NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Filemaker

FileMaker Pro is a cross-platform database application from FileMaker Inc. (a subsidiary of Apple Inc.), known for its combination of power and ease of use. It is also noted for the integration of the database engine with its GUI-based interface, which allows users to modify the database by dragging new elements into the layouts/screens/forms that provide the user interface. This results in a "quasi-object" development environment of a kind that is still largely unique in the "industrial strength" database world. â€œSoftware developmentâ€ redirects here. ... FileMaker Inc. ... Code complete redirects here. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Windows redirects here. ... Computer software can be organized into categories based on common function, type, or field of use. ... A database management system (DBMS) is computer software designed for the purpose of managing databases. ... A software license is a legal agreement which may take the form of a proprietary or gratuitous license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software. ... Proprietary software is software with restrictions on copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... This article is about computing. ... FileMaker Inc. ... A subsidiary, in business, is an entity that is controlled by another entity. ... Apple Inc. ... A dfgyfgdcdfgis the underlying component that a Database Management System (DBMS) uses to create, retrieve, update and delete (CRUD) data from a database. ... GUI can refer to the following: GUI is short for graphical user interface, a term used to describe a type of interface in computing. ...

FileMaker was one of a handful of database applications released for the Apple Macintosh in the 1980s. The first Macintosh computer, introduced in 1984, upgraded to a 512K Fat Mac. The Macintosh or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by Apple Computer. ...

FileMaker has compatible versions for both the Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems and can be networked simultaneously to a mixed Windows and Mac OS X user base. FileMaker is also scalable, being offered in desktop, server, web-delivery and mobile configurations. Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Windows redirects here. ... In telecommunications and software engineering, scalability indicates the capability of a system to increase performance under an increased load when resources (typically hardware) are added. ...

History

FileMaker began as a DOS-based product known as “Nutshell,” developed by Nashoba Systems of Concord, Massachusetts around 1982 or 1983. Nutshell was distributed by Leading Edge, an electronics marketer that had recently started selling PC-compatible computers and software. This article is about the family of closely related operating systems for the IBM PC compatible platform. ... Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Middlesex Settled 1635 Incorporated 1635 Government - Type Open town meeting Area - Total 25. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Leading Edge Hardware Products, Inc. ...

With the introduction of the Macintosh, Nashoba combined the basic data engine with a new forms-based GUI, creating a program that was dramatically easier to use. Leading Edge was not interested in the product, preferring to remain a DOS-only vendor, and kept the Nutshell name. Nashoba found another distributor, Forethought Inc., and introduced it to the Mac market as “FileMaker.” When the Macintosh Plus was introduced, the next version of FileMaker was named “FileMaker Plus” to reflect the computer’s name. For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation) and Mac. ... GUI can refer to the following: GUI is short for graphical user interface, a term used to describe a type of interface in computing. ... Forethought, Inc. ... The Macintosh Plus computer was the third model in the Macintosh line, introduced two years after the original Macintosh and a little more than a year after the Macintosh 512K. It originally had a beige case, but in 1987, the case color was changed to the long-lived platinum color. ...

Forethought Inc. was purchased by Microsoft, who were then introducing a series of products that are today the core of Microsoft Office. Microsoft had introduced its own database application, Microsoft File, shortly before FileMaker but it was outsold by FileMaker and was withdrawn from the market. Microsoft negotiated with Nashoba for the right to publish FileMaker, but Nashoba decided to self-publish “FileMaker 4”.^[1] Forethought, Inc. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Microsoft Office is an office suite from Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS X operating systems. ...

Shortly thereafter, Apple Computer formed Claris, a wholly owned subsidiary, to market software. Within months they had purchased Nashoba to round out their software suite. By that time, Leading Edge and Nutshell had faded from the marketplace because of competition from other DOS and later Windows platform database products. FileMaker, however, continued to succeed on the Macintosh platform. Claris was a computer software company formed as a spin-off from Apple Computer in 1987. ...

Claris changed the name to “FileMaker II” in order to be compatible with the naming of their other products, such as MacWrite II, but the product was changed little from the last Nashoba version. Several seemingly randomly-numbered minor versions followed, when things finally settled down with the release of “FileMaker Pro” 1.0 in 1990. At this point, FileMaker was still a Mac OS–only application.

A significant milestone in FileMaker’s history came with the release in September 1992 of a multi-platform version. Except for few platform-specific functionalities, a “solution” (as FileMaker Pro databases are called) looks and feels the same in Windows as on a Mac. This gave it a very strong position in the marketplace and continues to be one of its key advantages. The following version 3.0, released around 1995, was a significant upgrade with new relational and scripting features. Look and feel refers to design aspects of a graphical user interface - in terms of both colours, shapes, layout, typefaces, etc (the look); and, the behaviour of dynamic elements such as buttons, boxes, and menus (the feel). It is used in reference to both software and websites. ...

By 1995 FileMaker was the only strong-selling product in Claris’s line-up. In 1998, Apple moved development of some of the other Claris products in house, dropped most of the rest, and renamed Claris to “FileMaker, Inc.” to further develop and market FileMaker.

Version 4.0, introduced in 1997, added a plug-in architecture much like Photoshop, which provided for third-party developers to add various non-native functionalities to FileMaker. A bundled plug-in was the Web Companion, which allowed the database to act as a web server; other “plugs” add new features to the interface or allow FileMaker to act as an FTP client, perform external file operations, and send messages to remote FileMaker files over inter- or intra-net. Photoshop redirects here. ...

Since its emergence from the Apple fold, FileMaker Inc. has invested substantially in software development. Version 7 of FileMaker Pro, released in March 2004, supported file sizes of up to 8 terabytes (up from 2 gigabytes in previous versions). Individual fields could hold up to 2 gigabytes (up from 64 kilobytes in previous versions) and FileMaker’s relational model was enriched, offering multiple tables per file and a graphical relationship editor which displayed (and allowed manipulation of) related tables in a form which in some respects resembled the familiar “entity-relationship diagram” format. With this change, FileMaker Inc. also introduced a worldwide developer certification program in recognition of the growing numbers of professional developers working with FileMaker. An Entity-relationship model is a relational schema database modeling method used to model a system and its requirements in a top-down approach. ...

On August 29, 2005, FileMaker Inc. announced the FileMaker 8 product family. is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

FileMaker 8 offered the developer an expanded feature set. One feature is the tabbed interface, which allows the user to easily create a multi-tabbed layout. Script variables, tooltips, enhanced debug features, custom menus, and the ability to copy and paste entire tables and field definitions, scripts, and script steps within and between files all increase FileMaker's reputation as a rapid development environment.

Version 8.5, released July 10, 2006, added an integrated web viewer (the ability to directly view such things as shipment tracking information from Federal Express and Wikipedia entries) and Named Layout Objects. is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Federal Express redirects here. ... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ...

FileMaker 9 was released on July 10, 2007. This update for Windows and Macintosh brought a quick start screen, conditional formatting, hyperlinked pointers into databases, and external SQL links. is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... SQL (IPA: or ) is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ...

Description

A defining characteristic of FileMaker is that the database engine is integrated with the forms (screen, layouts, reports etc) used to access it. Most database systems separate these tasks, concerning themselves primarily with organization and storage of the data.

Until recently, each table of a FileMaker database system was stored as a separate file (with relational links to other files) and each file had its own built-in interface capabilities. Version 7 introduced the capability to build multiple tables into one document. Compared to other RDBMS products, it is fairly easy to develop quickly and to make changes on the fly as the data structure is altered. More complex systems may introduce some separation between interface and data files and FileMaker provides the flexibility to accommodate this. A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd. ...

A substantial body of professional FileMaker developers has grown up around the product and provides the expertise required for complex systems and implementations. A certification program was introduced by FileMaker Inc. in 2004 to provide differentiation of professionals in the field. FileMaker also provides an interface (API) for integration of third-party tools, making it highly extensible. In addition there are a variety of web publishing options suited to both low-end and larger scale project requirements.

Version history

FileMaker files are compatible between Mac and Windows. File type extensions are The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... Windows Vista is a line of graphical operating systems used on personal computers, including home and business desktops, notebook computers, Tablet PCs, and media centers. ... SQL (IPA: or ) is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ...

Scripting

FileMaker Pro and FileMaker Pro Advanced allow you to write and edit scripts for automation of common tasks and complex calculations. Over 130 “script steps” are available for navigation, conditional execution of script steps, editing records, controlling windows, finding specific records, checking spelling and managing user accounts. In addition, many of these script steps can use built-in functions for a variety of mathematical calculations, text manipulation and querying your database configuration.

FileMaker and SQL

FileMaker 8 and SQL

Scripts in FileMaker 8 can use SQL to query external databases but a script within a database cannot use SQL to query itself. Finding records in FileMaker tables uses a process like a macro. The script steps allow you to switch between forms, enter search criteria in fields, perform the search, enter more search criteria and further restrict or expand the result set.

FileMaker 9 and SQL

FileMaker 9 includes the ability to connect directly to a number of SQL databases, including MySQL, SQL Server, and Oracle. This requires installation of the SQL database ODBC driver and configuration of said ODBC driver (using the operating system’s ODBC manager) to connect to a SQL database. Once this is complete, SQL databases can then be used as data sources in FileMaker’s relationship graph, thus allowing the developer to create new layouts based on the SQL database; create, edit, and delete SQL records via FileMaker layouts and functions; and reference SQL fields in FileMaker calculations and script steps.

References

External links

Categories: Database management systems | Mac OS software | Mac OS X software | Windows software A database management system (DBMS) is computer software designed for the purpose of managing databases. ... A data model is not just a way of structuring data: it also defines a set of operations that can be performed on the data. ... Database normalization is a design technique for structuring relational database tables. ... Database tables/indexes are typically stored in memory or on hard disk in one of many forms, ordered/unordered Flat files, ISAM, Heaps, Hash buckets or B+ Trees. ... According to Elmasri and Navathe (2004, p. ... An example of a database that has not enforced referential integrity. ... Relational algebra, an offshoot of first-order logic, is a set of relations closed under operators. ... The relational calculus refers to the two calculi, the tuple calculus and the domain calculus, that are part of the relational model for databases and that provide a declarative way to specify database queries. ... A relational database is a database that conforms to the relational model, and refers to a databases data and schema (the databases structure of how that data is arranged). ... A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd. ... The relational model for database management is a database model based on predicate logic and set theory. ... In computer science, transaction processing is information processing that is divided into individual, indivisible operations, called Each transaction must succeed or fail as a complete unit; it cannot remain in an intermediate state. ... This article is about computing. ... For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation). ... The Greek lowercase omega (Ï‰) character is historically used by academics to represent Null in relational databases. ... In the relational model a candidate key of a relation variable (relvar) is a set of attributes of that relvar such that (1) at all times it holds in the relation assigned to that variable that there are no two distinct tuples with the same values for these attributes and... In the context of relational databases, a foreign key is a referential constraint between two tables[1]. The foreign key identifies a column or a set of columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table. ... In database design, a primary key is a value that can be used to identify a unique row in a table. ... A superkey is defined in the relational model as a set of attributes of a relation variable (relvar) for which it holds that in all relations assigned to that variable there are no two distinct tuples (rows) that have the same values for the attributes in this set. ... A surrogate key is a unique primary key generated by the relational database management system that is not derived from any data in the database and whose only significance is to act as the primary key. ... A database trigger is procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table in a database. ... In database theory, a view is a virtual or logical table composed of the result set of a query. ... In relational databases, SQL databases, and flat file databases, a table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of horizontal rows and vertical columns. ... In database packages, the term cursor refers to a control structure for the successive traversal (and potential processing) of records in a result set as returned by a query. ... In in the field of databases in computer science, a transaction log (also database log or binary log) is a history of actions executed by a database management system to guarantee ACID properties over crashes or hardware failures. ... A database transaction is a unit of interaction with a database management system or similar system that is treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. ... A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of operations in a table. ... A stored procedure is a subroutine available to applications accessing a relational database system. ... A partition is a division of a logical database or its constituting elements into distinct independent parts. ... SQL (IPA: or ) is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ... An SQL SELECT statement returns a result set of records from one or more tables. ... A SQL INSERT statement adds one or more records to a table in a relational database. ... An UPDATE statement in SQL changes data in one or more records in a relational database management system. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... An SQL DELETE statement removes one or more records from a table. ... A JOIN clause in SQL combines records from two tables in a relational database and results in a new (temporary) table, also called a joined table. Structured Query Language (SQL:2003) specifies two types of joins: inner and outer. ... In SQL the UNION operator combines the results of two SQL queries into a single table of all matching rows. ... A CREATE statement in SQL creates an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS). ... A DROP statement in SQL removes an object from a relational database management system (RDBMS). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Database transaction. ... A COMMIT statement in SQL ends a transaction within a relational database management system (RDBMS) and makes all changes visible to other users. ... In database technologies, a rollback is an operation which returns the database to some previous state. ... The Truncate statement removes all the data from a table. ... An ALTER statement in SQL changes the properties of an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS). ... A relational database is a database that conforms to the relational model, and refers to a databases data and schema (the databases structure of how that data is arranged). ... A simple diagram depicting conversion of a CSV-format flat file database table into a relational database table. ... A deductive database system is a database system which can make deductions (ie: infer additional rules or facts) based on rules and facts stored in the (deductive) database. ... A dimensional database is one which, rather than representing data in multiple relations (as a relational database does), represents key data entities as different dimensions. ... In a hierarchical data model, data are organized into a tree-like structure. ... The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. ... In an object oriented database, information is represented in the form of objects as used in Object-Oriented Programming. ... An object-relational database (ORD) or object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) is a relational database management system that allows developers to integrate the database with their own custom data types and methods. ... A temporal database is a database management system with built-in time aspects, e. ... An XML database is a data persistence software system that allows data to be imported, accessed and exported in the XML format. ... In computer science -- more specifically, in the field of databases -- concurrency control is a method used to ensure that database transactions are executed in a safe manner (i. ... Query languages are computer languages used to make queries into databases and information systems. ... The query optimizer is a component of database management system that is used to analyzes queries submitted to database server for execution, and then determines the optimal way to execute the query. ... A query plan (or query execution plan) is an set of steps used to access information in a SQL relational database management system. ... In computing, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) provides a standard software API method for using database management systems (DBMS). ... JDBC is an API for the Java programming language that defines how a client may access a database. ... The following is a list of object-oriented database management systems. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... See DBMS for a shorter list of â€œtypicalâ€, representative database management systems. ... The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. ... Apple Inc. ... // This list of Macintosh software reveals prominent Mac OS computer programs. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X Public Beta cover The Mac OS X Public Beta was an early, beta version of Apple Computers Mac OS X operating system released to the public on September 13, 2000 for the price of $29. ... Mac OS X version 10. ... Mac OS X version 10. ... Mac OS X version 10. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Mac OS X version 10. ... Mac OS X version 10. ... .Mac (pronounced Dot Mac) refers to a group of online services offered by Apple Inc. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... This article is about the iTunes application. ... iWork is a suite of applications created by Apple Inc. ... Prosumer refers to one of two possible portmanteaus formed by contracting either the word producer or professional with the word consumer. ... Final Cut Express is a non linear video editing application created by Apple, Inc. ... Logic Express is a cut-down version of Logic Pro, a MIDI sequencer and digital audio workstation software application maintained by Apple that runs on the Mac OS X platform. ... Aperture is a software program for Mac OS X announced by Apple Inc at a New York media event on October 19, 2005, designed to assist professional photographers in post-production work. ... Image:Fcstudio2 box. ... Logic Studio is a music production suite by Apple Inc. ... Shake is an image compositing package used in the post-production industry. ... This article is about the Macintosh computer application. ... This article is about the Mac software. ... Photo Booth is a small software application for taking photos with an iSight camera by Apple Inc. ... QuickTime is a multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc. ... Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. ... A screenshot of Apples TextEdit. ... Apple Remote Desktop (ARD) is a Macintosh application produced by Apple Computer, first released on March 14, 2002, that replaced a similar product called Apple Network Assistant. ... Mac OS X Server is the server-oriented version of Apples operating system, Mac OS X. Mac OS X, in both desktop and server versions, is a Unix operating system based on technology that Apple acquired from NeXT Computer. ... WebObjects is a Java Web application server by Apple Computer. ... Xsan is Apple Inc. ... AppleWorks is an office suite of software applications sold by Apple Computer. ... HyperCard was an application program from Apple Computer that was among the first successful hypermedia systems before the World Wide Web. ... MacDraw was a vector-based drawing program made by Apple Computer for the early Macintosh computers; the software was later sold to Claris. ... This article relates to both the original Classic Mac OS as well as Mac OS X, Apples more recent operating system. ... MacPaint is a bitmap-based image editing computer program that was produced by Apple Computer for bundling with their Macintosh personal computer. ... MacProject was released by Apple Computers in 1984. ... MacTerminal was the first telecommunications and terminal emulation application software program available for Mac OS. MacTerminal enabled users to connect via modem or serial port to bulletin board systems and online services (e. ... MacWrite was a word processor application released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984. ... ResEdit version 2. ... Apple Inc. ... Bill Campbell Bill Campbell is the current Chairman of the Board and former CEO of Intuit Inc. ... Millard S. Drexler is a businessman, formerly CEO of Gap Inc, he joined the board of directors of Gap in November 1983 and left his position in October 2002. ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is the co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. ... Arthur D. Levinson (born March 31, 1950 in Seattle, Washington) is President and Chief Executive Officer of Genentech. ... Eric Emerson Schmidt, Ph. ... Jerry York is an American businessman, he was the former CFO of IBM and Chrysler. ... For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation) and Mac. ... The original Bondi Blue iMac G3 was introduced in 1998. ... The Mac mini is the smallest desktop computer marketed by Apple Inc. ... The MacBook is a line of Macintosh notebook computers by Apple Inc. ... The MacBook Pro is a line of Macintosh notebook computers by Apple for the professional market. ... The Mac Pro is a workstation computer manufactured by Apple Inc. ... A small Xserve cluster with an Xserve RAID. Xserve is the name of Apple Computers Macintosh 1U rackmount line of server computers. ... Apple TV is a digital media receiver designed, marketed and sold by Apple. ... Dual 30 Apple Cinema HD Displays Previous-generation Apple Studio Display (the Studio Display in an aspect ratio of 4:3 instead of 16:10) The Apple Cinema Display is a product line of widescreen flat panel monitors made by Apple Inc. ... For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone. ... iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple and launched in October 2001. ... The iPod classic is the flagship iPod digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. ... iPod shuffle is an iPod digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. ... The iPod nano is a mid-range iPod portable media player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. ... The iPod touch is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. ... Mighty Mouse The Mighty Mouse (code-named Houdini) is the first multi-button USB mouse ever manufactured and sold by Apple Computer. ... Xserve RAID is Apple Computers mass storage rack mounted device. ... Aperture is a software program for Mac OS X announced by Apple Inc at a New York media event on October 19, 2005, designed to assist professional photographers in post-production work. ... Image:Fcstudio2 box. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... This article is about the iTunes application. ... iWork is a suite of applications created by Apple Inc. ... Logic Studio is a music production suite by Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X Server is the server-oriented version of Apples operating system, Mac OS X. Mac OS X, in both desktop and server versions, is a Unix operating system based on technology that Apple acquired from NeXT Computer. ... QuickTime is a multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc. ... Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. ... Xsan is Apple Inc. ... 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ProCare is a service offered by the Apple Store that provides additional services from the Genius Bar. ... ProCare is a service offered by the Apple Store that provides additional services from the Genius Bar. ... In the past two decades, Apple Inc. ... John Hodgman as PC and Justin Long as Mac The Get a Mac campaign is a current (2006â€“present) television advertising campaign created for Apple Inc. ... An example of the original style of silhouettes, on a billboard, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... This is a list of slogans that have been used by Apple Inc. ... Braeburn Capital is an asset management company based in Reno, Nevada and a subsidiary of Apple Computer, Inc. ... FileMaker Inc. ... ipodâ„¢ This article is about the History of Apple, a Silicon Valley company based in Cupertino, California, whose core business is computer technologies. ... The following is a list of Apple Inc. ... From the 1980s to the present Apple Inc. ... This article, Typography of Apple Inc. ... USD redirects here. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A fiscal year (or financial year or accounting reference date) is a 12-month period used for calculating annual (yearly) financial statements in businesses and other organizations. ... NASDAQ in Times Square, New York City. ... The Source by Greyworld, in the new LSE building Paternoster Square. ... The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (outside) The DAX chart (inside) The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (German: FWBÂ® Frankfurter WertpapierbÃ¶rse) is a stock exchange located in Frankfurt, Germany. ...

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