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This page is about the history of the field hockey game. One of the most famous quotations about history and the value of studying history, by Spanish philosopher, George Santayana, reads: Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. ...
A game of field hockey in progress Field hockey is a popular sport for men and women in many countries around the world. ...
Origins Field Hockey is the oldest known stick-and-ball game. Historical records show that game was played in various antique civilizations, although it is not possible to know exactly when and where the game began. 4,000-year-old drawings found in the Beni-Hasen tombs, in the Nile Valley, Egypt depicted men playing the sport. Other traces show that the Arabs, the Greeks, the Persians, the Romans, the Ethiopians, as well as the Aztecs were playing their own variation of the game. In the Middle Ages, a French form of the game, called hoquet was played. Other early games can be identified to field hockey, such as hurling and Shinty. The Nile (Arabic: النيل an-nīl), in Africa, is one of the two longest rivers on Earth. ...
The Arabs ((Arabic: عرب ʻarab) are a large ethnic group widespread in the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ...
The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ...
Ancient Rome is an expression that encompass a complex reality, not a single phenomenon. ...
The word Aztec is usually used as a historical term, although some contemporary Nahuatl speakers would consider themselves Aztecs. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
For the Cornish sport of hurling, see Hurling the Silver Ball. ...
Shinty, also known as camanachd, or iomain, is a team sport played with sticks and a ball. ...
Modern hockey While modern hockey appears in the mid-18th century in England, primarily around schools institutions, it is not until the first half of the 19th century that hockey became firmly established, when the first club, Blackheath, was created in 1849 in Southeast London, England. Blackheath and its fellow clubs have introduced most of the current characteristics of the hockey we know today, such as the use of a spherical ball, and the striking circle. A little while after, in 1889, the first women's hockey club appeared in East Mosley, England. For a long time, hockey was considered as the only sport proper for women. England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Blackheath is a place in London, divided between the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Greenwich. ...
Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,500,000 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ...
Mosley is a family name. ...
In the late 19th century, largely due to the British army, the game spread throughout the British Empire, leading to the first international competition in 1895. Hockey first appeared at the Olympic Games as a men's competition at 1908 Olympic Games in London, with only three teams: England, Ireland and Scotland. Men's hockey became a permanent fixture at the Olympics at the 1928 Olympic Games, at Amsterdam. Women had to wait until Moscow Games, in 1980, to be incorporated in the Olympic program. The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps The British Empire was the worlds first global power and the largest empire in history. ...
The Olympic Games, or Olympics, is an international multi-sport event taking place every four years and comprising summer and winter games. ...
The fifth modern Olympic games, originally scheduled to be held in Rome, were instead held in 1908 in London, England. ...
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The Games of the IX Olympiad were held in 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. ...
Amsterdam Location Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 739,295 (1 January 2005) Coordinates 4°54´E 52°22´N Website www. ...
The Games of the XXII Olympiad were held in Moscow, Soviet Union. ...
The first step towards an international structuring occurred in 1909, when England and Belgium agreed to recognize each other for international competitions, soon joined in by the French federation. In 1924, the International Hockey Federation (FIH, Fédération Internationale de Hockey) was founded in Paris, under the initiative of the French man, Paul Léautey, as a response to hockey's omission from the Program of the 1924 Paris Game. The founding members are Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland. The FIH represents both men and women. A separate association for women, the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA), was founded in 1927, gathering Australia, Denmark, England, Ireland, Scotland, South Africa, the United States and Wales. The IFWHA was incorporated to the FIH in 1982. The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ...
The Games of the VIII Olympiad were held in 1924 in Paris, France. ...
England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Scotland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
National motto: Cymru am byth (Welsh: Wales for ever) Waless location within the UK Official languages English, Welsh Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff First Minister Rhodri Morgan Area - Total Ranked 3rd UK 20,779 km² Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 3rd UK 2,903,085 140/km² NUTS 1...
The growth of the International Hockey Federation from its early beginnings has been most impressive. Today, the International Hockey Federation regroups 112 member associations, spread around the five continents. Dymaxion map by Buckminster Fuller shows land mass with minimal distortion as only one continuous continent A continent (Latin continere, to hold together) is a large continuous land mass. ...
The synthetic revolution In the early 1970s, the "synthetic grass" fields began to be used for hockey, with the first Olympic Games on this surface being held at the 1976 Montreal edition. In sports that were originally or are normally played on grass, artificial turf is a grass-like playing surface manufactured from synthetic materials. ...
The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were held in 1976 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ...
The introduction of the synthetic pitches instead of the grass turfs has been a revolution in the hockey's world. The domination of India and Pakistan in international competition weakened due to the very expensive price of the new pitches which the two coutries could not afford to implement widely. Soon, the wealthier countries, such as Spain, the Netherlands and Germany emerged as top hockey nations. A typical lawn A lawn sprinkler A lawn is an area of land planted with grass and sometimes clover and other plants, which are maintained at an even low height. ...
Synthetic pitches are now mandatory for all the international tournaments and for most of the national competitions. While hockey is still played on grass fields at some local levels and lesser national divisions, it tends to be replaced, as of 2004, almost everywhere in the Western world.
The game, as well as the material used to play, has taken a definitive turn with the introduction of the synthetic field, gaining in speed, loosing, some would say in skills. What is clear is that the game has deeply evolved. In order to take into account the specificities of this surface, new tactics, new techniques have been developed and new rules have been settled, often, in order to frame, these new techniques. Regarding the evolution of the hockey player material, the sticks have changed shape, with the bent head at the bottom, which used to be about 15 centimetres long, becoming much stubbier. The extra length was no longer necessary, as the ball travelled much straighter on the flatter synthetic fields. The shorter length made playing the ball with the "backhand" (playing with the head of the stick to the player's left, with the head rotated 180 degrees from its usual position) much easier, increasing the speed with which this tactic, often used for evasive manoeuvres, could be used. It also makes trapping the ball by placing the entire stick on the ground, with the point of the head resting on the ground to the player's left, possible, and this stopping technique is now universal for trapping the ball at penalty corners. The sticks also tend to become more and more stiff as to hit the ball harder. Fiberglass, carbon fiber and kevlar were first applied to the traditional wood core in early 1970s. Sticks with an aluminium core have been produced but are now prohibited due to the danger they pose when broken. Wooden sticks are less and less common, and players are now playing with sticks entirely made of synthetic composite materials. Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is a composite material or fibre reinforced plastic made of a plastic reinforced by fine fibers made of glass. ...
Graphite-reinforced plastic or carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP or CRP), is a strong, light and very expensive composite material or fibre reinforced plastic. ...
Kevlar (poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide) is the DuPont Company’s brand name for a synthetic material constructed of para-aramid fibers that the company claims is five times stronger than the same weight of steel, while being lightweight, flexible and comfortable. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Atomic mass 26. ...
Composite materials (or composites for short) are engineering materials made from two or more components. ...
The goalkeeper equipment has followed the same trend, becoming more and more able to resist to strength of the balls hit by these new generation sticks. Helmets have become compulsory, padding is thicker and of more shock-absorbing (and reflecting) foam material, and more areas of the body are padded. The new equipment is very expensive and is often a considerable burden for clubs or individual goalkeepers to purchase. The composition of the hockey ball has also changed, from a leather ball with a seam similar to a cricket ball, to a seamless, usually dimpled hard plastic ball. These plastic balls are cheaper, more durable, more consistent in their behaviour, and are unaffected by water; a key requirement in water-moderated synthetic fields used in elite-level hockey. Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides, pelts and skins of animals, primarily cows. ...
A cricket match in progress. ...
Plastic bottles for recycling Plastic is a term that covers a range of synthetic or semisynthetic polymerization products. ...
Ancillary player equipment has also changed. The studded boots for grass fields are banned (and were in any case very uncomfortable) on synthetics, and have been replaced with boots specifically designed for synthetic turf. Shin guards have improved padding. Many players have taken to wearing padded gloves, particularly on their left hand, both to protect against contact and allow them to scrape that hand (while holding the stick) across the synthetic turf without injury. Finally, the wearing of mouth guards to protect the teeth is now compulsory for safety in many countries.
History and rules evolution The rules of the game have widely changed. The main issues have been - to adapt the game to the new synthetic fields introduced in 1980's.
- to enhance comprehension from non-players in order to gain TV coverage
See TV (disambiguation) for other uses and Television (band) for the rock band European networks National In much of Europe television broadcasting has historically been state dominated, rather than commercially organised, although commercial stations have grown in number recently. ...
See also The Olympic Games have always been a major event for Field hockey. ...
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