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Encyclopedia > Figwort

Figwort family

Scrophularia nodosa
%20%20%20Scientific%20classification%20or%20biological%20classification%20refers%20to%20how%20biologists%20group%20and%20categorize%20extinct%20and%20living%20species%20of%20organisms.%20... Scientific classification
Kingdom: %20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5CDivisions%5C%20%20%20%20%20Green%20algae%20land%20plants%20(embryophytes)%20non-vascular%20embryophytes%20%20Hepatophyta%20-%20liverworts%20Anthocerophyta%20-%20hornworts%20Bryophyta%20-%20mosses%20%20%20vascular%20plants%20(tracheophytes)%20seedless%20vascular%20plants%20%20Lycopodiophyta%20-%20clubmosses%20Equisetophyta%20-%20horsetails%20Pteridophyta%20-%20%5Ctrue%5C%20ferns%20Psilotophyta%20-%20whisk%20ferns%20Ophioglossophyta%20-%20adderstongue%20ferns%20%20%20seed%20plants%20(spermatophytes)%20%20%26%238224%3BPteridospermatophyta%20-%20seed%20ferns%20Pinophyta%20-%20conifers%20Cycadophyta%20-%20cycads%20Ginkgophyta%20-%20ginkgo%20Gnetophyta%20-%20gnetae%20Magnoliophyta... Plantae
Division: %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Classes%20%20%20%20Magnoliopsida%20-%20Dicots%20Liliopsida%20-%20Monocots%20%20%20%20%20The%20flowering%20plants%20(also%20angiosperms%20or%20Magnoliophyta)%20are%20one%20of%20the%20major%20groups%20of%20modern%20plants%2C%20comprising%20those%20that%20produce%20seeds%20in%20specialized%20reproductive%20organs%20called%20flowers%2C%20where%20the%20ovulary%20or%20carpel%20is%20enclosed.%20... Magnoliophyta
Class: %20%20%20%20%20%20Orders%20%20%20%20see%20text%20%20%20%20%20Dicotyledons%20or%20dicots%20are%20flowering%20plants%20whose%20seed%20contains%20two%20embryonic%20leaves%20or%20cotyledons.%20... Magnoliopsida
Order: %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Families%20%20%20%20See%20text%20%20%20%20%20The%20Order%20Lamiales%20is%20a%20taxon%20in%20the%20asterid%20group%20of%20dicotyledonous%20flowering%20plants.%20... Lamiales
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Genera

See text

Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a %20%20Scientific%20classification%20or%20biological%20classification%20refers%20to%20how%20biologists%20group%20and%20categorize%20extinct%20and%20living%20species%20of%20organisms.%20... family of %20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5CDivisions%5C%20%20%20%20%20Green%20algae%20land%20plants%20(embryophytes)%20non-vascular%20embryophytes%20%20Hepatophyta%20-%20liverworts%20Anthocerophyta%20-%20hornworts%20Bryophyta%20-%20mosses%20%20%20vascular%20plants%20(tracheophytes)%20seedless%20vascular%20plants%20%20Lycopodiophyta%20-%20clubmosses%20Equisetophyta%20-%20horsetails%20Pteridophyta%20-%20%5Ctrue%5C%20ferns%20Psilotophyta%20-%20whisk%20ferns%20Ophioglossophyta%20-%20adderstongue%20ferns%20%20%20seed%20plants%20(spermatophytes)%20%20%26%238224%3BPteridospermatophyta%20-%20seed%20ferns%20Pinophyta%20-%20conifers%20Cycadophyta%20-%20cycads%20Ginkgophyta%20-%20ginkgo%20Gnetophyta%20-%20gnetae%20Magnoliophyta... plants. In the past it was treated as comprising about 220-300 genera and about 4000-4500 species, but many of these have recently been transferred to other families (Olmstead et al., 2001; Olmstead, 2003). They have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains.


The family includes some %20%20%20The%20term%20Herbalism%20refers%20to%20folk%20and%20traditional%20medicinal%20practice%20based%20on%20the%20use%20of%20plants%20and%20plant%20extracts.%20... medicinal plants, among them:

  • Leptandra, Black root, Culver's root, Leptandra)
  • Rehmannia, Chinese foxglove, used in %20%20Traditional%20Chinese%20medicine%20(TCM)%20also%20known%20simply%20as%20Chinese%20medicine%20(Chinese%3A%20%26%2320013%3B%26%2337291%3B%26%2323416%3B%20or%20%26%2320013%3B%26%2333647%3B%26%2323398%3B%2C%20zh%26%23333%3Bngy%5CxE0o%20x%26%23365%3Be)%20or%20traditional%20Oriental%20medicine%2C%20is%20the%20name%20commonly%20given%20to%20a%20range%20of%20traditional%20medical%20practices%20originating%20in%20China%20thousands%20of%20years%20ago.%20... Traditional Chinese medicine
  • Scrophularia, figworts
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20%20L.%20-%20... Verbascum, mulleins

Genera

  • Agalinis Raf. -- false foxglove
  • Alectra Thunb.
  • Aureolaria Raf. -- false foxglove
  • Brachystigma Pennell -- desert foxglove
  • Buchnera L. -- bluehearts
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20About%20100%20species%2C%20including%3A%20Buddleja%20albiflora%20Buddleja%20alternifolia%20Buddleja%20americana%20Buddleja%20asiatica%20Buddleja%20auriculata%20Buddleja%20australis%20Buddleja%20bhutanica%20Buddleja%20candida%20Buddleja%20colvilei%20Buddleja%20crispa%20Buddleja%20crotonoides%20Buddleja%20curviflora%20Buddleja%20davidii%20Buddleja%20delavayi%20Buddleja%20fallowiana%20Buddleja%20forrestii%20Buddleja%20globosa%20Buddleja%20indica%20Buddleja%20japonica%20Buddleja%20lindleyana%20Buddleja%20madagascariensis%20Buddleja%20marrubiifolia%20Buddleja... Buddleja -- butterfly-bush
  • Capraria L.
  • Dasistoma Raf.
  • Diplacus Nutt. -- bush monkeyflower
  • Gerardia
  • Hemianthus Nutt.
  • Ilysanthes
  • Lathraea L. -- e.g., %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20Lathraea%20squamaria%20%20%20%20%20Toothwort%20is%20the%20popular%20name%20for%20a%20small%20British%20carnivorous%20plant%20of%20curious%20form%20and%20growth%2C%20known%20botanically%20as%20Lathraea%20squamaria%2C%20family%20Scrophulariaceae.%20... Toothwort
  • Lendneria Minod
  • Leptandra -- Black root, Culver's root, Leptandra)
  • Leucospora Nutt.
  • Macranthera Nutt.
    Bellardia trixago
    Enlarge
    Bellardia trixago
  • Mimetanthe Greene
  • Myoporum
  • Rehmannia Libosch.
  • Schwalbea L. -- schwalbea
  • Scrophularia L. -- figwort
  • Seymeria Pursh -- black senna
  • Striga Lour. -- witchweed
  • Tomanthera
  • Torenia L.
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20%20L.%20-%20... Verbascum L. -- mullein

and many more.

The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have now been transferred by the %20%20%20The%20Angiosperm%20Phylogeny%20Group%20is%20an%20international%20group%20of%20systematic%20botanists%20who%20have%20come%20together%20to%20try%20to%20establish%20a%20consensus%20view%20of%20the%20taxonomy%20of%20flowering%20plants%20in%20the%20light%20of%20the%20rapid%20rise%20of%20molecular%20systematics.%20... Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to other families on genetic evidence:

  • Amphianthus -> %20%20%20%20%20Plantains%20%20%20%20%20Categories%3A%20Plant%20stubs%20%7C%20Plant%20families%20%7C%20Lamiales%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20... Plantaginaceae
  • Angelonia -> Plantaginaceae
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20This%20list%20is%20currently%20incomplete%20%20Section%20Antirrhinum%20%20Antirrhinum%20australe%20Antirrhinum%20barrelieri%20Antirrhinum%20boissieri%20Antirrhinum%20braun-blanquetii%20Antirrhinum%20charidemi%20Antirrhinum%20graniticum%20Antirrhinum%20grosii%20Antirrhinum%20hispanicum%20Antirrhinum%20latifolium%20Antirrhinum%20lopesianum%20Antirrhinum%20majus%20Antirrhinum%20meonanthum%20Antirrhinum%20microphyllum%20Antirrhinum%20molle%20Antirrhinum%20onubensis%20Antirrhinum%20pertegasii%20Antirrhinum%20pulverulentum%20Antirrhinum%20rupestre%20Antirrhinum%20sempervirens%20Antirrhinum%20siculum%20Antirrhinum... Antirrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
  • Bacopa -> Plantaginaceae
  • Bartsia -> Orobanchaceae
  • Bellardia -> Orobanchaceae
  • Besseya -> Plantaginaceae
  • Calceolaria -> Calceolariaceae
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20About%20200%20species%2C%20including%3A%20Castilleja%20chromosa%20Castilleja%20coccinea%20Castilleja%20miniata%20Castilleja%20mutis%20Castilleja%20pallida%20%20%20%20Castilleja%20is%20a%20genus%20of%20about%20200%20species%20of%20annual%20and%20perennial%20herbaceous%20plants%20in%20the%20family%20Scrophulariaceae%2C%20native%20to%20the%20west%20of%20the%20Americas%20from%20Alaska%20south%20to%20the%20Andes%2C%20and%20also%20northeast%20Asia.%20They%20are%20commonly%20known%20as%20Indian%20paintbrush%20or%20Prairie-fire.%20They%20are%20semi-parasitic%20on%20the%20roots%20of%20grasses.%20One%20of%20the%20species%20of%20this%20genus%2C%20the%20Indian%20paintbrush%20(Castilleja%20mutis)%20was%20adopted%20on%20January%2031%2C%201917%20as%20the%20Wyoming%20state%20flower.%20%20%20%20%20Categories%3A%20Lamiales%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20... Castilleja -> Orobanchaceae
  • Chaenorrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
  • %20%20%20In%20Greek%20mythology%2C%20Chelone%20(Greek%20%26%23935%3B%26%23949%3B%26%23955%3B%26%23969%3B%26%23957%3B%26%23951%3B%2C%20Khel%5CxF4n%5CxEA)%20was%20a%20nymph.%20... Chelone -> Plantaginaceae
  • Chionophila -> Plantaginaceae
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20Collinsia%20antonina%20Collinsia%20bartsiifolia%20Collinsia%20callosa%20Collinsia%20childii%20Collinsia%20concolor%20Collinsia%20corymbosa%20Collinsia%20grandiflora%20Collinsia%20greenei%20Collinsia%20heterophylla%20Collinsia%20linearis%20Collinsia%20multicolor%20Collinsia%20parryi%20Collinsia%20parviflora%20Collinsia%20parvula%20Collinsia%20rattanii%20Collinsia%20sparsiflora%20Collinsia%20tinctoria%20Collinsia%20torreyi%20Collinsia%20verna%20Collinsia%20violacea%20%20%20%20Collinsia%20is%20a%20genus%20of%20annual%20flowering%20plants%20in... Collinsia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Cordylanthus -> Orobanchaceae
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20About%2010%20species%2C%20including%3A%20Cymbalaria%20aequitriloba%20Cymbalaria%20hepaticifolia%20Cymbalaria%20muralis%20Cymbalaria%20pallida%20Cymbalaria%20pilosa%20%20%20%20%20Cymbalaria%20is%20a%20genus%20of%20about%2010%20species%20of%20herbaceous%20perennials%20in%20the%20foxglove%20family%20Scrophulariaceae%2C%20native%20to%20southern%20Europe.%20... Cymbalaria -> Plantaginaceae
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20Digitalis%20ferruginea%20Digitalis%20grandiflora%20Digitalis%20lanata%20Digitalis%20lutea%20Digitalis%20obscura%20Digitalis%20purpurea%20%20%20%20%20Digitalis%20is%20a%20genus%20of%20about%2020%20species%20of%20herbaceous%20biennials%2C%20perennials%20and%20shrubs%20in%20the%20foxglove%20family%20Scrophulariaceae.%20... Digitalis -> Plantaginaceae
  • Dopatrium -> Plantaginaceae
  • Epixiphium -> Plantaginaceae
  • Euphrasia -> Orobanchaceae
  • Galvezia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Gambelia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Glossostigma -> Phrymaceae
  • Gratiola -> Plantaginaceae
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20Including%3A%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20acutiflora%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20affinis%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20albicans%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20andersonii%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20buxifolia%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20cupressoides%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20franciscana%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20ochracea%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20pauciramosa%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20pinguifolia%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20speciosa%20%26%23160%3B%26%23160%3BHebe%20stricta... Hebe -> Plantaginaceae
  • Holmgrenanthe -> Plantaginaceae
  • Howelliella -> Plantaginaceae
  • Keckiella -> Plantaginaceae
  • Kickxia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Lagotis -> Plantaginaceae
  • Leucophyllum -> Plantaginaceae
  • Limnophila -> Plantaginaceae
  • Limosella -> Plantaginaceae
  • %20%20%20For%20a%20small%20villge%20in%20the%20prefecture%20of%20Ilia%2C%20see%20Linaria%20(Ilia)%2C%20Greece%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20About%20100%20species%2C%20including%3A%20Linaria%20canadensis%20Linaria%20dalmatica%20Linaria%20genistifolia%20Linaria%20purpurea%20Linaria%20repens%20Linaria%20vulgaris%20%20%20%20%20Linaria%20is%20a%20genus%20of%20about%20100%20species%20of%20herbaceous%20annuals%20and%20perennials%20in%20the%20foxglove%20family%20Scrophulariaceae.%20... Linaria -> Plantaginaceae
  • Lindernia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Lophospermum -> Plantaginaceae
  • Mabrya -> Plantaginaceae
  • Maurandella -> Plantaginaceae
  • Maurandya -> Plantaginaceae
  • Mazus -> Phrymaceae
  • Mecardonia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Melampyrum -> Orobanchaceae
  • Micranthemum -> Plantaginaceae
  • Mimulus -> Phrymaceae
  • Misopates -> Plantaginaceae
  • Mohavea -> Plantaginaceae
  • Nemesia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Neogaerrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
  • Nothochelone -> Plantaginaceae
  • Nuttallanthus -> Plantaginaceae
  • %20%20%20%20%20Odontites%20%20%20%20%20Categories%3A%20Plant%20stubs%20%7C%20Lamiales%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20... Odontites -> Orobanchaceae
  • Orobanche -> Orobanchaceae
  • Orthocarpus -> Orobanchaceae
  • Parentucellia -> Orobanchaceae
  • Pedicularis -> Orobanchaceae
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20Between%206-17%20species%2C%20including%3A%20Paulownia%20taiwaniana%20Paulownia%20kawakamii%20Paulownia%20fargesii%20Paulownia%20fortunei%20Paulownia%20tomentosa%20Paulownia%20elongata%20Paulownia%20catalpifolia%20%20%20%20%20Paulownia%20is%20a%20genus%20of%20between%206-17%20species%20(depending%20on%20taxonomic%20authority)%20of%20plants%20in%20the%20monogeneric%20family%20Paulowniaceae%2C%20related%20to%20and%20sometimes%20included%20in%20the%20Scrophulariaceae.%20... Paulownia -> %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20Between%206-17%20species%2C%20including%3A%20Paulownia%20taiwaniana%20Paulownia%20kawakamii%20Paulownia%20fargesii%20Paulownia%20fortunei%20Paulownia%20tomentosa%20Paulownia%20elongata%20Paulownia%20catalpifolia%20%20%20%20%20Paulownia%20is%20a%20genus%20of%20between%206-17%20species%20(depending%20on%20taxonomic%20authority)%20of%20plants%20in%20the%20monogeneric%20family%20Paulowniaceae%2C%20related%20to%20and%20sometimes%20included%20in%20the%20Scrophulariaceae.%20... Paulowniaceae
  • %20%20%20%20%20%20%20Species%20%20%20%20many%2C%20see%20text%20%20%20%20Ref%3A%20ITIS%2033665%20%20%20Penstemon%20is%20a%20large%20genus%20of%20North%20American%20(and%20East%20Asian)%20plants%20of%20the%20Scrophulariaceae%20family%2C%20with%20opposing%20leaves%2C%20two-lipped%20flowers%20and%20seed%20capsules.%20... Penstemon -> Plantaginaceae
  • Pseudorontium -> Plantaginaceae
  • Rhinanthus -> Orobanchaceae
  • Russelia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Sairocarpus -> Plantaginaceae
  • Schistophragma -> Plantaginaceae
  • Scoparia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Stemodia -> Plantaginaceae
  • Synthyris -> Plantaginaceae
  • Tonella -> Plantaginaceae
  • Triphysaria -> Orobanchaceae
  • Veronica -> Plantaginaceae
  • Veronicastrum -> Plantaginaceae

References

  • Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88: 348-361 - on line here  (http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348).
  • Olmstead, R. G. 2003. Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? Fremontia 30: 13-22.

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