In computer networking, fiber-distributed data interface (FDDI) is a standard for data transmission in a local area network that can extend in range up to 200 km (124 miles). The FDDI protocol is based on the token ring protocol. In addition to being large geographically, an FDDI local area network can support thousands of users. The underlying medium is optical fiber (though it can be copper cable, in which case it may be called CDDI) and the topology is a dual-attached, counter-rotating token ring. The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs. ... Bold text TBold texthe application layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model. ... It has been suggested that Domain name be merged into this article or section. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the primary method used to convey information on the World Wide Web. ... The Internet Message Access Protocol (commonly known as IMAP, and previously called Interactive Mail Access Protocol) is an application layer Internet protocol used for accessing email on a remote server from a local client. ... Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of instant communication over the Internet. ... The Network News Transfer Protocol or NNTP is an Internet application protocol used primarily for reading and posting Usenet articles, as well as transferring news among news servers. ... In computing, Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is an application layer Internet standard protocol that a local client uses to retrieve email from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. ... Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a protocol developed by the IETF MMUSIC Working Group and proposed standard for initiating, modifying, and terminating an interactive user session that involves multimedia elements such as video, voice, instant messaging, online games, and virtual reality. ... Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the de facto standard for email transmission across the Internet. ... The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) forms part of the internet protocol suite as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force. ... In computing, Secure Shell or SSH is both a computer program and an associated network protocol designed for logging into and executing commands on a networked computer. ... Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area network LAN connections. ... This article is about the protocol. ... The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a message-oriented transport layer protocol that is currently under development in the IETF. Applications that might make use of DCCP include those with timing constraints on the delivery of data such that reliable in-order delivery, when combined with congestion control, is... The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport layer protocol defined in 2000 by the IETF Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) working group. ... The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ... The Real-time Transport Protocol (or RTP) defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over the Internet. ... The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ... Transport layer protocol designed originally as part of the Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating system and used to carry 9P. Its main features are: Reliable datagram service In-sequence delivery Internetworking using IP Low complexity, high performance Adaptive timeouts The original paper describing IL: [1] Categories: Computer stubs ... In computer networking, the Reliable User Datagram Protocol (RUDP) is a transport layer protocol designed at Bell Labs for the Plan 9 operating system. ... The network layer is level three of the seven level OSI model. ... IPv4 is version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IP). ... This article may be confusing for some readers, and should be edited to be clearer. ... The data link layer is layer two of the seven-layer OSI model. ... Ethernet is a frame-based computer networking technology for local area networks (LANs). ... Wi-Fi (or Wi-fi, WiFi, Wifi, wifi) is a set of product compatibility standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802. ... Token-Ring local area network (LAN) technology was developed and promoted by IBM in the early 1980s and standardised as IEEE 802. ... In computer networking and telecommunications, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a data-carrying mechanism, operating at a layer Layer3 below and in parallel to IP. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and packet-switching clients which provide a datagram service model. ... In computing, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. ... A computer network is a system for communication between computers. ... Data transmission is, very generally speaking, the conveyance of any kind of information from one space to another. ... A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small local area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings such as a college. ... Token-Ring local area network (LAN) technology was developed and promoted by IBM in the early 1980s and standardised as IEEE 802. ... This article concerns communication between pairs of electronic devices. ... Optical fibers An optical fiber (or fibre) is a transparent thin fiber, usually made of glass or plastic, for transmitting light. ... Token-Ring local area network (LAN) technology was developed and promoted by IBM in the early 1980s and standardised as IEEE 802. ...

FDDI is a product of American National Standards Institute X3-T9 and conforms to the open system interconnect (OSI) model of functional layering. LANs using other protocols. FDDI-II is a version of FDDI that adds the capability to add circuit-switched service to the network so that voice and video signals can also be handled. Work is underway to connect FDDI networks to the developing Synchronous Optical Network SONET. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit standards organization that serves as a facilitator for the standardization work of its members in the United States. ... The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Model or OSI Reference Model for short) is a layered abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design, developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnect initiative. ... A circuit switched network is one where a dedicated connection (circuit or channel) must be set up between two nodes before they may communicate. ... Look up Video in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Video is the technology of capturing, recording, processing, transmitting, and reconstructing moving pictures, typically using celluloid film, electronic signals, or digital media. ... The Synchronous optical network, commonly known as SONET, is a standard for communicating digital information using lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs) over optical fiber as defined by GR-253-CORE from Telcordia. ...

An FDDI network contains two token rings, one for possible backup in case the primary ring fails. The primary ring offers up to 100 Mbit/s capacity. If the secondary ring is not needed for backup, it can also carry data, extending capacity to 200 Mbit/s. The single ring can extend the maximum distance; a dual ring can extend 100 km (62 miles). FDDI has a larger maximum frame size, allowing better throughput than standard 100 Mbit/s ethernet. In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (sometimes written bitrate) is the frequency at which bits are passing a given (physical or metaphorical) point. It is quantified using the bit per second (bit/s) unit. ...

FDDI rings are normally constructed in the form of a "dual ring of trees" (see network topology). A small number of devices, typically infrastructure devices such as routers and concentrators rather than host computers, are connected to both rings - these are referred to as "dual-attached". Host computers are then connected as single-attached devices to the routers or concentrators. The dual ring in its most degenerate form is simply collapsed into a single device. The whole dual ring is typically contained within a computer room although FDDI was also deployed as a Metropolitan area network as well. A network topology is the pattern of links connecting pairs of nodes of a network. ... A router is a computer networking device that forwards data packets across an internetwork toward their destinations, through a process known as routing. ... Metropolitan Area Networks or MANs are large computer networks usually spanning a campus or a city. ...

This network topology is required because the dual ring actually passes through each connected device and requires each such device to remain continuously operational (the standard actually allows for optical bypasses but these are considered to be unreliable and error-prone). Devices such as workstations and minicomputers that may not be under the control of the network managers are not suitable for connection to the dual ring.

As an alternative to a dual-attached connection, the same degree of resilience is available to a workstation through a dual-homed connection which is made simultaneously to two separate devices in the same FDDI ring. One of the connections becomes active while the other one is automatically blocked. If the first connection fails, the backup link takes over with no perceptible delay. Resilience generally means the ability to recover from (or to resist being affected by) some shock, insult, or disturbance. ...

FDDI has been largely made redundant by fast Ethernet and more recently Gigabit Ethernet due to their speed, cost and ubiquity. Fast Ethernet is a collective term for a number of Ethernet standards that carry traffic at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s, against the original Ethernet speed of 10 Mbit/s. ... Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) is a term describing various technologies for implementing Ethernet networking at a nominal speed of one gigabit per second. ...

The four standards are:

• ANSI X3T9.5, containing Physical Media Dependent (PMD) specifications
• ANSI X3T9.5, containing the Physical (PHY) specifications
• ANSI X3.139, containing Media Access Control (MAC) specifications
• ANSI X39.5, containing the Station Management (SMT) specifications.

Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and used with permission from http://www.Foldoc.org Federal Standard 1037C entitled Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms is a U.S. Federal Standard, issued by the General Services Administration pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended. ...