms; featuring the arms of Castile, León, Navarre, Aragon and Granada; with the fleur_de_lys of the Bourbons; surrounded by the Pillars of Hercules; crowned. ... King Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 – July 9, 1746) or Philippe of Anjou was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... King Louis of Spain - Luis in Sp. ... Ferdinand VI, (September 23, 1713 - August 10, 1759), king of Spain from 1746 until his death, second son of Philip V, founder of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty (as opposed to the French Bourbons), by his first marriage with Maria Louisa of Savoy, was born at Madrid on September 23 1713. ... Charles III of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Marianne Victoria of Bourbon (March 31, 1718 - January 15, 1781) (in Portuguese Mariana Vitória, in Spanish Mariana Victoria) was the eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese. ... Philip of Parma (March 15, 1720 - July 18, 1765) was duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. ... King Louis of Spain - Luis in Sp. ... Ferdinand VI, (September 23, 1713 - August 10, 1759), king of Spain from 1746 until his death, second son of Philip V, founder of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty (as opposed to the French Bourbons), by his first marriage with Maria Louisa of Savoy, was born at Madrid on September 23 1713. ... Charles III of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Charles IV (November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808. ... King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (January 12, 1751 - January 4, 1825). ... Charles IV (November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808. ... Carlota Joaquina Teresa of Spain (25 April or May 1775 - 6 or 7 January 1830) was the eldest daughter of King Carlos IV of Spain (1748-1819) and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma (1751-1819). ... Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain. ... Alfonso XII of Spain (November 28, 1857–November 25, 1885), was king of Spain, reigning from 1875 to 1885, after a coup détat restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic. ... Alfonso XII of Spain (November 28, 1857–November 25, 1885), was king of Spain, reigning from 1875 to 1885, after a coup détat restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic. ... Infanta dona Maria de las Mercedes of Spain (1880-1904), Princess of the Asturias, and for a period 1885-86 when she was five years old, the extant Head of the State of Spain, was born as Dona Maria de las Mercedes de Borbon y Asburgo-Lorena, eldest daughter of... Alfonso XIII of Spain (May 17, 1886 – February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... Alfonso XIII of Spain (May 17, 1886 – February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... HRH Don Jaime Luitpold Isabelino Enrique de Borbón y Battenberg, Infante of Spain, Duke of Segovia (June 23, 1908- March 20, 1975), was the second son of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and his wife Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg. ... HRH Infante Don Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona, Juan Carlos Teresa Silvestre Alfonso de Borbón y Battenberg (June 20, 1913 – April 1, 1993), was the fourth son and designated heir of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, the monarch replaced by the Second Spanish Republic, and father of King... HRH Infanta Doña Pilar de Borbón (María del Pilar Alfonsa Juana Victoria Luisa Ignacia de Todos los Santos de Borbón de Gomez-Acebo), Duchess of Badajoz, (born July 30, 1936) is the oldest daughter of Juan de Borbon, Count of Barcelona and Maria Mercedes Borbón... Juan Carlos I King of Spain King Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias), in English: John Charles I, (born January 5, 1938 in Rome, Italy), is the reigning King of Spain, after his grandfather Alfonso XIII. Two days... HRH Infanta Doña Margarita de Borbón, Margarita María de la Victoria Esperanza Jacoba Felicidad Perpetua de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Borbón, Duchess of Soria, 2nd Duchess of Hernani, (March 6, 1939) is the youngest daughter of Juan de Borbón, Count of Barcelona... Juan Carlos I King of Spain King Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias), in English: John Charles I, (born January 5, 1938 in Rome, Italy), is the reigning King of Spain, after his grandfather Alfonso XIII. Two days... Her Royal Highness, Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo (Elena María Isabel Dominica de los Silos de Borbón y de Grecia de Marichalar), styled HRH The Infanta Elena (born December 20, 1963, in Madrid), is the eldest daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía, and third in... Her Royal Highness, The Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca (Cristina Federica Victoria Antonia de la Santísima Trinidad de Borbón y de Grecia), styled HRH The Infanta Cristina (born June 13, 1965), is the younger daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía. ... HRH The Prince of Asturias Prince Felipe, Prince of Asturias (Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y de Grecia; born January 30, 1968), is the third child of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía of Spain. ... The Infanta Leonor of Spain (Leonor de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Ortiz, in English: Eleanor), born October 31, 2005, in Madrid, is the first and only child of Felipe, the Prince of Asturias and his wife Princess Letizia, and thus second in the succession line to the... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... September 29 is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years). ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain - Visigoths - Al-Andalus - Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Transition to Democracy Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The eldest son of Charles IV, king of Spain, and of his wife Maria Louisa of Parma, he was born in the vast palace of El Escorial near Madrid. Charles IV (November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808. ... The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (in Spanish, Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial) is an immense palace, monastery, museum, and library complex located at San Lorenzo de El Escorial (also San Lorenzo del Escorial), a town 45 kilometres (28 miles) northwest of Madrid in... Madrid is the capital and largest city in Spain, as well as in the province and the autonomous community of the same name. ...

The events with which he was connected were tragic and of the widest European interest. In his youth he occupied the painful position of an heir apparent who was jealously excluded from all share in government by his parents and the royal favorite Manuel de Godoy, his mother's lover. National discontent with a feeble government produced a revolution in 1805. In October 1807, Ferdinand was arrested for his complicity in the conspiracy of the Escorial in which liberal reformers aimed at securing the help of the emperor Napoleon. When the conspiracy was discovered, Ferdinand betrayed his associates and grovelled to his parents. Manuel de Godoy (May 12, 1767 – October 7, 1851), Duke of Alcudia, was a Spanish statesman. ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

When his father's abdication was extorted by a popular riot at Aranjuez in March 1808, he ascended the throne but turned again to Napoleon, in the hope that the emperor would support him. He was in his turn forced to make an abdication and imprisoned in France for almost seven years at the Chateau of Valençay in the town of Valençay. Aranjuez is a town in the southern part of Autonomous Community of Madrid in central Spain and is the southernmost, and 48 km south of the city of Madrid. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Chateau Valençay Valençay is a small town amd commune in the Indre département in the Loire Valley of France situated on a hillside overlooking the Nahon river. ...

In March 1814 the Allies returned him to Madrid. The Spanish people, blaming the liberal, enlightened policies of the francophiles (afrancesados) for incurring the Napoleonic occupation and the Peninsular War, at first welcomed Fernando. Ferdinand soon found that while Spain was fighting for independence in his name and while in his name juntas had governed in Spanish America, a new world had been born of foreign invasion and domestic revolution. Spain was no longer an absolute monarchy under the liberal Constitution of 1812. Ferdinand, in being restored to the throne, guaranteed the liberals that he would govern on the basis of the existing constitution, but, encouraged by conservatives backed by the Church hierarchy, he rejected the constitution within weeks (May 4) and arrested the liberal leaders (May 10), justifying his actions as rejecting a constitution made by the Cortes in his absence and without his consent. Thus he had come back to assert the Bourbon doctrine that the sovereign authority resided in his person only. 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Peninsular War (1808–1814) (known as War of Independence in Spain as French Invasions in Portugal and as Guerre dEspagne in France) was a major conflict during the Napoleonic Wars, fought in the Iberian Peninsula with Spanish, Portuguese, and the British forces fighting against Napoleonic French. ... In modern usage, junta (pronounced as in Spanish HUN-ta or HOON-ta) typically refers to a military dictatorship, especially in Latin America, which is officially run by a committee of high-ranking military officers. ... The Cortes Generales (English: General Courts) is the Spanish legislature. ... The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. ...

Meanwhile, the South American Wars of Independence were under way, though many of the republican rebels would quarrel among themselves and Royalist sentiment was strong in many areas. In the case of the forces led by Bolívar himself, his first permanent victory did not occur until 1817. The Manila galleons and tax revenues from the Spanish Empire were interrupted, and Spain was all but bankrupt. The South American Wars of Independence were fought in the 1810s and 1820s by colonies of Spain and Portugal that desired to break free from the nations that ruled them. ... The noun or adjective, Royalist, can have several shades of meaning. ... Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830) was a South American revolutionary leader. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Manila Galleons were Spanish galleons that sailed once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in New Spain (now Mexico). ...

Ferdinand's restored autocracy was guided by a small camarilla of his favourites. He changed his ministers every few months, whimsical and ferocious by turns. The other autocratic powers of the Quintuple Alliance, though forced to support him as the representative of legitimacy in Spain, watched his proceedings with disgust and alarm. "The King," wrote Friedrich von Gentz to the hospodar Caradja on December 1, 1814, "himself enters the houses of his first ministers, arrests them, and hands them over to their cruel enemies"; and again, on January 14, 1815, "The king has so debased himself that he has become no more than the leading police agent and gaoler of his country." A Camarilla is a group of courtiers or favorites, that surround a king or ruler. ... The Quintuple Alliance came into being at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, when France joined the Quadruple Alliance created by Russia, Austria, Prussia and Britain to uphold the European peace settlement concluded at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ... Friedrich von Gentz (1764-1832), German publicist and statesman, was born at Breslau on the 2nd of May 1764. ... Hospodar is a term of Slavonic origin, meaning lord (Russ. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

As the Spanish king he was the head of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece and in this capacity he made the Duke of Wellington the first Protestant member of the order. The Order of the Golden Fleece (Orden del Toisón de Oro in Spanish) is an order of chivalry founded in 1430 by Duke Philip III of Burgundy to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Isabelle of Aviz. ... The Most Noble Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (c. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

Revolt

In 1820 his misrule provoked a revolt in favor of the Constitution of 1812 which began with a mutiny of the troops under Col. Rafael Riego and the king was quickly made prisoner. He grovelled to the insurgents as he had done to his parents. Ferdinand had restored the Jesuits upon his return; now the Society had become identified with repression and absolutism among the liberals, who attacked them: twenty-five Jesuits were slain in Madrid in 1822. For the rest of the 19th century, expulsions and re-establishment of the Jesuits would continue to be touchmarks of liberal or authoritarian political regimes. 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Rafael del Riego Rafael del Riego y Nuñez (9 April 1784 - 7 November 1823) was a Spanish general and liberal politician. ... The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu/Jesu (S.J.) in Latin) is a Christian religious order of the Roman Catholic Church in direct service to the Pope. ...

When at the beginning of 1823 as a result of the Congress of Verona the French invaded Spain "invoking the God of St Louis, for the sake of preserving the throne of Spain to a descendant of Henry IV, and of reconciling that fine kingdom with Europe," and in May the revolutionary party carried Ferdinand to Cádiz, he continued to make promises of amendment till he was free. 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Congress of Verona was the last of the series of international conferences or congresses that opened with the Congress of Vienna in 1815, during which the Quadruple Alliance of the United Kingdom and the European powers had at first acted largely in concert. ... Henry IV of France (French: Henri IV de France; December 13, 1553–May 14, 1610), was the first of the Bourbon kings of France, reigning from 1589 until his death. ... City nickname: Tacita de plata (little silver cup) Official website: http://www. ...

When freed after the Battle of Trocadero and the fall of Cadiz he revenged himself with a ferocity which disgusted his far from liberal allies. In violation of his oath to grant an amnesty he revenged himself, for three years of coercion, by killing on a scale which revolted his "rescuers" and against which the Duke of Angoulême, powerless to interfere, protested by refusing the Spanish decorations offered him for his military services. The Battle of Trocadero August 31, 1823, established the victory of the Ultra-Catholic reaction to the right in the post-Napoleonic period. ...

During his last years Ferdinand's energy was abated. He no longer changed ministers every few months as a sport, and he allowed some of them to conduct the current business of government. His habits of life were telling on him. He became torpid, bloated and horrible to look at. After his fourth marriage, with Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies in 1829, he was persuaded by his wife to set aside the law of succession of Philip V, which gave a preference to all the males of the family in Spain over the females. His marriage had brought him only two daughters. The change in the order of succession established by his dynasty in Spain angered a large part of the nation and made civil war, the Carlist Wars, inevitable. Maria Christina, Queen Regent of Spain Maria Christina, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Queen of Spain (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of the Two Sicilies branch of the Royal House of Bourbon) (April 27, 1806–August 22, 1878) was Queen Consort of Spain (1829 to 1833) and Queen Regent of Spain (1833... King Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 – July 9, 1746) or Philippe of Anjou was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain -Visigoths -Al-Andalus -Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History The Carlist Wars...

When well he consented to the change under the influence of his wife. When ill he was terrified by priestly advisers who were partisans of his brother Carlos. What his final decision was is perhaps doubtful. His wife was mistress by his death-bed and she could put the words she chose into the mouth of a dead man and could move the dead hand at her will. Ferdinand died on September 29, 1833. Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ... September 29 is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years). ...

It had been a frequent saying with the more zealous royalists of Spain that a King must be wiser than his ministers for he was placed on the throne and directed by God. Since the reign of Ferdinand VII no one has maintained this unqualified version of the great doctrine of divine right.

King Ferdinand VII kept a diary during the troubled years 1820-1823 which has been published by the Count de Casa Valencia.

Marriages and Children

Ferdinand VII married four times. In 1802 he married his cousin Princess Maria Antonietta of the Two Sicilies (1784-1806), daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. There were no children. King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (January 12, 1751 - January 4, 1825). ...

In 1816, he married his niece Maria Isabel de Bragança, Princess of Portugal (1797-1818), daughter of his older sister Carlota Joaquina and John VI of Portugal. Their only daughter lived only four months. framed|Portugal thumb|Carlota Joaquina - Queen of Portugal and Brazil Carlota Joaquina Teresa of Spain (25 April or May 1775 - 6 or 7 January 1830) was the eldest daughter of King Carlos IV of Spain (1748-1819) and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma (1751-1819). ... John VI (Portuguese João, pron. ...

In 1819, he married Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1803-1829), daughter of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony. No children were born from this marriage. Maximilian, Prince of Saxony (13 April 1759 - 3 January 1838) was the fifth son of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony and Mary Antonia, Princess of Bavaria. ...

Lastly, in 1829, he married another niece, Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1806–1878), daughter of his younger sister María Isabel and Francis I of the Two Sicilies. She bore him two daughters: Maria Christina, Queen Regent of Spain Maria Christina, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Queen of Spain (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of the Two Sicilies branch of the Royal House of Bourbon) (April 27, 1806–August 22, 1878) was Queen Consort of Spain (1829 to 1833) and Queen Regent of Spain (1833... Francis I (August 14, 1777 - November 8, 1830) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1825 to 1830. ...

• Isabella II
• Luisa Fernanda (1832-1897). Married Anton d'Orleans, Duke of Montpensier, and had issue.

Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain. ...

Assessment of the Encyclopedia Britannica 1911

We have to distinguish the part of Ferdinand VII in all these transactions, in which other and better men were concerned. It can confidently be said to have been uniformly base. He had perhaps no right to complain that he was kept aloof from all share in government while only heir apparent, for this was the traditional practice of his family. But as heir to the throne he had a right to resent the degradation of the crown he was to inherit, and the power of a favourite who was his mother's lover. If he had put himself at the head of a popular rising he would have been followed, and would have had a good excuse. His course was to enter on dim intrigues at the instigation of his first wife, Maria Antonietta of Naples. After her death in 1806 he was drawn into other intrigues by flatterers. At Valancay, where he was sent as a prisoner of state, he sank contentedly into vulgar vice, and scruples did not deter him from applauding the French victories over the people who were suffering unutterable misery in his cause.

Maria Antionietta of Naples (1784-1806) was the daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. ... Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte (January 7, 1768 – July 28, 1844) was the elder brother of the French Emperor Napoleon I, who made him King of Naples (1806–1808) and King of Spain (1808–1813). ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain - Visigoths - Al-Andalus - Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Transition to Democracy Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, a publication in the public domain.