Fields of science are widely-recognized categories of specialized expertise within science, and typically embody their own terminology and nomenclature. A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... Terminology is the study of terms and their use — of words and compound words that are used in specific contexts. ... Nomenclature refers to a set or system of names or terms, as those used in a particular science or art, used by an individual or community. ...

Natural sciences

Main article: Natural science

  See also: Social sciences, below

Chemistry

For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Wöhler observes the synthesis of urea. ... Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses the results of theoretical chemistry incorporated into efficient computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules and solids, applying these programs to complement the information obtained by actual chemical experiments, predict hitherto unobserved chemical phenomena, and solve related problems. ... English chemists John Daniell (left) and Michael Faraday (right), both credited to be founders of electrochemistry as known today. ... Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ... The Materials Science Tetrahedron, which often also includes Characterization at the center Materials science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. ... Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing, synthesizing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. ... Organic chemistry is a specific discipline within chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of chemical compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen, which may contain any number of other elements, including nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens as... Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. ... Physical chemistry, is the application of physics to macroscopic, microscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems[1] within the field of chemistry traditionally using the principles, practices and concepts of thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and kinetics. ... Quantum chemistry is a branch of theoretical chemistry, which applies quantum mechanics and quantum field theory to address issues and problems in chemistry. ... Animation of the dispersion of light as it travels through a triangular prism. ... The different types of isomers. ... The world’s first ice-calorimeter, used in the winter of 1782-83, by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace, to determine the heat evolved in various chemical changes; calculations which were based on Joseph Black’s prior discovery of latent heat. ... Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ...

Physics

A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... Acoustics is the interdisciplinary sciences that always deals with the study of sound, ultrasound and infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids). ... Agrophysics is a new branch of science bordering on physics and agronomy, whose objects of study are the ecosystem and the biological objects affected by human activity, studied and described using the methods of physical sciences. ... Atomic, molecular, and optical physics is the study of matter-matter and light-matter interactions on the scale of single atoms or structures containing a few atoms. ... Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of physics, to questions of biology. ... Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical algorithms in order to solve problems in physics for which a quantitative theory already exists. ... Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. ... In physics or engineering, cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperatures (below –150 °C, –238 °F or 123 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures. ... In physics, dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of objects. ... This box:      Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ... --68. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... Materials physics is a field of physics concerned with the physical properties of materials. ... Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories. ... For other uses, see Mechanic (disambiguation). ... This box:      Nuclear physics is the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom. ... For the book by Sir Isaac Newton, see Opticks. ... Thousands of particles explode from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV per nucleon) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ... A Plasma lamp In physics and chemistry, a plasma is an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter. ... Polymer physics is the field of physics associated to the study of polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving degradation and polymerisation of polymers and monomers respectively. ... Fig. ... Statics is the branch of physics concerned with physical systems in static equilibrium, that is, in a state where the relative positions of subsystems do not vary over time, or where components and structures are at rest under the action of external forces of equilibrium. ... Solid-state physics, the largest branch of condensed matter physics, is the study of rigid matter, or solids. ... Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ... Vehicle dynamics refers to the dynamics of vehicles, here assumed to be ground vehicles. ... Surface mount electronic components Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures and vacuum tubes. ... Laser science is a branch of optics that describes the theory and practice of lasers. ...

Space sciences

Space science, or the space sciences, are fields of science that are concerned with the study or utilisation of outer space. ... The sun rising over Stonehenge at the 2005 Summer Solstice. ... The DNA structure might not be the only nucleic acid in the universe capable of supporting life[1] Astrobiology (from Greek: ἀστρο, astro, constellation; βίος, bios, life; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the interdisciplinary study of life in space, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology. ... Astrochemistry is the study of the chemicals found in outer space, usually in molecular gas clouds, and their formation, interaction and destruction. ... Astrodynamics is the study of the motion of rockets, missiles, and space vehicles, as determined from Sir Isaac Newtons laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. ... Illustration of the use of optical wavelength interferometry to determine precise positions of stars. ... For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). ... Spiral Galaxy ESO 269-57 Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition) of celestial objects such as stars, galaxies, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions. ... Cosmochemistry is concerned with the origin and development of the elements and their isotopes in the universe. ... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογος (logos) word, reason, plan) is the quantitative (usually mathematical) study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ... Extragalactic astronomy is the branch of astronomy concerned with objects outside our own Milky Way Galaxy (the study of all astronomical objects which are not covered by galactic astronomy). ... Galactic astronomy is the study of galaxies, their formation, structure, components, dynamics, interactions, and the range of forms they take. ... This article is about the physics subject. ... Astrogeology is the scientific discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. ... Planetary science, also known as planetology or planetary astronomy, is the science of planets, or planetary systems, and the solar system. ... Sol redirects here. ... For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). ...

Earth sciences

Earth science (also known as geoscience or the geosciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. ... Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. ... Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. ... Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time,[1] and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. ... Coastal geography is the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography(i. ... An old geodetic pillar (1855) at Ostend, Belgium A Munich archive with lithography plates of maps of Bavaria Geodesy (pronounced [1]), also called geodetics, a branch of earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravity field, in a three... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Surface of the Earth Geomorphology is the study of landforms, including their origin and evolution, and the processes that shape them. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... Lateral moraine on a glacier joining the Gorner Glacier, Zermatt, Switzerland. ... Water covers 70% of the Earths surface. ... Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the part of hydrology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earths crust, (commonly in aquifers). ... Mineralogy is an earth science that involves the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals. ... // Meteorology (from Greek: μετέωρον, meteoron, high in the sky; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. ... Thermohaline circulation Oceanographic frontal systems on the southern hemisphere Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write), also called oceanology or marine science, is the branch of Earth Sciences that studies the Earths oceans and seas. ... Paleoclimatology is the study of climate change taken on the scale of the entire history of the Earth. ... Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, ancient; ontos, being; and logos, knowledge) is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. ... Petrology is a field of geology which focuses on the study of rocks and the conditions by which they form. ... Lake Geneva Limnology (from Greek: Λίμνη limne, lake; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of inland waters (both fresh and saline), including their biological, physical, chemical, geological and hydrological aspects. ... Seismology (from the Greek seismos(σεισμός) = earthquake and λόγος,logos = knowledge ) is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth. ... Soil science deals with soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils per se; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils. ... For discussion of land surfaces themselves, see Terrain. ... Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena. ...

Environmental sciences

Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment; with a focus on pollution and degradation of the environment related to human activities; and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability from local and global development. ... Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment; with a focus on pollution and degradation of the environment related to human activities; and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability from local and global development. ... Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. ... Environmental geology, like hydrogeology, is a multidisciplinary field of applied science and is closely related to engineering geology and somewhat related to environmental geography. ... Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the pedosphere as well as critical aspects of the biosphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the atmosphere. ...

Life Sciences

Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology is the science of life (from the Greek words bios = life and logos = word). ... Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... The DNA structure might not be the only nucleic acid in the universe capable of supporting life[1] Astrobiology (from Greek: ἀστρο, astro, constellation; βίος, bios, life; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the interdisciplinary study of life in space, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology. ... Wöhler observes the synthesis of urea. ... Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ... For the song by Girls Aloud see Biology (song) Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek: Βιολογία - βίος, bio, life; and λόγος, logos, speech lit. ... Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of physics, to questions of biology. ... Insulin crystals Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... Pinguicula grandiflora commonly known as a Butterwort Example of a cross section of a stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the Greek kytos, container) is an academic discipline that studies cells. ... Chronobiology is a field of science that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms. ... It has been suggested that Clade be merged into this article or section. ... Cytology (also known as Cell biology) is the scientific study of cells. ... Dermatology (Greek δερμα, skin and λόγος, word, science) is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, sweat glands, etc). ... Views of a Foetus in the Womb, Leonardo da Vinci, ca. ... For the journal, see Ecology (journal). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Not to be confused with Etymology, the study of the history of words. ... Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... Evolutionary developmental biology (evolution of development or informally, evo-devo) is a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different animals in an attempt to determine the ancestral relationship between organisms and how developmental processes evolved. ... Freshwater angelfish Freshwater biology is a field of biology that studies the life and ecosystems of freshwater habitats. ... This article is about the general scientific term. ... Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in allele frequencies under the influence of the four evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and migration. ... Genomics is the study of an organisms entire genome; Rathore et al, . Investigation of single genes, their functions and roles is something very common in todays medical and biological research, and cannot be said to be genomics but rather the most typical feature of molecular biology. ... For the journal Proteomics, see Proteomics (journal). ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ... Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... Look up kinesiology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Various species of reef fish in the Hawaiian Islands. ... An agar plate streaked with microorganisms Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ... Drawing of the cells in the chicken cerebellum by S. Ramón y Cajal Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. ... Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form. ... Phycology (or algology) (from Greek: φύκος, phykos, seaweed; and λόγος, logos, knowledge), a subdiscipline of botany, is the scientific study of algae. ... In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ... Physical anthropology, often called biological anthropology, studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution. ... Physical therapy (or physiotherapy[1]) is the provision of services to people and populations to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Population dynamics is the study of marginal and long-term changes in the numbers, individual weights and age composition of individuals in one or several populations, and biological and environmental processes influencing those changes. ... Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology concerned with the study of the architecture and shape of biological macromolecules--proteins and nucleic acids in particular—and what causes them to have the structures they have. ... For the science of classifying living things, see alpha taxonomy. ... Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos [1]) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms [2]. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people. ... Virology, often considered a part of microbiology or of pathology, is the study of organic viruses: their structure and classification, their ways to infect and exploit cells to reproduce and cause disease, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their potential uses in research and therapy. ... Zoology (from Greek: ζῴον, zoion, animal; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ...

Formal sciences

Main article: Formal sciences

A formal science is an academic study that is predominantly concerned with abstract formal systems, for instance, logic, mathematics, and the theoretical branches of computer science, information theory, and statistics. ...

Computer sciences

See also Branches of Computer Science and ACM Computing Classification System Computer science (informally: CS or compsci) is, in its most general sense, the study of computation and information processing, both in hardware and in software. ... The theory of computation is the branch of computer science that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a computer. ... “Automata” redirects here. ... In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is a set of finite-length words (i. ... For the branch of mathematical logic called computability theory, see Recursion theory. ... As a branch of the theory of computation in computer science, computational complexity theory investigates the problems related to the amounts of resources required for the execution of algorithms (e. ... The Dining Philosophers, a classic problem involving concurrency and shared resources In computer science, concurrency is a property of systems in which several computational processes are executing at the same time, and potentially interacting with each other. ... Flowcharts are often used to represent algorithms. ... A randomized algorithm or probabilistic algorithm is an algorithm which employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic. ... In computer science, a distributed algorithm is an algorithm that executes on more than one machine or processor. ... In computer science, a parallel algorithm, as opposed to a traditional serial algorithm, is one which can be executed a piece at a time on many different processing devices, and then put back together again at the end to get the correct result. ... A binary tree, a simple type of branching linked data structure. ... A typical vision of a computer architecture as a series of abstraction layers: hardware, firmware, assembler, kernel, operating system and applications (see also Tanenbaum 79). ... It has been suggested that VHSIC be merged into this article or section. ... In computing, an operating system (OS) is the system software responsible for the direct control and management of hardware and basic system operations. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Not to be confused with information technology, information science, or informatics. ... The World Wide Web and WWW redirect here. ... Wireless networks are telephone or computer networks that use radio as their carrier or physical layer. ... Mobile Computing is a generic term describing your ability to use technology untethered, that is not physically connected, or in remote or mobile (non static) environments. ... This article describes how security can be achieved through design and engineering. ... A protocol and associated execution that ensures a certain relative degree of computing-system operational continuity in any downtime event. ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós hidden, and the verb γράφω gráfo write or λεγειν legein to speak) is the study of message secrecy. ... Fault-tolerance orr graceful degradation is the property that enables a system (often computer-based) to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. ... Distributed computing is a method of computer processing in which different parts of a program are run simultaneously on two or more computers that are communicating with each other over a network. ... Grid computing is a phrase in distributed computing which can have several meanings: Multiple independent computing clusters which act like a grid because they are composed of resource nodes not located within a single administrative domain. ... Parallel computing is the simultaneous execution of the same task (split up and specially adapted) on multiple processors in order to obtain results faster. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Supercomputing. ... Molecule of alanine used in NMR implementation of error correction. ... This article is about the scientific discipline of computer graphics. ... UPIICSA IPN - Binary image Image processing is any form of information processing for which the input is an image, such as photographs or frames of video; the output is not necessarily an image, but can be for instance a set of features of the image. ... A scientific visualization of an extremely large simulation of a Raleigh-Taylor instability caused by two mixing fluids. ... In computer science, computational geometry is the study of algorithms to solve problems stated in terms of geometry. ... Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. ... In computer science and software engineering, formal methods are mathematically-based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems. ... In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics. ... Other listings of programming languages are: Categorical list of programming languages Generational list of programming languages Chronological list of programming languages Note: Esoteric programming languages have been moved to the separate List of esoteric programming languages. ... A programming paradigm is a paradigmatic style of programming (compare with a methodology which is a paradigmatic style of doing software engineering). ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. ... Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ... In theoretical computer science, formal semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages and models of computation. ... At the broadest level, type theory is the branch of mathematics and logic that first creates a hierarchy of types, then assigns each mathematical (and possibly other) entity to a type. ... A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent program written in another computer language (called the output or the target language). ... Concurrent computing is the concurrent (simultaneous) execution of multiple interacting computational tasks. ... Not to be confused with informatics or information theory. ... This article is about computing. ... A relational database is a database that conforms to the relational model, and refers to a databases data and schema (the databases structure of how those data are arranged). ... A distributed database is a database that is under the control of a central database management system (DBMS) in which storage devices are not all attached to a common CPU. It may be stored in multiple computers located in the same physical location, or may be dispersed over a network... In an object database (also object oriented database), information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. ... Look up Multimedia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hypermedia is a term used as a logical extension of the term hypertext, in which audio, video, plain text, and non-linear hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-linear medium of information. ... Data mining is the process of sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information. ... Information retrieval (IR) is the science of searching for information in documents, searching for documents themselves, searching for metadata which describe documents, or searching within databases, whether relational stand-alone databases or hypertextually-networked databases such as the World Wide Web. ... AI redirects here. ... Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... Automated reasoning is an area of Computer Science dedicated to creating software which allows to perform reasoning on computers completely or nearly completely automatically. ... As a broad subfield of artificial intelligence, machine learning is concerned with the design and development of algorithms and techniques that allow computers to learn. At a general level, there are two types of learning: inductive, and deductive. ... An artificial neural network (ANN), often just called a neural network (NN), is a mathematical model or computational model based on biological neural networks. ... Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. ... Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and logical modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. ... Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see. ... An expert system is a class of computer programs developed by researchers in artificial intelligence during the 1970s and applied commercially throughout the 1980s. ... The Shadow robot hand system holding a lightbulb. ... // Human–computer interaction (HCI), alternatively man–machine interaction (MMI) or computer–human interaction (CHI) is the study of interaction between people (users) and computers. ... For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... The term natural science as the way in which different fields of study are defined is determined as much by historical convention as by the present day meaning of the words. ... Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying scientific knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Numerical analysis is the study of approximate methods for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from discrete mathematics). ... Symbolic computation relates to the use of computers to manipulate mathematical equations and expressions in symbolic form, as opposed to manipulating the approximations of specific numerical quantities represented by those symbols. ... In mathematics, computational number theory is a study of number theory with the aid of computer powers. ... Computational mathematics involves mathematical research in areas of science where computing plays a central and essential role, emphasizing algorithms, numerical methods, and symbolic methods. ... Scientific computing (or computational science) is the field of study concerned with constructing mathematical models and numerical solution techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific and engineering problems. ... Computational biology is an interdisciplinary field that applies the techniques of computer science and applied mathematics to problems inspired by biology. ... Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical algorithms in order to solve problems in physics for which a quantitative theory already exists. ... Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses the results of theoretical chemistry incorporated into efficient computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules and solids, applying these programs to complement the information obtained by actual chemical experiments, predict hitherto unobserved chemical phenomena, and solve related problems. ... Computational neuroscience is an interdisciplinary science that links the diverse fields of neuroscience, cognitive science, electrical engineering, computer science, physics and mathematics. ... Computer-aided Engineering analysis (often referred to as CAE) is the application of computer software in engineering to analyze the robustness and performance of components and assemblies. ... Visualization of how a car deforms in an asymmetrical crash using finite element analysis. ... A computer simulation of high velocity air flow around the Space Shuttle during re-entry. ... The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. ... The Arts is a broad subdivision of culture, comprised of many expressive disciplines. ... For other uses, see Humanities (disambiguation). ... A profession is a specialized work function within society, generally performed by a professional. ... Computational economics is a form of economics which relies on mathematical methods, including mathematical economics and econometrics. ... Computational sociology is a recently developed branch of sociology that uses computation to analyze social phenomena. ... Computational finance (also known as financial engineering) is a cross-disciplinary field which relies on mathematical finance, numerical methods and computer simulations to make trading, hedging and investment decisions, as well as facilitating the risk management of those decisions. ... The Digital Humanities, also known as Humanities Computing, is a synthetic field of study concerned with the presentation of Humanities knowledge using new media as well as with the effects this new media has upon the conceptualization, manipulation and preferencing of knowledge. ... Information System (example) An Information System (IS) is the system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in a given organization, including manual processes or automated processes. ... Business informatics (BI) is a discipline combining information technology (IT) – or informatics – with management concepts. ... Information and communication technology spending in 2005 Information Technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ... Management Information Systems (MIS), are information systems, typically computer based, that are used within an organization. ... Electronic patient chart of a health information system Health informatics or medical informatics is the intersection of information science, computer science and health care. ... Computing hardware has been an important component of the process of calculation and data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared. ... The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the twentieth century. ... Humanistic Informatics is one of several names chosen for the study of the relationship between human culture and technology. ... // Community informatics (CI) , also known as community networking, electronic community networking, community-based technologies or community technology refers to an emerging set of principles and practices concerned with the use of information and communication technology (ICT) for the personal, social, cultural or economic development of and within communities. ... Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ...

Mathematics

see also Branches of Mathematics and AMS Mathematics Subject Classification For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... This article is about the branch of mathematics. ... Group theory is that branch of mathematics concerned with the study of groups. ... Group representation theory is the branch of mathematics that studies properties of abstract groups via their representations as linear transformations of vector spaces. ... In mathematics, ring theory is the study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those familiar from the integers. ... Field theory is a branch of mathematics which studies the properties of fields. ... Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with the study of vectors, vector spaces (also called linear spaces), linear maps (also called linear transformations), and systems of linear equations. ... In mathematics, a vector space (or linear space) is a collection of objects (called vectors) that, informally speaking, may be scaled and added. ... In mathematics, multilinear algebra extends the methods of linear algebra. ... In mathematics, a Lie algebra is an algebraic structure whose main use is in studying geometric objects such as Lie groups and differentiable manifolds. ... In mathematics, an associative algebra is a vector space (or more generally, a module) which also allows the multiplication of vectors in a distributive and associative manner. ... In mathematics, non-associative algebra is a subfield of abstract algebra, in which are studied algebraic structures endowed with a binary operation that is not assumed to obey the associative law. ... Universal algebra (sometimes called General algebra) is the field of mathematics that studies the ideas common to all algebraic structures. ... Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics which studies the methods of homology and cohomology in a general setting. ... In mathematics, category theory deals in an abstract way with mathematical structures and relationships between them. ... See lattice for other mathematical as well as non-mathematical meanings of the term. ... Order theory is a branch of mathematics that studies various kinds of binary relations that capture the intuitive notion of a mathematical ordering. ... In mathematics, differential rings, differential fields and differential algebras are rings, fields and algebras equipped with a derivation, which is a unary function satisfying the Leibniz product law. ... Analysis has its beginnings in the rigorous formulation of calculus. ... Real analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis dealing with the set of real numbers and functions of real numbers. ... For other uses, see Calculus (disambiguation). ... Plot of the function f(x)=(x2-1)(x-2-i)2/(x2+2+2i). ... Functional analysis is the branch of mathematics, and specifically of analysis, concerned with the study of spaces of functions. ... In mathematics, operator theory is the branch of functional analysis which deals with bounded linear operators and their properties. ... Non-standard analysis is that branch of mathematics that formulates analysis using a rigorous notion of infinitesimal, where an element of an ordered field F is infinitesimal if and only if its absolute value is smaller than any element of F of the form 1/n, for n a natural... Harmonic analysis is the branch of mathematics that studies the representation of functions or signals as the superposition of basic waves. ... P-adic analysis (p-adic analysis) is a branch of mathematics that deals with functions of p-adic numbers. ... In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that describes a prescribed relationship between a set of unknowns which are to be regarded as an unknown function and its (ordinary or partial) derivatives. ... In mathematics, and in particular analysis, a partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation involving partial derivatives of an unknown function. ... Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with analysis of random phenomena. ... In mathematics, a measure is a function that assigns a number, e. ... In mathematics, a measure-preserving transformation T on a probability space is said to be ergodic if the only measurable sets invariant under T have measure 0 or 1. ... In the mathematics of probability, a stochastic process is a random function. ... For other uses, see Geometry (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Topology (disambiguation). ... In mathematics, general topology or point set topology is that branch of topology which studies elementary properties of topological spaces and structures defined on them. ... Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics in which tools from abstract algebra are used to study topological spaces. ... In mathematics, geometric topology is the study of manifolds and their embeddings, with representative topics being knot theory and braid groups. ... In mathematics, differential topology is the field dealing with differentiable functions on differentiable manifolds. ... Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which, as the name suggests, combines techniques of abstract algebra, especially commutative algebra, with the language and the problematics of geometry. ... In mathematics, differential topology is the field dealing with differentiable functions on differentiable manifolds. ... Projective geometry is a non-metrical form of geometry. ... In geometry, affine geometry occupies a place intermediate between Euclidean geometry and projective geometry. ... Behavior of lines with a common perpendicular in each of the three types of geometry In mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry describes hyperbolic and elliptic geometry, which are contrasted with Euclidean geometry. ... Convex geometry is the branch of geometry studying convex sets, mainly in Euclidean space. ... Discrete geometry or combinatorial geometry may be loosely defined as study of geometrical objects and properties that are discrete or combinatorial, either by their nature or by their representation; the study that does not essentially rely on the notion of continuity. ... Number theory is the branch of pure mathematics concerned with the properties of numbers in general, and integers in particular, as well as the wider classes of problems that arise from their study. ... Analytic number theory is the branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In number theory, the geometry of numbers is a topic and method arising from the work of Hermann Minkowski, on the relationship between convex sets and lattices in n-dimensional space. ... Mathematical logic is a major area of mathematics, which grew out of symbolic logic. ... Foundations of mathematics is a term sometimes used for certain fields of mathematics itself, namely for mathematical logic, axiomatic set theory, proof theory, model theory, and recursion theory. ... Set theory is the mathematical theory of sets, which represent collections of abstract objects. ... Proof theory is a branch of mathematical logic that represents proofs as formal mathematical objects, facilitating their analysis by mathematical techniques. ... In mathematics, model theory is the study of the representation of mathematical concepts in terms of set theory, or the study of the structures that underlie mathematical systems. ... Recursion theory, or computability theory, is a branch of mathematical logic dealing with generalizations of the notion of computable function, and with related notions such as Turing degrees and effective descriptive set theory. ... In formal logic, a modal logic is any logic for handling modalities: concepts like possibility, existence, and necessity. ... Intuitionistic logic, or constructivist logic, is the logic used in mathematical intuitionism and other forms of mathematical constructivism. ... Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that concerns itself with the mathematical techniques typically used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains. ... This article is about the field of statistics. ... Mathematical statistics uses probability theory and other branches of mathematics to study statistics from a purely mathematical standpoint. ... Econometrics is concerned with the tasks of developing and applying quantitative or statistical methods to the study and elucidation of economic principles. ... 2003 US mortality (life) table, Table 1, Page 1 Actuarial science applies mathematical and statistical methods to finance and insurance, particularly to the assessment of risk. ... Map of countries by population Population growth showing projections for later this century Demography is the statistical study of all populations. ... In mathematics, approximation theory is concerned with how functions can be approximated with other, simpler, functions, and with characterising in a quantitative way the errors introduced thereby. ... Numerical analysis is the study of approximate methods for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from discrete mathematics). ... In mathematics, the term optimization, or mathematical programming, refers to the study of problems in which one seeks to minimize or maximize a real function by systematically choosing the values of real or integer variables from within an allowed set. ... Operations Research or Operational Research (OR) is an interdisciplinary branch of mathematics which uses methods like mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at optimal or good decisions in complex problems which are concerned with optimizing the maxima (profit, faster assembly line, greater crop yield, higher bandwidth, etc) or minima... In mathematics, linear programming (LP) problems involve the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and inequality constraints. ... In engineering and mathematics, a dynamical system is a deterministic process in which a functions value changes over time according to a rule that is defined in terms of the functions current value. ... For other uses, see Chaos Theory (disambiguation). ... A fractal is a geometric object which can be divided into parts, each of which is similar to the original object. ... Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories. ... Quantum field theory (QFT) is the quantum theory of fields. ... Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. ... The theory of computation is the branch of computer science that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a computer. ... As a branch of the theory of computation in computer science, computational complexity theory investigates the problems related to the amounts of resources required for the execution of algorithms (e. ... Not to be confused with information technology, information science, or informatics. ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós hidden, and the verb γράφω gráfo write or λεγειν legein to speak) is the study of message secrecy. ... Combinatorics is a branch of pure mathematics concerning the study of discrete (and usually finite) objects. ... Coding theory is a branch of mathematics and computer science dealing with the error-prone process of transmitting data across noisy channels, via clever means, so that a large number of errors that occur can be corrected. ... A drawing of a graph. ... For other uses, see Game theory (disambiguation) and Game (disambiguation). ... This article attempts to list all lists collecting articles about mathematics in Wikipedia. ...

Systems science

Systems science is the science of complex systems. ... For other uses, see Chaos Theory (disambiguation). ... Complex systems have a number of properties, some of which are listed below. ... Complexity theory can refer to more than one thing: Computational complexity theory: a field in theoretical computer science and mathematics dealing with the resources required during computation to solve a given problem Systems theory (or systemics or general systems theory): an interdisciplinary field including engineering, biology and philosophy that incorporates... For other uses, see Cybernetics (disambiguation). ... Biocybernetics is the biological science of studying the informatic aspect of living systems. ... Engineering cybernetics deals with the question of control engineering of mechatronic systems. ... Management cybernetics has evolved as one of the many subdivisions of cybernetic theory. ... Medical Cybernetics covers an emerging working program for the application of systems- and communications-theory, connectionism and decision theory on biomedical research and health related questions. ... New Cybernetics is a study of self-organizing systems, looking beyond the issues of the first, old or original cybernetics and their politics and sciences of control, to the autonomy and self-organization capabilities of complex systems. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... For control theory in psychology and sociology, see control theory (sociology). ... Affect control theory proposes that individuals maintain affective meanings through their actions and interpretations of events. ... Control engineering is the engineering discipline that focuses on the mathematical modelling systems of a diverse nature, analysing their dynamic behaviour, and using control theory to make a controller that will cause the systems to behave in a desired manner. ... A control system is a device or set of devices that manage the behavior of other devices. ... In engineering and mathematics, a dynamical system is a deterministic process in which a functions value changes over time according to a rule that is defined in terms of the functions current value. ... -1... Operations Research or Operational Research (OR) is an interdisciplinary branch of mathematics which uses methods like mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at optimal or good decisions in complex problems which are concerned with optimizing the maxima (profit, faster assembly line, greater crop yield, higher bandwidth, etc) or minima... Systems biology is a term used very widely in the biosciences, particularly from the year 2000 onwards, and in a variety of contexts. ... Computational systems biology is the algorithm and application development arm of systems biology. ... Synthetic biology has long been used to describe an approach to biology that attempts to integrate different areas of research in order to create a more holistic understanding of life. ... System dynamics is one approach to modelling the dynamics of population, ecological and economic systems, which usually interact strongly with each other. ... Social dynamics means the ability of a society to react to inner and outer changes and deals with its regulation mechanisms. ... Systems Ecology is a transdiscipline which studies ecological systems, or ecosystems. ... Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. ... Systems engineering techniques are used in complex projects: from spacecrafts to chip design, from robotics to creating large software products to building bridges, Systems engineering uses a host of tools that include modeling & simulation, requirements analysis, and scheduling to manage complexity Systems Engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary approach and means... Biological Systems Engineering (BSE) is a broad-based engineering discipline with additional emphasis on biology and chemistry. ... Earth systems engineering and management (ESEM) is a discipline used to analyze, design, engineer and manage complex environmental systems. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Systems analysis is the interdisciplinary branch of science, dealing with analysis of systems, often prior to their automation as computer systems, and the interactions within those systems. ... Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with designing according to the human needs, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. ... It has been suggested that Family Life Space be merged into this article or section. ... Systemic Therapy, or Marriage and Family therapy, is a professional and conscious attempt and method to study, understand and cure disorders of the interactional whole of a family and its individual members as family members. ... Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field of science. ... The Biochemical Systems Theory is a mathematical modelling framework for biochemical systems, based on ordinary differential equations (ODE), in which biochemical processes are represented using power-law expansions in the variables of the system. ... Ecological Systems Theory, also called Development in Context or Human Ecology theory, specifies four types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional influences within and between the systems. ... In biology the developmental systems theory (DST) is a collection of models of biological development and evolution that argue that the emphasis neo-Darwinism places on genes and natural selection as explanation of living structures and processes is inadequate. ... Systems theory or general systems theory or systemics is an interdisciplinary field which studies systems as a whole. ... Living systems theory is an offshoot of Bertalanffys general systems theory, created by James Grier Miller, intended to formalize the concept of life. According to Millers original conception, as spelt out in his magnum opus Living Systems, a living system must contain each of 19 critical subsystems, which... In electrical engineering, specifically in signal processing and control theory, LTI system theory investigates the response of a linear, time-invariant system to an arbitrary input signal. ... Sociotechnical systems theory is theory about the social aspects of people and society and technical aspects of machines and technology. ... This article is an overview of dynamical systems. ... World-systems analysis is not a theory, but an approach to social analysis and social change developed principally by Andre Gunder Frank and Immanuel Wallerstein, with major contributions by Samir Amin, Giovanni Arrighi, Christopher Chase-Dunn, Peter Turchin, Andrey Korotayev, Janet Abu Lughod, Tom Hall, and others. ...

Social sciences

Main article: Social sciences

  See also: Natural sciences, above

The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. ... The social sciences are groups of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ... This article is about the social science. ... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... Population density by country, 2007 Human geography, is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earths surface. ... Not to be confused with informatics or information theory. ... For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... For the journal, see Linguistics (journal). ... For other uses, see Management (disambiguation). ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ... {redirect|Psychological science|the journal|Psychological Science (journal)}} Not to be confused with Phycology. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the scientific or systematic study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous...

Anthropology

This article is about the social science. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. ... For referencing in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ethnobiology is the study of the past and present interrelationships between human cultures and the plants, animals, and other organisms in their environment, including relationships with ecosystems as a whole. ... Ethnography ( ethnos = people and graphein = writing) is the genre of writing that presents varying degrees of qualitative and quantitative descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork. ... Ethnology (from the Greek ethnos, meaning people) is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyses the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the racial or national divisions of humanity. ... Ethnopoetics refers to poetic traditions which are typically seen as tribal or otherwise ethnic by the West (or indeed between any ethnoculturally different peoples). ... This article is about biological evolution. ... Experimental archaeology employs a number of different methods, techniques, analyses, and approaches in order to generate and test hypotheses or an interpretation, based upon archaeological source material, like ancient structures or artifacts. ... Historical archaeology is a branch of archaeology that concerns itself with historical societies, i. ... Linguistic anthropology is that branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of semiotic and particularly linguistic forms and processes (on both small and large scales) to the interpretation of sociocultural processes (again on small and large scales). ... Medical anthropology is a subfield of social and cultural anthropology. ... Physical anthropology, often called biological anthropology, studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution. ... Psychological anthropology is a highly interdiscplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. ... Zooarchaeology (or Archaeozoology) is the study of animal remains from archaeological sites. ...

Economics

Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... Circulation in macroeconomics Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national or regional economy as a whole. ... Microeconomics (or price theory) is a branch of economics that studies how individuals, households, and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources,[1] typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. ... Nobel Prize in Economics winner Daniel Kahneman, was an important figure in the development of behavioral finance and economics and continues to write extensively in the field. ... Bioeconomics is a field of resource economics including the dynamics of living resources in economical modelling. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Econometrics is concerned with the tasks of developing and applying quantitative or statistical methods to the study and elucidation of economic principles. ... Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organisation of economic activities across the Earth. ... Economic history is the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past. ... Economic sociology may be defined as the sociological analysis of economic phenomena. ... A new start for the article is proposed under Energy economics/new. ... Entrepreneurial Economics If entrepreneurship remains as important to the economy as ever, then the continuing failure of mainstream economics to adequately account for entrepreneurship indicates that fundamental principles require re-evaluation. ... Environmental economics is a subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues (other usages of the term are not uncommon). ... Feminist economics broadly refers to a developing branch of economics that applies feminist insights and critiques to mainstream economics. ... Financial economics is the branch of economics concerned with resource allocation over time. ... Green economics is an unconventional approach to economics by non-economists. ... Industrial organization is the field of economics that studies the behavior of firms, the structure of markets and of their interactions. ... International economics is a branch of economics with two main subdisciplines international trade and international finance. ... Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of human-made institutions in shaping economic behavior. ... Islamic economics is economics in accordance with Islamic law. ... Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the market for labour. ... Law and economics, or economic analysis of law is an approach to legal theory that applies methods of economics to law. ... Managerial economics (also called business economics), is a branch of economics that applies microeconomic analysis to specific business decisions. ... Mathematical economics is the sub-field of economics that explores the mathematical aspects of economic systems. ... Central Bank or Finance Ministry based economics where the interest rate plays a pivotal role in the cost of money and the amounts banks must hold in their reserves. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Public economics is the study of the public sector and its influence on the economy and society. ... Real estate economics is the application of economic techniques to real estate markets. ... The field of resource economics includes the study of environmental economics, agricultural production and marketing, bioeconomics, community economic development, resource utilization, and environmental policy. ... Socialist economics is a broad, and sometimes controversial, term. ... Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of a macroeconomy and the income distribution associated with it. ... Computational economics is a form of economics which relies on mathematical methods, including mathematical economics and econometrics. ... Econometrics is concerned with the tasks of developing and applying quantitative or statistical methods to the study and elucidation of economic principles. ... Evolutionary economics is a relatively new economic methodology that is modeled on biology. ... Experimental economics is the use of experimental methods to evaluate theoretical predictions of economic behaviour. ... The scope of social psychological research. ... Neuroeconomics combines neuroscience, economics, and psychology to study how we make choices. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political economy was the original term for the study of production, the acts of buying and selling, and their relationships to laws, customs and government. ... Socioeconomics or Socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economic activity and social life. ... Transport economics is a cross-disciplinary study linking civil engineering and economics. ...

Psychology

{redirect|Psychological science|the journal|Psychological Science (journal)}} Not to be confused with Phycology. ... Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior is interesting and worthy of scientific research. ... This article or section should be merged with biological psychology Psychobiology, also called biopsychology, is the scientific study of mental functioning and behavior in relation to other biological processes, or put another way, of the effects of cognition, emotions, and experience on animal physiology. ... Cognitive Psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. ... The Greek letter Psi is often used as a symbol of psychology. ... Cultural psychology is a field of psychology which assumes the idea that culture and mind are inseparable, thus there are no universal laws for how the mind works and that psychological theories grounded in one culture are likely to be limited in applicability when applied to a different culture. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. ... Evolutionary psychology (EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, that is, as the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. ... Experimental psychology approaches psychology as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Health psychology concerns itself with understanding how biology, behavior, and social context influence health and illness. ... Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. ... Industrial and organizational psychology (also known as I/O psychology, work psychology, work and organizational psychology, W-O psychology, occupational psychology, personnel psychology or talent assessment) concerns the application of psychological theories, research methods, and intervention strategies to workplace issues. ... Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology and neurology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors. ... Personality psychology is a branch of psychology which studies personality and individual differences. ... For the parapsychology phenomenon of distance knowledge, see psychometry. ... Psychology of religion is psychologys theory of religious experiences and beliefs. ... Psychophysics is a subdiscipline of psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective correlates, or percepts. ... Sensation and perception psychology is the study of human and animal systems such as vision, audition and pain sensation. ... The scope of social psychological research. ...

Geography

Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. ... Population density by country, 2007 Human geography, is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earths surface. ... The critical geography is one of the four major turning points in the history of geography (the other three being environmental determinism, regional geography and quantitative revolution). ... Cultural geography is a sub-field within human geography. ... Feminist geography is an approach to study in human geography which applies the theories, methods and critiques of feminism to the study of the human environment, society and geographical space. ... Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organisation of economic activities across the Earth. ... Development geography is the study of the Earths geography and its relationship with economic development. ... Historical Geography is the study of the: Human Physical Fictional Theoretical and Real geographies of the past. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Political geography is the field of human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. ... Geopolitics is the study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to spatial politics and patterns at various scales (ranging from home, city, region, state to international and cosmopolitics). ... Marxist geography is a critical geography which utilizes the the theories and philosophy of Marxism to examine the spatial relations of human geography. ... ... Strategic geography is concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that have an impact on the security and prosperity of nations. ... Map of world population density as of 1994. ... Social geography is the study of how society affects geographical features and how environmental factors affect society. ... Behavioral geography is an approach to Human Geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach. ... Childrens Geographies is an area of study in human geography, studying the places and spaces of childrens lives. ... Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care. ... Tourism Geography (or the Geography of Tourism) is the study of travel and tourism as an industry, as a human activity, and especially as a place phenomenon. ... Urban geography is the study of urban areas. ... Environmental geography is the branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. ... True-color image of the Earths surface and atmosphere Physical geography (also know as geosystems or physiography) is a subfield of geography that focuses on the systematic study of patterns and processes within the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. ... Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. ... Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time,[1] and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. ... Paleoclimatology is the study of climate change taken on the scale of the entire history of the earth. ... Coastal geography is the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography(i. ... Surface of the Earth Geomorphology is the study of landforms, including their origin and evolution, and the processes that shape them. ... An old geodetic pillar (1855) at Ostend, Belgium A Munich archive with lithography plates of maps of Bavaria Geodesy (pronounced [1]), also called geodetics, a branch of earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravity field, in a three... Water covers 70% of the Earths surface. ... Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of waters and marginal land. ... Lateral moraine on a glacier joining the Gorner Glacier, Zermatt, Switzerland. ... Lake Geneva Limnology (from Greek: Λίμνη limne, lake; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of inland waters (both fresh and saline), including their biological, physical, chemical, geological and hydrological aspects. ... Thermohaline circulation Oceanographic frontal systems on the southern hemisphere Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write), also called oceanology or marine science, is the branch of Earth Sciences that studies the Earths oceans and seas. ... Pedology (pědǒlōgy), (from Russian: pedologiya, from the Greek pedon = soil, earth), is the study of soils and soil formation. ... Landscape ecology is a sub-discipline of ecology and geography that address how spatial variation in the landscape affects ecological processes such as the distribution and flow of energy, materials and individuals in the environment (which, in turn, may influence the distribution of landscape elements themselves such as hedgerows). ... Paleogeography (sometimes spelled palaeogeography) is the study of the ancient geologic environments of the Earths surface as preserved in the stratigraphic record. ... Regional geography is a study of regions throughout the world in order to understand or define the unique characteristics of a particular region which consists of natural as well as human elements. ...

Linguistics

• Historical linguistics
• Morphology
• Phonetics
• Phonology
• Semantics
• Semiotics
• Syntax
• Etymology

For the journal, see Linguistics (journal). ... Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time. ... For other uses, see Morphology. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound or voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). ... Semantics (Ancient σημαντικός semantikos significant, from semainein to signify, mean, from sema sign, token), is the study of meaning in communication. ... Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of signs and symbols, both individually and grouped into sign systems. ... For other uses, see Syntax (disambiguation). ... Etymologies redirects here. ...

Philosophy

Not considered a science by some thinkers, instead considered a precursor of it. Several fields of philosophy are more directly relevant to the natural and social sciences than others. These include: For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ...

• Epistemology
• Logic
• Philosophy of mind
• Philosophy of science

Theory of knowledge redirects here: for other uses, see theory of knowledge (disambiguation) Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, knowledge + λόγος, logos) or theory of knowledge is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. ... Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος logos; meaning word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle) is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. ... A phrenological mapping of the brain. ... Philosophy of science is the study of assumptions, foundations, and implications of science. ...

Political science

The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ...

Sociology

See also Subfields of sociology Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the scientific or systematic study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous... Sociology has many subfields. ...

• Criminology
• Demography

Criminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. ... Map of countries by population Population growth showing projections for later this century Demography is the statistical study of all populations. ...

Applied sciences

Architecture

This article is about building architecture. ... An architectural engineer applies the skills of many engineering disciplines to the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and renovation of buildings while paying attention to their impacts on the surrounding environment. ... This article is about building architecture. ... Building science is the collection of scientific knowledge that focuses on the analysis and control of the physical phenomena affecting the performance of building materials and building enclosure systems. ... Urbanism is the study of cities - their geographic, economic, political, social and cultural environment, and the imprint of all these forces on the built environment. ...

Cognitive sciences

Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... The field of cognitive neuroscience concerns the scientific study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and is a branch of neuroscience. ... Cognitive Psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. ... Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology and neurology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors. ... Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, and understand language. ...

Engineering

Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying scientific knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria. ... Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering concerning aircraft, spacecraft and related topics. ... Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering that concerns the design, construction and science behind aircraft and spacecraft. ... Agricultural engineers develop engineering science and technology in the context of agricultural production and processing and for the management of natural resources. ... Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic, and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. ... The AbioCor artificial heart, an example of a biomedical engineering application of mechanical engineering with biocompatible materials for Cardiothoracic Surgery using an artificial organ. ... Chemical engineers design, construct and operate plants Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e. ... The Petronas Twin Towers, designed by Thornton-Tomasetti and Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd engineers, and Cesar Pelli, were the worlds tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004. ... Computer engineering (or Computer Systems Engineering) encompasses broad areas of both electrical engineering and computer science[1]Computer engineers are electrical engineers that have additional training in the areas of software design and hardware-software integration. ... Control engineering is the engineering discipline that focuses on the mathematical modelling systems of a diverse nature, analysing their dynamic behaviour, and using control theory to make a controller that will cause the systems to behave in a desired manner. ... Electrical Engineers design power systems. ... Language Engineering Building language processing systems whose cost and outputs are measurable and predictable. ... The Engine room of Argonaute, a French supply vessel. ... Mechanical Engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. ... Mining Engineering is a field that involves many of the other engineering disciplines as applied to extracting and processing minerals from a naturally occurring environment. ... Nuclear engineering is the practical application of the breakdown of atomic nuclei and/or other sub-atomic physics, based on the principles of nuclear physics. ... Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. ... Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. ... Systems engineering techniques are used in complex projects: from spacecrafts to chip design, from robotics to creating large software products to building bridges, Systems engineering uses a host of tools that include modeling & simulation, requirements analysis, and scheduling to manage complexity Systems Engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary approach and means...

Health sciences

Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. ... Conservation medicine is an emerging, interdisciplinary field that studies the relationship between human and animal health, and environmental conditions. ... This article is about the dental profession. ... The Nutrition Facts table indicates the amounts of nutrients which experts recommend you limit or consume in adequate amounts. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Veterinary medicine is the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals. ...

Medicine

For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... Dermatology (Greek δερμα, skin and λόγος, word, science) is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, sweat glands, etc). ... The shamefulness associated with the examination of female genitalia has long inhibited the science of gynaecology. ... Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... Doctors of internal medicine (internists) are medical specialists who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. ... Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. ... This article is about the branch of medicine. ... A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ... Pathophysiology is the study of the disturbance of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from a disease or abnormal syndrome or condition that may not qualify to be called a disease. ... This article is about the branch of medicine. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λέγω) to tell (about)) is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... Physical therapy (or physiotherapy[1]) is the provision of services to people and populations to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... An MRI scan of a human brain and head. ... Image A: A normal chest X-ray. ... Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos [1]) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms [2]. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people. ...

Military Science

• Military Organisation
• Military Education and Training
• Military History
• Military Engineering
• Military Strategy and Tactics

Military science concerns itself with the study of the diverse technical, psychological, and practical phenomena that encompass the events that make up warfare, especially armed combat. ... A military unit is an organisation within an armed force. ... U.S. Army recruits learn about bayonet fighting skills in an infantry Basic Combat Training at Fort Benning, Georgia. ... Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal         Military history is composed of the events in the history of humanity that fall within the category of conflict. ... This article lists military technology items, devices and methods. ... This article is about real and historical warfare. ...

See also

• Science
• List of fields of doctoral studies
• List of academic disciplines
• Complete Joint Academic Classification of Subjects (JACS) from Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) in the United Kingdom: [1]